Flexible Photovoltaic Cells Research Articles

Flexible Narrow Bandgap Sn-Pb Perovskite Solar Cells with 21% Efficiency Using N,N'-Carbonyldiimidazole Treatments.

Flexible tin-lead (Sn-Pb) mixed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are among the promising flexible photovoltaics, owing to the narrow bandgap (NBG) of Sn-Pb perovskites, flexible and wearable features, and their role as a critical component in all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics. However, the flexible Sn-Pb PSCs suffer from a low power conversion efficiency, no higher than 18.5%, along with limited stability. Herein, we reported an efficient and stable flexible NBG Sn-Pb PSC via an N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) passivation strategy. CDI, with strong adsorption energy, preferentially binds to Sn2+ compared with oxygen (O2), thus effectively inhibiting the adsorption of O2 on perovskite surfaces. The transfer of electron density around Sn2+ dramatically decreased, thus suppressing Sn2+ oxidation. The CDI treatments endowed the Sn-Pb mixed films with fewer defects, improved crystallinity, better morphology, and matched energy-level alignment. The flexible Sn-Pb devices exhibited a high PCE of 21.02%. Besides, the devices showed enhanced stability and promoted flexibility. This work provides a pathway to visibly increase the efficiency and stability of the flexible Sn-Pb mixed photovoltaic cells.

Textile-Integrated Conductive Layers for Flexible Semiconductor-Based Photovoltaic Structures

This paper presents the results of research on conductive layers dedicated to flexible photovoltaic cells based on semiconductors integrated with a textile substrate. The presented work is part of a broader project aimed at producing flexible solar cells based on the CdTe semiconductor component and manufactured directly on textiles. The research focuses on the selection of textile substrates and contact materials, as well as the methods of their application. This study compares three types of fabrics (basalt, glass, and silicone fibers) and three metals (copper, molybdenum, and silver), evaluating their mechanical and electrical properties. During the experiments, flexible metallic layers with a thickness ranging from 160 to 415 nm were obtained. Preliminary experiments indicated that metallic layers deposited directly on textiles do not provide adequate conductivity, reaching the levels of several hundred Ω/sq and necessitating the introduction of intermediate layers, such as screen-printed graphite. The results show that molybdenum layers on basalt fabrics exhibit the lowest increase in resistance after dynamic bending tests. The obtained relative resistance changes in Mo layers varied from 50% to as low as 5% after a complete set of 200 bending cycles. This article also discusses current challenges and future research directions in the field of textile-integrated photovoltaics, emphasizing the importance of further technological development to improve the energy efficiency and durability of such solutions.

Evaluating the reactivity of polyvinyl alcohol/graphene nanocomposites

The synthesis and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/graphene nanocomposite films, through the solution casting technique, were thoroughly explored and studied. The integration of varying concentrations of graphene was systematically explored to enhance the structural and optical attributes of the PVA matrix. Comprehensive characterization employing X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) Spectrophotometry revealed significant interactions between PVA and graphene, manifesting in a decrease in crystallinity and optical bandgap with increasing graphene content. DFT:B3LYP/6-31g(d,p) quantum mechanical level, corroborated these findings by indicating a diminished HOMO/LUMO bandgap energy. Additionally, molecular electrostatic potential mapping underscored an increase in PVA's reactivity post-graphene integration. The investigation further extends to evaluating global reactivity descriptors, providing insights through PDOS plots and QSAR analysis. The outcomes of this research underscore the potential of PVA/graphene nanocomposites for next-generation applications in flexible photovoltaic cells, transistors, and diodes.

Robust alkali-resistance of cover glass's UV-shielding and strengthening sol-gel coatings by tailoring the coupling between SiO2 and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone

