Flexible Dye Research Articles

The Effect of Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticles (ITO NPs) Incorporated with ZnO NPs based on Structural, Optical and Flexible Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (FDSSCs) Application.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) doped with indium tin oxide nanoparticles (ITO NPs) on polymer-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The ZnO NPs and ITO NPs were synthesized using the sol-gel and co-precipitation methods, respectively. They were then characterized and applied for dye-sensitized solar cells of a polymer-based substrate. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis revealed the presence of hexagonal structures and small spherical nanoparticles. The mean diameter of the ZnO NPs was found to be 15.22 ± 0.11 nm, while the ZnO NPs doped with ITO NPs (ZnO NPs/ITO NPs) had a mean diameter of 14.54 ± 0.16 nm. The effects of the ITO NPs on the ZnO NPs were evaluated, and it was found that these ITO NPs enhanced the performance of the flexible electrode DSSCs. After the addition of ITO NPs, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the ZnO NPs was boosted to be three times higher than that of the ZnO NPs DSSCs without ITO NPs. Similarly, the ultraviolet (UV) band exhibited a red shift, resulting in a lower band gap and reduced charge transfer resistance, which can enhance the PCE of the DSSCs. The polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/indium tin oxide (ITO) (PET/ITO) substrate conductive polymer showed positive outcomes for DSSCs. The PCE value for ZnO NPs was 2.198 ± 0.14%, while for ZnO NPs/ITO NPs, it was 6.680 ± 0.12%. This work achieved remarkable and competitive performance when compared to a solid (indium tin oxides/glass)-based substrate.

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of flexible and rigid dyes probes the biophysical properties of synthetic and biological membranes

Sensing of the biophysical properties of membranes using molecular reporters has recently regained widespread attention. This was elicited by the development of new probes of exquisite optical properties and increased performance, combined with developments in fluorescence detection. Here, we report on fluorescence lifetime imaging of various rigid and flexible fluorescent dyes to probe the biophysical properties of synthetic and biological membranes at steady state as well as upon the action of external membrane-modifying agents. We tested the solvatochromic dyes Nile red and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) (ammonium salt) (NBD), the viscosity sensor Bodipy C12, the flipper dye FliptR, as well as the dyes 3,3′-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), Bodipy C16, lissamine-rhodamine, and Atto647, which are dyes with no previous reported environmental sensitivity. The performance of the fluorescent probes, many of which are commercially available, was benchmarked with well-known environmental reporters, with Nile red and Bodipy C12 being specific reporters of medium hydration and viscosity, respectively. We show that some widely used ordinary dyes with no previous report of sensing capabilities can exhibit competing performance compared to highly sensitive commercially available or custom-based solvatochromic dyes, molecular rotors, or flipper in a wide range of biophysics experiments. Compared to other methods, fluorescence lifetime imaging is a minimally invasive and nondestructive method with optical resolution. It enables biophysical mapping at steady state or assessment of the changes induced by membrane-active molecules at subcellular level in both synthetic and biological membranes when intensity measurements fail to do so. The results have important consequences for the specific choice of the sensor and take into consideration factors such as probe sensitivity, response to environmental changes, ease and speed of data analysis, and the probe’s intracellular distribution, as well as potential side effects induced by labeling and imaging.

TiO2-bismuth screen printing ink for flexible low temperature dye sensitized solar cells

Flexible dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) possess multiple advantages with wide application and good commercialisation potential. However, the low conversion efficiency of the technology from poor charge transfer and interparticle contact has limited their utilisation. Thus, the research aims to enhance the performance of flexible plastic-based titanium dioxide (TiO2) film via the formation of TiO2-bismuth (Bi) ink for screen-printing of DSSC photoanode film. The implementation of Bi nanoparticles as sintering aid has managed to improve the interparticle contact in the photoanode film with neck formation at the TiO2-Bi interface. This phenomenon has also led to the lowering of resistance values by 57 - 65% with charge transfer resistance of 11.72 kΩ.cm2 and series resistance of 38.28 kΩ.cm2 for the TiO2-Bi photoanode. The recombination reactions were also reduced with longer electron lifetime of 0.0036 ms and enhanced charge transfer. The research has managed to prepare TiO2-Bi ink that would be suitable for the fabrication of flexible DSSC photoanode film via screen printing. Hence, the outcome of the research could potentially lead to the development of highly efficient flexible low temperature DSSC and enhance their commercialisation potential.

