Flexural Performance Of Concrete Beams Research Articles

Flexural performance of concrete beams via 3D printing stay-in-place formwork followed by casting of normal concrete

In traditional mold-casting for concrete, the process of assembling and demolding formwork is both costly and time-intensive, limiting the design possibilities of complicated shaped and composite applications. Autonomous or semi-autonomous 3D concrete printing presents an innovative solution, allowing for the customization of intricate formwork shapes and facilitating the creation of composite structures. This study develops and manufactures a novel concrete beam that incorporates 3D-printed (3DP) ultra-high performance strain-hardening cementitious composites (UHP-SHCC) U-shaped jackets used as stay-in-place formwork, with normal concrete (NC) as filled concrete. To evaluate the flexural performance of the proposed beam, composite beams with cast-in-place formwork and post-cast NC, fully cast NC beams and fully cast UHP-SHCC beams are also tested. The flexural performance of these beams is assessed through four-point bending tests, including failure modes, load–displacement response, and cracking behavior. Results indicate that concrete beams utilizing 3DP UHP-SHCC stay-in-place formwork demonstrate superior flexural performance, characterized by deflection-hardening behavior, outperforming the other tested configurations.

Structural efficiency of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid reinforcement bars under thermal loads

Nine reinforced concrete (RC) beams were experimentally tested to assess the effect of temperatures on the flexural performance of concrete beams with hybrid bars and GFRP-steel reinforcement. The study focused on the temperature levels (25 °C, 300 °C, and 600 °C), the reinforcement ratios, and the type of reinforcement bar. The test findings revealed a significant decline in the stiffness of beams with GFRP-steel reinforcement compared to hybrid reinforcement bar (HRB) beams. The stiffness decreased by 17 % and 31 % for 300 °C and 600 °C, respectively. Moreover, all beam specimens exhibited a flexural failure mode. Non-linear finite element analysis (NLFEA) results accurately reflected the trends observed in the experimental results, and the average ratio of the experimental and NLFEA ultimate capacity was 1.02. Finally, experimental results were used to evaluate nominal flexural strength. The comparison showed that nominal flexural strength predicts flexural stress. The average experimental-nominal flexural strength ratio was 1.14.

Enhancing the flexural performance of concrete beams with 3D-printed UHP-SHCC permanent formwork via graded fiber volume fraction

Conventional concrete structures often rely on labor-intensive and wasteful formwork systems. In contrast, 3D concrete printing (3DCP) technology offers a more efficient alternative for fabricating complex-shaped permanent formwork. This study fabricates innovative composite beams using 3D-printed ultra-high-performance strain-hardening cementitious composites (UHP-SHCC) as permanent formwork, followed by casting infill materials. The spatially tailored fiber dosage distribution in the 3D-printed UHP-SHCC permanent formwork enables the performance optimization of the composite beam. The flexural behavior of three such formed composite beams is evaluated using four-point bending tests. A reference beam with homogeneous fiber distribution in the UHP-SHCC formwork is also tested for comparison. The failure mode, overall load–displacement response, and cracking performance of four beams are comprehensively characterized and compared. The results reveal that employing graded fiber dosages in UHP-SHCC formwork enhances fiber efficiency and structural performance while reducing fiber usage and material costs. The use of 3D-printed UHP-SHCC formwork with graded fiber distribution, despite using 25% less fibers and reducing the material cost by 12.8%, leads to a 65.6% increase in strength and over 50% increase in energy absorption, or a 77.4% increase in ultimate displacement with comparable peak load to the reference beam with homogeneous fiber distribution.

Experimental investigation on flexural performance of concrete beams strengthened with SMA-GFRP-ECC smart composite materials

The structural performance improvement of concrete members is by far a crucial theoretical issue for engineers, and the development of modern smart and composite materials makes it possible to gradually enhance the durability design of the concrete structure. In this study, six beams of the same size and reinforcement ratio, the proposed composite beam (SMA-GFRP-ECC) and five comparative beams (RC, R-ECC, SS-ECC, GFRP-ECC, SMA-ECC), were designed and tested under low-cycle unidirectional cyclic loading and unloading conditions. The energy dissipation capacity, displacement ductility, residual deformation, and self-repairing performance of each concrete beam were evaluated. Afterward, a concise calculation model for the studied composite beam is deduced and developed based on the existing relevant constitutive models and concrete assumptions. The test results indicate that compared with RC beams, the composite reinforced ECC beams show obvious multi-cracking and smaller crack width during the loading process and have good bending ductility. The innovative SMA-GFRP-ECC beam is capable of a high bearing capacity, ductility, and damage self-repairing. The new proposed beam has more than 80% of the maximum crack width recovery capacity during unloading. Hence, the proposed SMA-GFRP-ECC beam is a rather good first attempt of strengthened beams, combining the advantages of SMA, GFRP, and ECC.