Cover glass with UV-shielding function is important to mobile displays such as mobile phones and tablet PCs, as well as flexible photovoltaic cells. UV-shielding over 90 % while visible light transmittance over 90 % is a rather difficult technical challenge for cover glass. In this report, robust alkali-resistance of display cover glass's UV-shielding and strengthening sol-gel coatings have been successfully prepared, using 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP-2), γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propyltrimethoxysilane (KH560) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as raw materials. The coupling between SiO2 and BP-2 was tailored by using a condensation reflux method for the mixture of BP-2 and KH560. Compared to blank glass (0.7 mm thickness), UV-shielding (UV-A and UV-B) of the coated glass (coated on one side, 3 μm thickness of coating) increases significantly from 13.43 % to 99.93 %, while the visible light transmittance (380–780 nm) changes only slightly from 91.87 % to 90.16 %. Moreover, the bending strength of the coated glass improves by 52 MPa, and the drop ball impact resistance increases by 16 %. After alkali corrosion, glass's UV-shielding with the BP-2/SiO2 coupling or uncoupling coatings is 90.03 % or 80.03 %, respectively. The BP-2/SiO2 coupling coatings significantly improve alkaline corrosion resistance. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirms that BP-2 is chemically grafted into the SiO2 grid of the coating, which contributes to the robust alkali-resistance. Demonstrated by the finite element simulation, the strengthening effect originates from the repair of cracks on the surface of glass by the coating. The coating presents its application possibility on cover glass.

Effect of thermal annealing on the optical properties of 3D-printed nanostructured CuO films for flexible photovoltaic solar cells

In this work, the effect of thermal annealing on the optical and structural properties of 3D-printed nanostructured copper oxide films deposited on polyimide substrates is investigated for the first time. It was shown that both as-deposited and annealed at Ta = 160 °C films have mainly monoclinic CuO phase. XRD and Raman results show that these films also contain a small amount of Cu2O phase, and possibly an amorphous CuO as well as a metastable CuO2-like phases. At the same time, films annealed at 300 °C for 10 min are characterized by a pure CuO phase and have the best optical quality. The band gap of the investigated copper oxide films is equal to (1.53–1.64) eV, which is associated with indirect allowed optical transitions. The results obtained paves the way to the development of nanotechnologies for obtaining CuO films by the 3D printing method, suitable for flexible electronics, especially for solar energy.

Indium Zinc Tin Oxide Bottom Electrode‐Based Flexible Indoor Organic Photovoltaics with Remarkably High Mechanical Stability

The demand for flexible indoor organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) is growing dramatically due to their simple and practical use as a powering aid for various electronic gadgets connected to the Internet of Things. Due to the brittleness of inorganic material‐based transparent bottom electrodes and their incompatibility with flexible organic substrates, it is extremely difficult to limit the influence of mechanical stress on the stability of flexible OPV. In this regard, choosing a mechanically stable and highly conductive transparent conducting oxide (TCO) is crucial. Therefore, flexible OPVs are fabricated onto a flexible (polyimide) substrate coated with mechanically stable TCO indium zinc tin oxide (IZTO). Sheet resistance measurements and observations of scanning electron microscope images of IZTO film after 100 000 bending repetitions (bending radius: 5 mm) confirm the ultrahigh mechanical stability of the TCO. The sheet resistance of flexible IZTO electrode layers is increased by 9%, from 17.42 to 19.12 Ω sq−1. In addition, the impact of a large number of bending repetitions on film transmittance is minimal. The OPV shows ≈69% and ≈20% of its initial power conversion efficiency value after 100 000 bending repetitions for 1000 lx LED illumination and 1 sun conditions, respectively.

Self‐Powered e‐Skin Based on Integrated Flexible Organic Photovoltaics and Transparent Touch Sensors

There is a growing interest in the large area, lightweight, low‐power electronic skin (e‐Skin), consisting of a multitude of sensors over conformable surfaces. The use of multifunctional sensors is always challenging, especially when their energy requirements are considered. Herein, the heterogeneous integration of custom‐made flexible organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells is demonstrated with a large area touch sensor array. The OPV can offer power density of more than 0.32 μW cm−2 at 1500 lux, which is sufficient to meet the instantaneous demand of the array of touch sensors. In addition to energy harvesting, it is shown that the OPVs can perform shadow sensing for proximity and gesture recognition, which are crucial features needed in the e‐Skin, particularly for safe interaction in the industrial domain. Along with pressure sensing (sensitivity of up to 0.26 kPa−1 in the range of 1–10 kPa) and spatial information, the touch sensors made of indium tin oxide and monolayer graphene have shown >70% transparency, which allow light to pass through them to reach the bottom OPV layer. With better resource management and space utilization, the presented stacked integration of transparent touch‐sensing layer and OPVs can evolve into a futuristic energy‐autonomous e‐Skin that can “see” and “feel.”