Effect of lead sintering aid to TiO2 photoanode for flexible dye sensitized solar cell

The commercial application of flexible dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is somewhat limited due to the devices’ low conversion efficiency. The low sintering temperature in preparing the photoanode has caused poor interparticle contact, low charge transfer and low efficiency. Hence, this research aims to improve the interparticle contact of titanium dioxide (TiO2) photoanode with the novel use of lead (Pb) nanoparticles as sintering aid at low temperature. TiO2-Pb composite photoanode was prepared with different composition of Pb including 4% and 7% sintered at low temperature of 250°C. The research discovered that TiO2 photoanode mixed with 4% Pb composition showed the lowest charge transfer resistance (RCT) even at low sintering temperature. The RCT value was even lower than a commercial TiO2 photoanode sample that was sintered at 450°C. The addition of Pb sintering aid has improved interparticle contact in the photoanode via the neck formation at the TiO2-Pb interface and enhanced charge transfer despite the low temperature. The prepared photoanode samples displayed potential in developing highly efficient flexible DSSC.

Flexible dye solar cells with TiO2 nanopaper and Ti back contact electrodes

Flexible dye solar cells (F-DSCs) have attracted great attention because of their low cost, flexibility and lightweight, and their advantages for wearable electronic devices and other applications. We propose here a novel structure of F-DSCs using flexible TiO2 nanopapers as substrates and Ti back contact electrodes(Ti BCE) as electron collection electrodes. By combining the high-temperature hydrothermal nanowire synthesis with conventional paper preparation, TiO2 nanopapers (long nanowire TiO2 free-standing membranes) with good mechanical strength and flexibility were prepared. This TiO2 nanopapers from pure long inorganic nanowires, can be used as an ideal flexible substrate for Ti BCE and nanocrystalline TiO2 films, because they retain their excellent mechanical strength and flexibility at high temperatures. The PCE of F-DSCs with TiO2 nanopaper substrate and the porous Ti BCE reached 4.38% under AM 1.5G and 100 mW cm−2 simulated solar irradiation. The F-DSCs remained stable after 100 bending tests at 16 mm bending radius.

84‐2: Flexible Dye Liquid Crystal Dimming Film for Smart Window

Windows are important elements in the passenger cars that have a large impact on the light shading and heat insulation, affecting heating and lighting and interior space requirements in the cars. Flexible smart window plays an important role in human comfort and experience. In this review, we will discuss the next generation smart windows based on flexible dimming film and dye liquid crystal technology which can realized a step‐less dimming result through voltage switching, in such a way that comfortable lighting and temperatures in the car can be maintained.

Improved charge transfer through the minimal addition of Pb as a sintering aid to TiO2-based low-temperature dye sensitised solar cell

The poor interparticle connectivity between the nanoparticles architecture of photoanode due to insufficient sintering temperature has been an issue for developing flexible dye sensitised solar cell (DSSC). This issue has led flexible DSSC to yield low conversion efficiency. This research aims to implement lead (Pb) as sintering aid to improve the interparticle connection of the photoanode by using the concept of liquid phase sintering. With low melting point of Pb (327.5 °C), necks were formed at the titanium dioxide (TiO2)–Pb interface that improved the connection and lowered the electronic resistance even at low sintering temperature of 150–250 °C. Morphological studies showed the formation of these necks, while phase analysis indicated the more desirable TiO2 anatase phase was present. Specimens containing 5 wt% Pb in the TiO2 matrix showed the highest efficiency value of 8.73% at 250 °C, which is even higher compared to their high-temperature (450 °C) counterpart by 12.21%. This is due to surface fusion of Pb at a lower temperature, leading to enhanced interparticle contact and reduction in recombination reactions. Further increase in Pb did not improve the conversion efficiency which can be due to high charge trapping sites and layer cracking due to high amounts of Pb in TiO2 matrix.