Investigation on Flexural Performance of Concrete Beam with Replaced of Cement using WGP

The Glass is a clear substance made by tender a combination of ingredients, including silica, lacking causing representation. The Glass is a material that is utilized extensively in day life in industrialpropertieslike space tubing, glassware, sheet glass, andbottles. The quantity of glass garbage has been steadily rising in recent years, with the majority of it ending up in landfills. Glass waste should not be land filled because it is not biodegradable. Therefore, leftover glass can be incorporated into concrete to create an affordable and environmentally sustainable building. Cement, aggregates, admixtures and waterare the ingredients of concrete. Using a variety of waste resources, including GGBS, silica fume, and PFA, numerous studies are currently being conducted on the usage of substitutes for Portland cement. Similar to PFA and GGBS, WGP is also employed as a filler material and a partial substitute for cement, which undergoes some reaction during hydration.In this investigation, the automatic qualities such as flexural strength, compressive andsplit tensile strengthdetermination be tested using waste GP in place of cement, the material used in concrete. In order to assess the impact of adding GP at different percentages to the concrete mix (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%), GP with a particle size of 75 microns was employed.

Impact of developed hybrid polypropylene fiber inclusion on the flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with innovative hybrid bars

This paper investigates the impact of incorporating a hybrid combination of structural polypropylene fibers on the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with steel, GFRP, and innovative hybrid bars. A new ductile hybrid bar with equivalent bilinear stress-strain characteristics has been developed to address steel corrosion and FRP ductility issues. Fourteen half-scale RC beams were fabricated and tested under four-point loading configuration to study the flexural response. The tensile reinforcement types (steel, GFRP, and hybrid), hybrid reinforcement ratios (0.85 %, 1.26 %, and 1.70 %), reinforcement hybridization schemes (hybrid-hybrid, hybrid-GFRP, and GFRP-steel), and hybrid fiber ratio (0.0 %, 1.0 %, and 2.0 %) are the major parameters studied. The test results were recorded and analyzed in terms of mid-span deflection, cracking load, flexural capacity, and failure mechanism. The results demonstrated that the addition of hybrid fibers and using hybrid bars significantly improved the peak strength, ductility index, and bending stiffness. Moreover, the hybrid-reinforced concrete beams exhibit large inelastic deformations similar to steel-reinforced concrete beams. The inclusion of hybrid fibers improves the post-peak response of the tested beam due to fiber bridging capabilities. For design purposes, a simplified formula proposed by ACI 544 for predicting the nominal flexural capacity of hybrid fiber concrete beams reinforced with hybrid bars was presented, compared with experimental results and validated with 44 specimens from other studies. The predicted and test results were in good agreement with a standard deviation of 0.12. Additionally, 3D nonlinear finite element analysis was developed to validate the test results, demonstrating reasonable accuracy in predicting the flexural behavior of the beams.

Long-term flexural performance of concrete beams with different pozzolanic materials: experimental and analytical study

ABSTRACT In this paper, a set of concrete beams with different cementitious binders are designed and tested to investigate the time-dependent deflection of concrete beams subjected to flexural load over a period of 1 year. Test parameters mainly included the effect of cementitious binders (silica fume (SF), ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and a combination of SF and GGBS), and polypropylene fibers on the time-dependent deflection of concrete. The specimens used in this study are under drying/unsealed conditions. The drying condition was designed to obtain the combination of the creep and the shrinkage that occurred in the common practice of construction. One of the most important problems in the repair of flexural members of concrete structures is the problem of creep and shrinkage, which is a relatively unknown problem in the literature. Furthermore, the experimental results are selected to validate the proposed models. Prediction of time-dependent deflections under flexural loading is proposed by the inverse analysis (IA) method. Based on the results, in comparison to the control specimen, the long-term deflection increases of 5.9% and decreases of 22.1% and 43.2% for specimens containing GGBS, SF and a combination of SF and GGBS, respectively, at the test age of 383 days.