Wearable coupled-quarter-mode SIW antenna platform with hybrid kinetic and ambient-light energy harvesting

As key enablers for smart fabric interactive textile (SFIT) systems, textile antenna systems and platforms need to be energy-efficient, low-profile and should guarantee a stable wireless body-centric communication link. Using multiple energy harvesters on and in the antenna platform is highly recommended to enable autonomous SFIT systems. Different sensors could be added to the system for monitoring the environmental and/or biophysical parameters of rescue workers, military personnel, and other safety workers. Therefore, a wearable coupled-quarter-mode (coupled-QM) substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna with optimally, seamlessly integrated hybrid kinetic and ambient-light energy harvesters is proposed. Two QM cavities are coupled via a non-resonant slot to create a compact antenna covering the [2.4; 2.4835] GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. The antenna platform fully consists of textile materials, being protective rubber foam and copper taffeta, enabling its unobtrusive integration into protective clothing. A novel, compact way of deploying a kinetic energy harvester inside the substrate, combined with flexible power management electronics on the antenna feed plane and a flexible ambient-light photovoltaic cell on the antenna plane, is proposed. The integrated antenna platform exhibits a measured impedance bandwidth of 307 MHz, a radiation efficiency of 88.57% and maximum gain of 3.74 dBi at 2.45 GHz. Wearing the antenna platform around a person’s wrist resulted in an average harvested power of 229.8 µW when walking in an illuminated room.

GLUSENT (Glucose Assistant): Sugar Monitoring System Smart Watch Based on Bioelectronics and Internet of Things to Prevent Diabetes Melitus in The 5.0 Society Era

Diabetics in Indonesia are ranked 5th in the world. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), there were 10.7 million people with diabetes in Indonesia in 2019 and a rapid increase to 19.5 million in 2021. Most cases of diabetes are not diagnosed early, this is the basis for the importance of monitoring blood glucose periodically. Based on our study of people aged 20-40 years, most of them have never done regular glucose monitoring. Lack of public awareness of the dangers of diabetes and fear of needles are the reasons for not monitoring blood glucose. Therefore, an effective non-invasive self-monitoring of glucose levels is needed. The Glusen Smartwatch is a smartwatch that integrates bioelectronics and the Internet of Things (IoT) for monitoring glucose levels through sweat taken from the wrist. If the glucose level exceeds the normal limit, this smartwatch will notify the user through sounds, vibrations and lights on the smartwatch. This smartwatch also provides a solution if the user has glucose above the normal limit, such as telling users if they need to exercise regularly, reduce stress, and lead a healthy diet. The basic components of the Glusen Smartwatch include electrochemical sensors, flexible photovoltaic cells, flexible Zn-MnO2 batteries, printed circuit board (PCB) and electronic ink (E-ink). The Glusen Smartwatch is expected to be a solution for continuous early glucose monitoring so as to reduce the number of diabetics in Indonesia. The advantages of this tool can be used independently and non-invasively.

Lightweight and flexible Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar minimodules: toward 20% photovoltaic efficiency and beyond

Lightweight and flexible photovoltaic solar cells and modules are promising technologies that may result in the wide usage of light-to-electricity energy conversion devices. This communication presents the prospects of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)-based lightweight and flexible photovoltaic devices. The current status of flexible CIGS minimodules with photovoltaic efficiency values greater than 18% and future directions to enhance their efficiency values toward >20% are discussed. The effects of cell separation edges, which are formed through a mechanical, laser, or photolithography scribing process used to fabricate solar cells and modules, on the device performance are also discussed. We found that mechanically scribed CIGS device edges, which are present in conventional solar cells and modules, cause deterioration of device performance. In other words, further improvement is expected with appropriate passivation/termination treatment of the edges or replacing mechanical scribing with a damage-free separation process.