Flexible high-resolution thin micropolarizers for imaging polarimetry

More durable (with high impact force), lighter, and more compact flexible azo dye micropolarizers are attractive candidates for low-cost, simple polarization imaging systems. The liquid crystal polymer (LCP), as an emerging material developed by photo-alignment technology, is a potential material for organizing the long-range ordered structure of azo dyes. However, little research has been done on LCP aligned azo dyes. This paper points out and solves a key problem that restricts the fabrication of high-precision arrays in guest (azo dye)-host (LCP) systems: the doping of dyes leads to disorder of the LCP during curing. After solving the problem, the relationship between the thickness of the LCP and the extinction ratio of the polarizing film was investigated, which effectively improved the extinction ratio. Alignment of azo dye molecules in the range of 2 µm (0°–180°) and arrays of micropolarizers (0°, 45°, 90°, -45°) with 8 µm × 8 µm pixel pitch was achieved by laser direct writing technology. The bending cycle test demonstrates the mechanical stability of the ultrathin flexible polarizer. The flexible patterned polarizer with robust chemical and mechanical stabilities provides a flexible way to capture the polarization of the light and highly integrated advanced flexible optoelectronic devices.

Unraveling the contributions to the spectral shape of flexible dyes in solution: insights on the absorption spectrum of an oxyluciferin analogue.

We present a computational investigation of the absorption spectrum in water of 5,5-spirocyclopropyl-oxyluciferin (5,5-CprOxyLH), an analogue of the emitter compound responsible for the bioluminescence in fireflies. Several factors participate in determining the 5,5-CprOxyLH's spectral shape: (i) the contribution of the four close-energy excited states, which show significant non-adiabatic couplings, (ii) the flexible molecular structure and (iii) the specific interactions established with the surrounding environment, which strongly couple the protic solvent dynamics with the dye's spectral response. To tackle the challenge to capture and dissect the role of all these effects we preliminarily investigate the role of non-adiabatic couplings with quantum dynamics simulations and a linear vibronic coupling model in the gas phase. Then, we account for both the molecular flexibility and solvent interactions by resorting to a mixed quantum classical protocol, named Adiabatic Molecular Dynamics generalized Vertical Gradient (Ad-MD|gVG), which is built on a method recently proposed by some of us. It is rooted in the partition between stiff degrees of freedom of the dye, accounted for at the vibronic level within the harmonic approximation, and flexible degrees of freedom of the solute (and of the solvent), described classically through a sampling based on Molecular Dynamics (MD). Ad-MD|gVG avoids spurious effects arising in the excited state Hessians due to non-adiabatic couplings, and can therefore be applied to account for the contributions of the first four excited states to the 5,5-CprOxyLH absorption spectrum. The final simulated spectrum is in very good agreement with the experiment, especially when the MD is driven by a refined quantum-mechanically derived force-field. More importantly, the origin of each separate contribution to the spectral shape is appropriately accounted for, paving the way to future applications of the method to more complex systems or alternative spectroscopies, as emission or circular dichroism.

