Flexible Placement Research Articles

PASE: Pro-active Service Embedding in The Mobile Edge

Mobile edge computing offers ultra-low latency, high bandwidth, and high reliability. Thus, it can support a plethora of emerging services that can be placed in close proximity to the user. One of the fundamental problems in this context is maximizing the benefit from the placement of networked services, while meeting bandwidth and latency constraints. In this study, we propose an adaptive and predictive resource allocation strategy for virtual-network function placement comprising services at the mobile edge. Our study focuses on maximizing the service provider’s benefit under user mobility, i.e., uncertainty. This problem is NP-hard. Therefore, we propose a heuristic solution: we exploit local knowledge about the likely movements of users to speculatively allocate service functions. We allow the service functions to be allocated at different edge nodes, as long as latency and bandwidth constraints are met. We evaluate our proposal against a theoretically optimal algorithm as well as against recent previous work, using widely used simulation tools. Through an extensive simulation study, we demonstrate that under realistic scenarios, an adaptive and proactive strategy coupled with flexible placement can achieve close-to-optimal benefit.

Radiofrequency-transparent local B0 shimming coils using float traps.

Static field (B0) inhomogeneities present a major challenge in high-field MRI. Multicoil shimming using independent, local, direct-current (DC) shim coils has emerged as a powerful and flexible technique to address this issue. However, many-turn DC coils can lead to significant mutual coupling with radiofrequency (RF) coils, causing transmit field (B1 +) distortions and signal-to-noise ratio degradation. We introduce an innovative RF-transparent DC coil that performs B0 shimming while minimizing RF performance impact. The design incorporates float traps to maintain high RF impedance, allowing flexible placement relative to the RF coil without compromising signal-to-noise ratio or affecting B1 +. We fabricated square-shaped DC coils with float traps for 3T MRI and compared them with conventional DC coils. To demonstrate high ΔB0/Amp efficiency, we conducted a B0 shimming experiment around a metal hip implant. Bench tests and MRI experimental results demonstrated that the RF-transparent DC coil effectively minimized RF interference, preserved signal-to-noise ratio, and maintained B1 +, even when placed near the RF receive coil. Additionally, the DC coil significantly improved B0 homogeneity near metal implants and substantially reduced image distortion. The RF-transparent DC coil offers a flexible, effective solution for managing B0 inhomogeneities, paving the way for integrating multiturn DC coils in clinical MRI settings without extensive hardware modifications.

Data-driven parallel optimization method for sensor placement and state estimation based on generative adversarial principle in unobservable systems

Abstract Data-Driven State Estimation (DDSE) is characterized by low measurement requirements and high estimation accuracy, which provides the possibility of stable and efficient estimation for unobservable distribution systems with low measurement quantities. However, the lack of an efficient and flexible sensor placement method with DDSE at this stage hinders the development and application of DDSE in distribution networks. To address this issue, a data-driven parallel optimization method for sensor placement and state estimation based on the generative adversarial principle in unobservable systems is proposed in this paper. This method transforms sensor placement and state estimation into an adversarial learning model, solvable through gradient descent. The sensor placement optimization strategy generates a cost-effective placement scheme, while DDSE evaluates the sensor scheme, provides improvement suggestions, and enhances its estimation accuracy. Through adversarial training, the proposed scheme yields a significantly reduced number of sensor placement schemes compared to traditional methods, while maintaining high precision of DDSE. Simulation results on the IEEE-33 node system validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Design of calibration-free RF pulses for T -weighted single-slab 3D turbo-spin-echo sequences at 7T utilizing parallel transmission.

T -weighted turbo-spin-echo (TSE) sequences are a fundamental technique in brain imaging but suffer from field inhomogeneities at ultra-high fields. Several methods have been proposed to mitigate the problem, but were limited so far to nonselective three-dimensional (3D) measurements, making short acquisitions difficult to achieve when targeting very high resolution images, or needed additional calibration procedures, thus complicating their application. Slab-selective excitation pulses were designed for flexible placement utilizing the concept of k -spokes. Phase-coherent refocusing universal pulses were subsequently optimized with the Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering algorithm and tested in vivo for improved signal homogeneity. Implemented within a 3D variable flip angle TSE sequence, these pulses led to a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement ranging from 10%to 30% compared to a two-dimensional (2D) T2w TSE sequence employing -shimmed pulses. field inhomogeneities could be mitigated and artifacts from deviations reduced. The concept of universal pulses was successfully applied. We present a pulse design method which provides a set of calibration-free universal pulses (UPs) for slab-selective excitation and phase-coherent refocusing in slab-selective TSE sequences.

Validation of On-Head OPM MEG for Language Laterality Assessment.

Pre-surgical localization of language function in the brain is critical for patients with medically intractable epilepsy. MEG has emerged as a valuable clinical tool for localizing language areas in clinical populations, however, it is limited for widespread application due to the low availability of the system. Recent advances in optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) systems account for some of the limitations of traditional MEG and have been shown to have a similar signal-to-noise ratio. However, the novelty of these systems means that they have only been tested for limited sensory and motor applications. In this work, we aim to validate a novel on-head OPM MEG procedure for lateralizing language processes. OPM recordings, using a soft cap with flexible sensor placement, were collected from 19 healthy, right-handed controls during an auditory word recognition task. The resulting evoked fields were assessed for hemispheric laterality of the response. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the grand average language response indicated that the first two principal components were lateralized to the left hemisphere. The PCA also revealed that all participants had evoked topographies that closely resembled the average left-lateralized response. Left-lateralized responses were consistent with what is expected for a group of healthy right-handed individuals. These findings demonstrate that language-related evoked fields can be elucidated from on-head OPM MEG recordings in a group of healthy adult participants. In the future, on-head OPM MEG and the associated lateralization methods should be validated in patient populations as they may have utility in the pre-surgical mapping of language functions in patients with epilepsy.