Finite element analysis on flexural performance of the bending capacity for concrete beams reinforced with ECC and aluminum alloy bars

The flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced by engineered cementitious composites (ECC) and embedded aluminum alloy bars was analyzed by finite element method, and compared the results with the existed experimental values to verify the correctness of the finite element model. On this basis, the effects of different ECC reinforcement thickness, the number of aluminum alloy reinforcement roots and the diameter of aluminum alloy reinforcement on improving the flexural performance of the reinforced beams were studied. The results showed that: ECC-aluminum alloy bars reinforcement can significantly improve the flexural performance of reinforced concrete beams, and the ultimate load capacity of reinforced beams was improved by 5.88%~73.66% compared with that of control beams; the effect of ECC-aluminum alloy bars reinforcement method was better than that of reinforcement with ECC material only; the degree of improvement of yield load of beams by ECC reinforcement layer was greater than that of ultimate load; The thickness of ECC reinforcement layer, the number of aluminum alloy reinforcement roots and diameter were proportional to the reinforcement effect of reinforced beams, among which increasing the number of aluminum alloy reinforcement roots had a great influence on the flexural load capacity of reinforced beams, which provided for the calculation of flexural performance of reinforced concrete structures.

Integrating near‐surface mounted SMA and externally bonded CFRP for concrete beams strengthened in flexure

AbstractThis study aims to develop a new hybrid strengthening approach for reinforced concrete beams by integrating near‐surface mounted shape memory alloys (SMAs) and externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs). Due to the superelasticity and shape memory effect of SMAs, the proposed strengthening can enhance the flexural strength of concrete beams without compromising ductility. The recovery behavior of deformed SMA wires was studied to determine the optimal prestrain level that can achieve the highest recovery stress. Afterward, the flexural performance of concrete beams strengthened with SMA, CFRP and both was investigated by performing three‐point tests. The results show that integrating SMA and CFRP has more influence on increasing the ultimate moment than the cracking moment and leads to a more significant improvement in the ultimate moment than individually utilizing SMA and CFRP. Besides, the effect of the integrated approach on enhancing the ductility is more notable than increasing the ultimate moment. The ultimate moment was analytically calculated, and the calculations show reasonable agreement with experimental results. The effects of the SMA and CFRP amount on the ultimate moment were also clarified through a parametric study.

Flexural performance of concrete beams internally reinforced with steel, geogrid and GFRP meshes

The focus of this study is to evaluate the internal reinforcement effect using different material meshes on the flexural capacity of concrete beams. For this purpose, eleven experimental reinforced concrete beams were tested under four-point bending. The beams were all made of normal concrete with a 150 × 200 mm2 rectangular cross-section and a length of 1200 mm. The conventional flexure and shear steel bar reinforcements were identical for the eleven beams. The reference beam was made without any internal mesh reinforcement, while the rest ten beams were reinforced with three different types of mesh materials, which were incorporated in different numbers of layers and different configurations. The used meshes were steel, geogrid and glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). One beam with U-shape mesh was made from each material, with the mesh wrapping the stirrups and extending vertically for 50 mm. In the experimental program, failure mode, load-deflection relationship, load capacity and ductility were the main characteristics that have been investigated. The test results showed that the percentage increase in the failure load capacity of the composite beams was approximately 3–25% compared to the reference beam. Furthermore, the beams with U-shape mesh configuration exhibited 17% increase in the load capacity comparing with their straight mesh counterparts. Similarly, the ductility index showed higher percentage improvement approximately 82–136% when layer number increased from 1 to 3 layers.