Flexible back-illuminated dye sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) with titanium dioxide/silver nanoparticles composite photoanode for improvement of power conversion efficiency

With flexibility practices becoming a vital concern for dye sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) today, researchers are widely developing choices of excel conductivity and durable anode substrate, which is metal. As metals are exposed to light impenetrability caused by its opacity, the illumination sides were transitioned from the front-side to backside of the DSSCs. The less light absorption reduces the power conversion efficiency (PCE). The surface treatment was posited onto the titanium (Ti) substrate in promoting a gap for titanium dioxide (TiO2) during deposition, as well as discarding the oxide layer of the Ti surface. To improve the PCE for backside illumination DSSCs of Ti substrate, this paper proposes the embedment of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into TiO2 at various concentrations between 1.0 wt% and 3.0 wt%. The AgNPs were produced by solvothermal method in sizes of 23 nm, 25 nm, 29 nm, and 36 nm. The chosen size of 29 nm has been laid on the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with the highest absorbance and low status of agglomeration. The back-illuminated AgNPs-TiO2 film acquired optimal PCE = 4.691%, Jsc = 10.0 mA/cm2, FF = 0.67, and Voc = 0.70 mV in response to the 2.0 wt% concentration of AgNPs-TiO2 deposited onto a flexible Ti substrate.

UV Ozone based rapid low temperature fabrication of flexible dye sensitized solar cells

Herein, we have developed a multilayer TiO2 film thickness of around 4 µm at lower temperature (120 °C) by spin coating and doctor blade technique on polyethylene terephthalate (ITO-PET) substrate. Further, the additional processing step Ultravoilet-Ozone (UVO3) treatment was performed on TiO2 electron transport layer (ETL) to enhance the performance of FDSSCs. UVO3 treatment significantly improved the crystallinity and charge transport characteristic of ETL by removing the organic impurities. The photovoltaic devices based on 4 h of UVO3 treated TiO2 film exhibited superior device performance with an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.53% compared to 1.43% (without UVO3 treatment). Electrochemical impedance measurement indicated that TiO2 layer treated with UVO3 decreased series resistance, electron recombination and improved electron life substantially. The improved device properties, simple preparation procedure and low processing cost, enable this FDSSCs fabrication method to be a credible alternative of conventional techniques.

Numerical modelling and simulation of heat sink assisted thermal sintering of titania film on polymer substrates for the fabrication of high-performance flexible dye sensitized solar cells

In this paper, we report a mathematical model developed to study thermal characteristics of heat sink assisted elevated temperature sintering of TiO2 coated polymer photoelectrode used for the fabrication of high-performance flexible dye sensitized solar cells (FDSSCs). Thermal sintering of TiO2 film deposited indium tin oxide coated polyethylene terephthalate (ITO PET) is usually restricted by the polymer serviceability temperature limit (~ 150 °C), but the heat sink assisted sintering process increases sintering temperature without affecting the polymer integrity, produces effectively sintered TiO2 film on the polymer surface and boosts the photovoltaic performance of FDSSCs. The developed model involves simultaneous heat transfer and coolant flow within the system which is dynamically coupled with an external coolant reservoir. Using this model, effects of various parameters such as coolant flow rate, heat sink material, heat sink geometry, and sintering duration on the thermal characteristics of TiO2 sintered on polymer substrate are studied. Also, the FDSSCs fabricated using this sintering method have shown power conversion efficiency increased significantly because of the rise in sintering temperature is controlled by the heat sink thermal parameters. Besides, possibilities of scaling-up of this sintering system for the fabrication of large area FDSSCs are investigated.

Current advancement of flexible dye sensitized solar cell: A review

In the last two decades, research on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has shown tremendous improvement with promising findings. It has become one of the alternative options in replacing conventional silicon-based photovoltaics. Recently, a study towards the flexible form of solar cells has gained the attention of researchers. The features possess in DSSC such as high flexibility, light weight and environmentally friendly have made DSSC suitable for such purposes compared to rigid glass substrates. However, the biggest challenge faced by plastic-type substrates is temperature, where plastic substrates only withstand up to 150 °C before melting. In the DSSC fabrication process, temperatures as high as 400–500 °C are critically required for the purpose of material crystallization. With insufficient temperature during this process, poor interconnection between nanoparticles and increased electrode resistance will occur, thereby lowering the performance of plastic based DSSC. Here, we discuss the approaches that researchers have performed in solving the problem. Such approaches include the use of doctor blades, electrophoretic deposition, hydrothermal, peel and stick technique, and pulse laser deposition methods. In addition, this paper also discusses the most recent method which is additional procedure using Titanium(IV) tetraisopropoxide or UV-O3 treatment in the preparation of flexible DSSC. Several types of photoanode materials such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and graphene are also discussed in this paper.