(Invited) Nanostructured Electrochemical Devices and Self-Powered Systems for Biosensing

Self-powered systems for biosensing have attracted tremendous research interest in recent years, mainly due to the rapidly expanding market of wearable and portable devices for applications in clinical diagnosis and physiological monitoring. In our work, novel and unique hierarchical nanostructures were designed and synthesized to realize electrochemical devices with high performance, especially the sensor stability and energy storage capability. Meanwhile, scalable and printable approach was developed to integrate these electrochemical devices into monolithically integrated self-powered systems. The as-developed nanostructured electrochemical devices in conjunction with printable approach show great potency in fabrication of various wearable integrated self-powered devices for personalized healthcare monitoring applications. Our research highlights are as follow: Development of nanoporous membranes for electrochemical sensor applications. It eliminates enzymes escaping and provides sufficient surface area for molecular/ion diffusion and interactions, so as to ensure the sustainable catalytic activities of the sensors and generate reliable measurable signals during noninvasive monitoring. The highly improved stability of sensors is extremely desirable for investigation of metabolic activities in physiological systems.A fully integrated and self-powered system in a smartwatch fashion for continuous monitoring of sweat glucose levels during both equilibrium status and dynamic activities. The smartwatch can be self-powered by flexible photovoltaic cells, without external charging, the harvested energy can also be stored in the flexible Zn-MnO2 batteries as backup power source. It is also capable for real-time and in situ data analysis/display with integrated circuit board and E-ink screen.A monolithically integrated self-powered smart sensor system with energy supplied by fully printable planar supercapacitors and embedded solar cells, was fabricated on plastic substrate with inkjet printing technique as a proof-of-concept. The as-developed printable nanostructured electrochemical devices in conjunction with printable approach for system integration show great potency in fabrication of various wearable integrated self-powered devices for personalized healthcare monitoring applications.

A New Polymer Donor Enables Binary All-Polymer Organic Photovoltaic Cells with 18% Efficiency and Excellent Mechanical Robustness.

The development of polymerized small-molecule acceptors has boosted the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of all-polymer organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells to 17%. However, the polymer donors suitable for all-polymer OPV cells are still lacking, restricting the further improvement of their PCEs. Herein, a new polymer donor named PQM-Cl is designed and its photovoltaic performance is explored. The negative electrostatic potential and low average local ionization energy distribution of the PQM-Cl surface enable efficient charge generation and transfer process. When blending with a well-used polymer acceptor, PY-IT, the PQM-Cl-based devices deliver an impressive PCE of 18.0% with a superior fill factor of 80.7%, both of which are the highest values for all-polymer OPV cells. The relevant measurements demonstrate that PQM-Cl-based films possess excellent mechanical and flexible properties. As such, PQM-Cl-based flexible photovoltaic cells are fabricated and an excellent PCE of 16.5% with high mechanical stability is displayed. These results demonstrate that PQM-Cl is a potential candidate for all-polymer OPV cells and provide insights into the design of polymer donors for high-efficient all-polymer OPV cells.

Enhancing the fuel saving and emissions reduction of light-duty vehicle by a new design of air conditioning worked by solar energy

Increasing the demand of using fossil fuel is started appear in the recent decades, especially in the transport sector such as diesel engines. Normally, air conditioning (a/c) increases the fuel consumption about 20% in engines due to extra load needs for a/c operation. Therefore, the manufactures search more towards control strategies to reduce the fuel consumption by developing more efficient a/c system. In this study, a new design of a/c system working by solar energy was used to reach the requirement of energy and improve the fuel economy of vehicles. The a/c system was linked with flexible photovoltaic cell (PV) to compensate the electricity that generated from vehicle engine. Furthermore, the fuel consumption from a/c system (operated with and without solar energy) was measured for two vehicles. In addition, the temperature of cooling and heating was measured inside and outside room of the car. The a/c system was tested in the saloon car for both conditions of cooling and heating and. It was found that the a/c system working with solar energy reduced the engine fuel consumption by 25% in comparison with conventional a/c system. The results from a/c system showed that the cooling temperature inside cabin of car through hot day is 20 °C within half a minute, while the temperature outside is 40 °C. In contrast, the heating temperature was reach to 49.2 °C for long period of time compared to the cooling temperature. The harmful engine emissions carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (NOX) and total hydrocarbons (THCs) were reduced when a solar a/c system presented in comparison with conventional design of a/c.