Performance of RC beams with novelty GFRP under the bending load: An experimental and FE study

A total of eight reinforced concrete (RC) beams were examined in the experiment to investigate the flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with locally fabricated hybrid bars. The variables include the type of reinforcement bar (hybrid, GFRP, and steel). Two types of hybrid bars, the first was hybrid reinforcement bars (HRB), which have a steel core encased by GFRP. Steel core had the volume fraction 0.25 %, 0.44 %, and 0.70 % from the total volume of HRB. Second, advanced hybrid reinforcement bars (AHRB) were produced by adding metal powders to the matrix of GFRP with weight percentages of 5 %, 10 %, and 15 %. The load-deflection and crack patterns, failure modes, toughness, and ductility were studied of RC beams. An analytical framework has been developed and verified for RC beams based on the non-linear deformation model. The experimental results show that using hybrid bars instead of GFRP bars improves stiffness significantly. Failure loads for RC beam with volume fractions 0.25 %, 0.44 %, and 0.70 of HRB were 51 kN, 55 kN, and 71 kN, respectively, while failure loads with metal powder 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % of AHRB were 62 kN, 64 kN, and 70 kN, respectively. The failure load of the HRB beams increased to 94.16 %, while the AHRB beams increased to 92.25 % of the total failure loads of the beam with steel bars. The failure mode in the beams reinforced with HRB was a ductile flexural failure, while the beams with AHRB failed under compression failure at the range of the loading points. The HRB and AHRB demonstrated significantly improved ductility index up to 91.10 % and 75.60 %, respectively, compared to sample with GFRP bars. ANSYS Software was used to conduct a finite element model (FEM) analysis. It could be seen good agreement compared to the experimental results and those obtained of the predicted values.

Flexural behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with steel-FRP composite bars

Corrosion of steel reinforcement affects the durability of concrete structures. This led researchers to look forward to alternatives for steel reinforcement. One of these alternatives is Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) reinforcement, which has high tensile strength as well as excellent corrosion resistance. However, the use of FRP reinforcement always comes at the expense of ductility. Thus, Steel Fiber Composite Bars (SFCBs), which consist of a steel core and FRP protective coating, could be a suitable alternative to conventional steel/FRP reinforcement. In the current work, fourteen concrete beams were tested to investigate the flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with manually produced SFCBs. All beams had similar dimensions of 200 mm width, 300 mm height, and a clear span of 1700 mm. The main parameters were the reinforcement type (steel/SFCB) and the concrete compressive strength (30, 40, and 50 MPa). The experimental results were presented in terms of; crack pattern, failure modes, cracking load, ultimate load, load-crack width response, load-deflection curves, and the reinforcing bars' strain curves. The test results showed that, at the same load level, using SFCBs as tensile reinforcement increased the beams' mid-span deflection and crack width compared with those reinforced with steel bars. Finally, an analytical study was performed to predict the ultimate loads, maximum crack width and maximum deflection at service load of SFCBs reinforced beams. The results from the analytical study were very close to the test results, validating the accuracy of the suggested formulas for usage in practice.

Flexural Performance of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Hybrid FRP-Steel Bars: A mini review

Reinforced concrete beams are the most generally used structural parts in building, bridges, and many other structures. In the past two decades, many investigations have been conducted using various fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) material types /steel bars to reinforce concrete beams under flexural test. The purpose of this paper is to review the flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid FRP and steel bars to better understand their behavior. The main parameters addressed by researchers were dimensions of beams, FRP bar material type, and hybrid reinforcement ratio. The researchers established that the use of the combination between steel and FRP reinforcement bars improves the performance of the concrete beams. Moreover, the studies showed that the ductility of the hybrid reinforced beams increased compared to that of conventional steel reinforced beams, however, it decreased when the ratio of (Af/As) increased. The application of using hybrid FRP/steel bars in reinforcing concrete beams will further increase upon utilizing techniques for reducing the brittleness and higher cost of FRP bars. The general structure of this paper consists of presenting the formulas offered by ACI 440.1R-15 building code relating to the flexural strength calculation of concrete beams reinforced with FRP/steel bars. The paper also details some of the current experimental tests and analytical works published for concrete beams reinforced with hybrid system, and outlines research directions and identifies gaps required for additional research.