Ferroelectric barium titanate microspheres with superior light-scattering ability for the performance enhancements of flexible polymer dye sensitized solar cells and photodetectors

In this study, barium titanate microspheres (BTMS) comprising 10 to 20 nm thick one-dimensional (1D) nanorods have been synthesized via a dual-stage hydrothermal process and used as photoelectrode material for the fabrications of high-performance flexible dye sensitized solar cells (FDSSCs) and photodetectors. Crystal structure and morphological analyses have indicated a rutile phase TiO2 microspheres (RTMS) intermediate is transformed as tetragonal BTMS during the hydrothermal process. Because of the superior light-scattering ability and reduced charge recombination at the BTMS/TiO2 nanoparticles film/electrolyte interface by the ferroelectric dipoles of BaTiO3, BTMS/TiO2 nanocomposite based FDSSC photoanode has demonstrated ~1.7-fold higher power conversion efficiency (PCE = 4.53%) than the pure anatase TiO2 nanoparticles based FDSSC photoanode (PCE = 2.66%). A high dielectric permittivity (ɛr = 3114 at 25 °C) and tangent loss (ɛ˝) obtained for the BTMS at low AC frequencies have confirmed their superior dielectric and ferroelectric characteristics over RTMS (ɛr = 888 at 25 °C), created by the strain induced ferroelectric polarization of 1D BaTiO3 nanorods. Similarly, the BTMS coated PET based flexible photodetector has produced quantum efficiency (QE) of 1.1% with an excellent photoresponse, which further indicated the ferroelectric polarization aided photocurrent generation in the BTMS based photoactive materials.

A photoanode with hierarchical nanoforest TiO2 structure and silver plasmonic nanoparticles for flexible dye sensitized solar cell

Due to unique photovoltaic properties, the nanostructured morphologies of TiO2 on flexible substrate have been studied extensively in the recent years for applications in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Microstructured electrode materials with high surface area can facilitate rapid charge transport and thus improve the light-to-current conversion efficiency. Herein we present an improved photoanode with forest like photoactive TiO2 hierarchical microstructure using a simple and facile hydrothermal route. To utilize the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and hence increase the photon conversion efficiency, a plasmonic nanoparticle Ag has also been deposited using a very feasible photoreduction method. The branched structure of the photoanode increases the dye loading by filling the space between the nanowires, whereas Ag nanoparticles play the multiple roles of dye absorption and light scattering to increase the light-to-current conversion efficiency of the device. The branched structure provides a suitable matrix for the subsequent Ag deposition. They improve the charge collection efficiency by providing the preferential electron pathways. The high-density Ag nanoparticles deposited on the forest like structure also decrease the charge recombination and therefore improve the photovoltaic efficiency of the cells. As a result, the DSSC based on this novel photoanode shows remarkably higher photon conversion efficiency (ηmax = 4.0% and ηopt = 3.15%) compared to the device based on pristine nanowire or forest-like TiO2 structure. The flexibility of the device showed sustainable and efficient performance of the microcells.

19.1: Synthesis and Spectral Quality of Flexible Display Dichroic Dye Polarizer

SID Symposium Digest of Technical PapersVolume 52, Issue S1 p. 126-126 Technical Sessions: Session 19: High Perceptive LC Display Technologies (Liquid Crystal Technology)Free to Read 19.1: Synthesis and Spectral Quality of Flexible Display Dichroic Dye Polarizer Xiaolian Li, Corresponding Author Xiaolian Li xlianli@dlut.edu.cn State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorRouchen Pan, Rouchen Pan State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Xiaolian Li, Corresponding Author Xiaolian Li xlianli@dlut.edu.cn State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorRouchen Pan, Rouchen Pan State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 February 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.14402AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume52, IssueS1International Conference on Display Technology (ICDT 2020)February 2021Pages 126-126 RelatedInformation

Carbon Fibers Coated with Ternary Ni–Co–Se Alloy Particles as a Low-Cost Counter Electrode for Flexible Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Compared to flat devices based on rigid substrates, cable-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells hold advantages of smaller size, light weight, facile fabrication, flexibility, and low cost, thus a prom...