Laser-induced graphene electrode based flexible heterojunction photovoltaic cells

Graphene based nanomaterials have attracted significant research interest due to their unique optoelectronic properties which can be tuned to tailor the functionalization in various photovoltaic (PV) applications. These PVs are capable of powering various wearable and flexible electronic devices such as touch-panels, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), sensors, high speed field effect transistors (FETs), etc., which can be a low-cost alternative to traditionally employed silicon solar cells. However, in terms of processing performance and electrical properties, current methods of manufacturing graphene-based PVs have numerous drawbacks. Therefore, there is a need for more effective fabrication methods with commercial feasibility and roll-to-roll processing of graphene-based PVs. This article is the first to present a laser-based patterning technique for fabricating graphene electrodes from polyimide that are compatible with flexible and thermally sensitive substrates for solar cell applications. A heterojunction PV, with ferroelectric Cr-doped BiFeO3 (BFCrO), was deposited on the flexible graphene as the energy harvesting layer sandwiched between p-NiO and n-WS2 window layers. Subsequently, its PV performance was compared with the similar multi-junction PV built on the Indium‑tin Oxide (ITO) one. The LIG electrode outperformed the ITO with its excellent stability, flexibility, and conductivity. The maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) culminated was 5.20% which is around 5 folds enhancement when compared to the ITO based PV. Furthermore, after bending graphene electrode to 130°, the sheet resistance returned to its original value, while the resistance of ITO increased due to the cracking effect. With these unique properties, LIG electrodes can be promising for the development of flexible ferroelectric BFO based heterojunction PV devices.

Surface Passivation for Efficient Bifacial HTL-free Perovskite Solar Cells with SWCNT Top Electrodes

Building-integrated photovoltaics is an emerging field that demands approaches to deliver efficient and flexible photovoltaic cells at a low cost. In this work, high-quality single-walled carbon na...

Preliminary Evaluation of a Solar-Powered Wristband for Continuous Multi-Modal Electrochemical Monitoring.

Continuous, non-invasive wearable measurement of metabolic biomarkers could provide vital insight into patient condition for personalized health and wellness monitoring. We present our efforts towards developing a wearable solar-powered electrochemical platform for multimodal sweat based metabolic monitoring. This wrist-worn wearable system consists of a flexible photovoltaic cell connected to a circuit board containing ultra low power circuitry for sensor data collection, energy harvesting, and wireless data transmission, all integrated into an elastic fabric wristband. The system continuously samples amperometric, potentiometric, temperature, and motion data and wirelessly transmits these to a data aggregator. The full wearable system is 7.5 cm long and 5 cm in diameter, weighs 22 grams, and can run directly from harvested light energy. Relatively low levels of light such as residential lighting (∼200 lux) are sufficient for continuous operation of the system. Excess harvested energy is stored in a small 37 mWh lithium polymer battery. The battery can be charged in ∼14 minutes under full sunlight and can power the system for ∼8 days when fully charged. The system has an average power consumption of 176 µW. The solar-harvesting performance of the system was characterized in a variety of lighting conditions, and the amperometric and potentiometric electrochemical capabilities of the system were validated in vitro.Clinical relevance-The presented solar-powered wearable system enables continuous wireless multi-modal electrochemical monitoring for uninterrupted sensing of metabolic biomarkers in sweat while harvesting energy from indoor lighting or sunlight.

Effects of mechanical deformations on P3HT:PCBM layers for flexible solar cells

The P3HT:PCBM mixture is the most promising system for absorber layers in flexible polymer-based photovoltaic solar cells. Nowadays, an increased number of studies have been devoted to improving electrical and optical properties of this absorber layer in order to rise the power conversion efficiency. However, studies dealing with its mechanical behavior are scarce, even though they are important on the fabrication processes for flexible devices and operation. Therefore, this work aims to elucidate the effect of tensile and bending deformations on P3HT:PCBM layers deposited on PET/ITO substrates. Mechanical and electrical characteristics were in-situ monitored while strains were applied. Tensile experiments showed that the layers are able to support a unitary strain up to 0.684%, when crack onset strain (COS) is reached, and crack propagation begins until the formation of a grid pattern observed in micrographs. Bending tests were performed with two span-lengths (50.8 mm and 25.4 mm) and two strain conditions on the P3HT:PCBM layers, i.e. tensile and compressive. For the tensile state, micrographs did not show any cracking on the layers regardless of the span-length, even when the bending radius was as low as 6.13 mm. On the other hand, the COS was observed when the layer was subjected to the compressive state with the lowest span and the same curvature radius.