Flexural performance of layered macro fiber reinforced concrete beams

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been increasingly used in various sectors, which inevitably results in an increasing amount of FRP waste to be dealt with. A recent study conducted by the authors’ group explored a novel mechanical recycling method to process glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) waste into small slender elements (referred to as “macro fibers”) for reinforcing concrete, leading to so called “macro fibre reinforced concrete” (i.e., MFRC). The macro fibres recycled from waste FRP composites shows to effectively enhance the tensile performance of the resulting concrete (e.g., tensile strength, tensile toughness), while have a negligible effect on the compressive properties of MFRC. The concept of the layered beams has been therefore adopted with the bottom layer fabricated with MFRC and the top layer with plain concrete (PC) to improve the utilization and added values of the macro fibers from the structural level. A series of tests were conducted to justify the proposed technique. Test results indicate that an increase of 4.6%, 27.6%, and 44.3% in splitting tensile strength was observed for concrete with a macro fiber content of 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, respectively. Some of other mechanical properties of the resulting concrete (e.g., the compressive toughness, flexural strength and flexural toughness) were apparently enhanced as well by the incorporation of macro fibers. In addition, the flexural performance of concrete beams shows to be superior if the macro fibers mainly concentrated in the bottom layer (i.e., a layered beam), demonstrating a higher utilization and added values of macro fibers achieved by the application of layered beams.

Experimental study on the mechanical behaviour of short chopped basalt fibre reinforced concrete beams

The use of short chopped basalt fibres (CBFs) in concrete structures, as a promising alternative to conventional fibres, is of great importance to the sustainable development and plays a well-balanced role between strength improvement and workability in construction. Hence, this paper successively presents two series of test programs. Series Ⅰ as the preliminary material tests is conducted to understand the effects of short CBFs on concrete matrix, while Series Ⅱ as the beam tests is primarily to explore the flexural performance of concrete beams mixed with CBFs based on various three kinds of parameters. The results showed that in Series Ⅰ, the inclusion of CBFs can relieve the crack patterns from a sudden failure to a more ductile behaviour, and effectively upgrade the flexural strength of concrete. While in Series Ⅱ, concrete beams mixed with CBFs can help enhance the crack-resistance ability and greatly improve the flexural behaviour during the working stage. In addition, the improvement effects were enlarged with increasing fibre length, and that were reduced as the tensile reinforcement ratio increases. An FRL height ratio of 0.35 was suggested to ensure that the composite beams worked well and to avoid potential interface issues. Finally, the calculated methods of cracking moment and section stiffness during the service life, were proposed and verified by collecting other test data.

Strengthening effect of concrete beams using ultra-rapid-hardening fiber-reinforced mortar under flexure

In this study, the flexural behavior of concrete beams strengthened with ultra-rapid-hardening fiber-reinforced mortar (URH-FRM) was investigated. The fiber aspect ratio and strengthening thickness were considered as test variables. The results indicated that the tensile performance of the URH-FRM containing polyethylene (PE) fibers with an aspect ratio of 300 or higher was better than that of the URH-FRM comprising fibers with an aspect ratio of 200 or lower. Furthermore, the examined mortar composite achieved a strain energy density of up to 127.2 kJ/m3 at the very early age of 4 h. The results also demonstrated that the flexural performance of concrete beams significantly improved when strengthened with sprayed URH-FRM layer. The flexural toughness of the concrete beams exhibited a greater enhancement as the aspect ratio of PE fibers or the thickness of the strengthening layer increased. The application of sandblasting improved the flexural strength and toughness of the URH-FRM strengthened beams by 48 % and 41 %, respectively, compared with the corresponding values for non-surface-treated beams. In addition, better tensile behavior and strengthening characteristics were imparted to the concrete beams when the URH-FRM layer was hand-casted, instead of being sprayed, and the hand-cast URH-FRM resulted in approximately 11 % higher flexural strength and 15 % higher toughness.