Improving performance of ZnO flexible dye sensitized solar cell by incorporation of graphene oxide

At today great interest has been paid to hydrogen production by water electrolysis due to their simplicity and low cost. Dye sensitized solar cell are promising devices as renewable electrical power source to achieve water electrolysis because they possess high theoretical efficiency compared with Si based solar cells. In this research, ZnO photo catalyst was modified with graphene oxide (GO) by means of high energy milling. The anode of the flexible dye-sensitized solar cell was fabricated by electrophoretic deposition of the photo catalyst onto flexible electrodes. The obtained materials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, XPS and SEM–EDS. The efficiency and fill factor of ZnO and ZnO–GO cells were estimated from the I–V curve, measured under simulated sunlight. The obtained results demonstrate that ZnO–GO cell have higher efficiency compared with the ZnO cell. The latter can be explained by the better dispersion of ZnO that enlace the dye adsorption onto the fabricated anode and by the presence of GO that improve the absorption of photons from the light.

A rational design of low cost and flexible carbon composite dye sensitized solar cell

Low cost carbon materials gained extensive attention in the field of sustainable energy storage devices. A major challenge in assembly of fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass free dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is the heat treatment limitation and transparency of electrodes. In this work, a rational design of a carbon composite dye-sensitized solar cell (CC-DSSC) fabricated with stacking carbon fiber wet-laid web (CFW) is described. The front electrode is prepared by a fibrous thin sheet of carbon fibers deposited with extended Titania nanorods (e-TiO2 nR). Whereas, the counter electrode is prepared by the composite of CF and exfoliated graphite micro platelets (Ex-GMP). The assembled CC-DSSC demonstrated 5.207% efficiency with high fill factor (FF) and open-circuit voltage (VOC). The high VOC of designed CC-DSSC ascribed to the high transmittance (50%), sheet conductivity, and efficient charge generation of e-TiO2 nR/CFW electrode. Moreover, e-TiO2 nR provides high dye absorption and electron mobility suitable for the CFW substrate. Alternatively, high FF of CC-DSSC provides evidence of remarkable electrocatalytic activity and low charge transfer resistance (1.915 Ω) of the Ex-GMP/CFW CE system. Our proposed system of carbon composite DSSC will provide new ways towards the fabrication of sustainable and low-cost energy storage devices.

Electrodeposited MoS2 counter electrode for flexible dye sensitized solar cell module with ionic liquid assisted photoelectrode

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) offers great advantages includes low cost materials, economic fabrication, suitable for low-light conversion, flexibility option, color design possibilities, etc. In the present study, a semi-transparent, molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) flexible counter electrode (CE) is realized through electrodeposition method. Low temperature processed TiO2 solution is used for photoelectrode (PE) preparation. Conductive ionic liquid (BVImI + LiI) is used to modify the surface of photoelectrode for alteration of conduction band level of PE, towards enriched electron injection rate into TiO2. Flexible dye-sensitized solar cell (f-DSSC) fabricated by sandwich the photoelectrode and counter electrodes, and an ionic liquid electrolyte is injected. The surface modified photoelectrode (SM-PE) assisted test cell (0.16 cm2 active area) witnessed an enhanced current density value 12.46 mA/cm2 and power conversion efficiency (PCE) 4.84% is higher than the normal PE based f-DSSC (11.56 mA/cm2 and 4.35%). For comparison, platinum-based f-DSSC with SM-PE is fabricated, is attained 6.08% of PCE. The f-DSSC sub-module with MoS2-CE gave 4.21% of PCE, the results are presented.