Characterization of Strain-induced Defects Density in Flexible Organic Photovoltaic Cells using Capacitance Spectroscopy

Characterization of Strain-induced Defects Density in Flexible Organic Photovoltaic Cells using Capacitance Spectroscopy

Upconversion nanoparticles coated organic photovoltaics for near infrared light controlled drug delivery systems

Abstract On-demand drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been widely investigated for spatiotemporally controlled therapy with greatly improved patient compliance. However, power systems to operate the DDSs are one of the serious unmet needs constraining their further applications. Here, we report implantable organic photovoltaic cells using upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) for on-demand controlled drug delivery. Although skin-penetrating near infrared (NIR) light cannot be used for flexible organic photovoltaic cells, UCNPs can convert NIR light to visible light for their operation after implantation to the body. The core-shell structured UCNPs coated on flexible organic photovoltaic cells generate current flow upon NIR irradiation for triggering on-demand drug delivery from microelectromechanical system (MEMS) drug reservoirs. Gold (Au) membrane sealing the reservoirs is dissolved to AuCl4− by the applied electrical current triggering the pulsatile drug release. The successful fabrication of NIR light triggered DDS by UCNPs coated organic photovoltaic cells is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV–vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence, current density–voltage characterization, and gold thin film dissolution tests. Furthermore, on-demand model drug release tests confirm the feasibility of the new paradigm light-triggered DDS and the relevant phototherapy.

Porous Enzymatic Membrane for Nanotextured Glucose Sweat Sensors with High Stability Towards Reliable Noninvasive Health Monitoring

Development of reliable glucose sensors for noninvasive monitoring without interruption or limiting users’ mobility is highly desirable, especially for diabetes diagnostic which requires routine/long term monitoring. However, their applications are largely limited by the relatively poor stability. Herein, a porous membrane is synthesized for effective enzymes immobilization and it is robustly anchored to the modified nanotextured electrode solid contacts, so as to realize glucose sensors with significantly enhanced sensing stability and mechanical robustness. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on utilizing such nanoporous membranes for electrochemical sensor applications, which eliminates enzymes escaping and provides sufficient surface area for molecular/ion diffusion and interactions, thus to ensure the sustainable catalytic activities of the sensors and generate reliable measureable signals during noninvasive monitoring. The as-assembled nanostructured glucose sensors demonstrates reliable long-term stable monitoring with minimal response drift for up to 20 hours, which delivered a remarkable enhancement. Moreover, they can be integrated into a microfluidic sensing patch for noninvasive sweat glucose monitoring. The as-synthesized nanostructured glucose sensors with remarkable stability can inspire developments of various enzymatic biosensors for reliable noninvasive composition analysis.Besides, in order to realize the ultimate applications of these sensors in predictive clinical diagnostics, personalized healthcare monitoring and chronic diseases management, a self-powered and fully integrated smartwatch in a “smartwatch” fashion was demonstrated. It consists of flexible photovoltaic cells and rechargeable batteries in form of a “watch strap”, electrochemical glucose sensors, customized circuits and display units integrated into a “dial” platform, is successfully fabricated for real-time and continuously monitoring of sweat glucose levels. The functionality of the smartwatch, including sweat glucose sensing, signal processing and display, can be supported with the harvested/converted solar energy without external charging devices. The Zn-MnO2 batteries serve as intermediate energy storage units and the utilization of aqueous electrolytes eliminated safety concerns for batteries, which is critical for wearable devices. Such a wearable smartwatch realizes integration of energy modules with self-powered capability, electrochemical sensors for noninvasive glucose monitoring, in situ and real-time signals processing/display in a single platform for the first time. The as-fabricated fully integrated and self-powered smartwatch also provides a promising protocol for statistical study and clinical investigation to reveal correlations between sweat compositions and human body dynamics.