Flexural Performance of Concrete Structures Reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)

ne of the most recent uses of FRP is to replace the use of steel in reinforced concrete structures. There are multiple reasons for deciding to choose FRP instead of steel such as their lightweight which can be quite beneficial to the design of buildings, high strength, and high flexibility. However, the initial use of this material was anticipated in the retrofitting of heritage buildings or any other damaged structures. There are several studies that concentrated on the use of FRP to enhance shear and flexural strength of concrete structures. However, limited studies concentrated on the effect of FRP on flexural behavior of concrete beams. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the flexural performance of concrete beams that are reinforced using fiber reinforced polymers. The experimental program that was conducted in this study was divided into 4 different beams, 2 of them were reinforced using ordinary steel, while the other 2 were reinforced using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). The highest potential deflection occurred in steel beam was 4.2 mm after applying a maximum of 42 MPa. The second beam was reinforced with FRP and accomplished 38.06 MPa, and the resulted deflection was around 12mm. The third beam was reinforced with steel and highest flexural strength measured was 75.56 MPa, while the deflection resulted from this load is 5.52 mm. Finally, the last beam was reinforced using FRP rebar and resulted deflection was 11.11 from 60.84 MPa. This study has showed the potential of using FRP in concrete structures especially in terms of flexural performance. Further studies are needed to investigate the influence of water and chemical substances on the performance of concrete beams reinforced with FRP.

Effect of fiber volume ratio on flexural behavior of RC beam with novel HFRP rebar and steel rebar

In the experiment conducted, a total number of ten reinforced concrete (RC) beams were analyzed to investigate the flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with locally fabricated hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer (HFRP) bars and steel bars. The yield load and post-yield stiffness of specimens were the main mechanical properties variables that have been carried out during specimens design. Furthermore, the effect of the fiber volume ratio in the HFRP rebar and the reinforcement ratios on the flexural behavior of specimens has been studied. The experimental results show a significant improvement in the flexural load capacity due to the increases of HFRP reinforcement ratio than steel bars. The flexural capacity of beam specimens with 0.47% of HFRP reinforcement ratio and (0.24%, 0.48%, 0.71%) of steel bar, were 169kN, 198kN, and 221kN respectively, while with 0.23% HFRP bar and (0.36%, 0.6%, 0.84%) of steel ratio were 116kN, 150kN, and 138kN respectively. Further, the HFRP bar with a high volume ratio of carbon fiber improves the flexural strength, although the HFRP bar with a high volume ratio of basalt fiber enhances the ductility behavior of specimens. A finite element model (FEM) analysis was conducted using Abaqus Software. It was observed that the FEM analysis perfectly generate the results that matched with the experiment results. Conclusively, an analytical method was suggested to predict flexural strength and compared with experimental results. The analytical flexural strength was in good agreement with the experimental results.

Experimental and analytical study of flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid of GFRP and steel rebars

This paper studies the influence of varying the proportion and configuration of steel and glass fiber-reinforced-polymer (GFRP) rebars on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The influence of adding steel fibers in concrete used for the hybrid reinforced beams is also studied. A total of sixteen under-reinforced concrete beams of 200 × 450 × 3000 mm were tested to failure under four-point flexure. The parameters investigated were first-crack load, initial stiffness, ultimate load, ductility, service load, and deflection at 50% and 100% of ultimate load. The increase in the area of steel rebars caused improvement in serviceability and enhancement in ductility. The incorporation of steel fibers in concrete improved the first crack-load and initial stiffness. The flexural capacity of hybrid reinforced beams was assessed based on the section analysis by incorporating strain hardening in steel rebars, which showed a reasonably good correlation with the experimental results.

Flexural Performance of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Continuous FRP Bars and Discrete Steel Fibers under Cyclic Loads.

This research investigated the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beams reinforced with continuous basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars and discrete steel fibers. Five concrete beams with the dimensions of 150 × 300 × 2100 mm3 were constructed and tested to failure under four-point bending cyclic loading. The specimens consisted of four BFRP-reinforced concrete beams with various reinforcement ratios (ρf), namely, 0.56%, 0.77%, 1.15%, and 1.65%, and one conventional steel-reinforced concrete beam for comparison purposes. The cracking behavior, failure modes, load-deflection behavior, residual deformation, and stiffness degradation of the beams were studied. Additionally, a deformation-based approach was used to analyze the deformability of the beams. The results show that an increase in the ρf effectively restrained the crack widths, deflections, and residual deformation while also enhancing the flexural bearing capacity of the beams. In comparison to the first displacement cycle, the bearing capacity dropped by 10% on average in the third cycle. The stiffness exhibited a fast to slow degradation trend until failure. The residual stiffnesses were higher in beams with a higher ρf. The over-reinforced beams had superior deformability than the under-reinforced beams, according to the deformability factors.