Physician-Modified Endograft with the TREO Stent Graft System.

Description of physician-modified endograft technique and its advantages using the TREO stent graft system. After partial back-table deployment of the TREO endograft, fenestrations are created using a scalpel and reinforced with a double snare loop and running suture. The distance between the Z-shaped stents of the TREO main body of almost 20 mm allows for more flexible placement of multiple fenestrations and easier and faster re-sheathing. The technique is illustrated with physician modification of a TREO aortic cuff and bifurcated endograft in three patients with juxtarenal aortic aneurysms or type Ia endoleak after previous endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Physician modification of the TREO stent graft system can be safely performed, making it an excellent additional option to treat juxtarenal aneurysms. The TREO stent graft system offers various sizing options including different main body lengths and diameters, thus increasing applicability. Larger distance between the main body's stents facilitates placement of multiple physician-modified fenestrations. Re-sheathing is easier and faster due to the low number of main body stents which have to be re-sheathed. Therefore, the TREO stent graft system is an excellent platform for the physician-modified technique.

A Wirelessly Powered Scattered Neural Recording Wearable System.

This paper introduces a wirelessly powered scattered neural recording wearable system that can facilitate continuous, untethered, and long-term electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. The proposed system, including 32 standalone EEG recording devices and a central controller, is incorporated in a wearable form factor. The standalone devices are sparsely distributed on the scalp, allowing for flexible placement and varying quantities to provide extensive spatial coverage and scalability. Each standalone device featuring a low-power EEG recording application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) wirelessly receives power through a 60 MHz inductive link. The low-power ASIC design (84.6 μW) ensures sufficient wireless power reception through a small receiver (Rx) coil. The 60 MHz inductive link also serves as the data carrier for wireless communication between standalone devices and the central controller, eliminating the need for additional data antennas. All these efforts contribute to the miniaturization of standalone devices with dimensions of 12×12×5 mm3, enhancing device wearability. The central controller applies the pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme on the 60 MHz carrier, transmitting user commands at 4 Mbps to EEG recording ASICs. The ASIC employs a novel synchronized PWM demodulator to extract user commands, operating signal digitization and data transmission. The analog frontend (AFE) amplifies the EEG signal with a gain of 45 dB and applies band-pass filtering from 0.03 Hz to 400 Hz, with an input-referred noise (IRN) of 3.62 μVRMS. The amplified EEG signal is then digitized by a 10-bit successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a peak signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) of 55.4 dB. The resulting EEG data is transmitted to an external software-defined radio (SDR) Rx through load-shift-keying (LSK) backscatter at 3.75 Mbps. The system's functionality is fully evaluated in human experiments.

Spline-based methods for functional data on multivariate domains

Functional data analysis is typically performed in two steps: first, functionally representing discrete observations, and then applying functional methods to the so-represented data. The initial choice of a functional representation may have a significant impact on the second phase of the analysis, as shown in recent research, where data-driven spline bases outperformed the predefined rigid choice of functional representation. The method chooses an initial functional basis by an efficient placement of the knots using a simple machine-learning algorithm. The knot selection approach does not apply directly when the data are defined on domains of a higher dimension than one such as, for example, images. The reason is that in higher dimensions the convenient and numerically efficient spline spaces use tensor bases that require knots located on a lattice. This fundamentally limits flexible knot placement which is fundamental for the approach. The goal of this research is two-fold: first, to propose modified approaches that circumvent the issue by coding the irregular knot selection into the topology of the spaces of tensor-based splines; second, to apply the approach to a classification problem workflow for functional data that utilizes knot selection. The performance is preliminarily accessed on a benchmark dataset and shown to be comparable to or better than the previous methods.

GW-MUSIC focusing algorithm with high accuracy for composite damage diagnosis

The Guided Wave (GW)-based Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) method for damage imaging in composite structures offers high-resolution and flexible sensor array placement, demonstrating considerable potential for precise damage localization. However, the application to real aircraft composite structures, characterized by complex structural features, presents substantial challenges. These include complex boundary reflections, pronounced anisotropy, and diminished scattered signals from damage sites. This paper presents a novel single-peak anisotropy-compensated MUSIC method for damage imaging of complex composites. This method, designed for improved localization accuracy, combines a self-excited calibration strategy to mitigate anisotropy with single wave peak focusing to amplify signals and reduce boundary reflections. Experimental validation on a complex composite wing structure demonstrated significant enhancements in localization precision, affirming the method's efficacy.

Pulsed field ablation of atrial fibrillation using a large area focal catheter with a novel contact detection algorithm. A first-in-human experience using the QuickShot catheter

Abstract Background/Introduction Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is emerging as a safe and effective alternative energy modality for cardiac ablation. Data have shown that while tissue contact is critical for PFA, the amount of contact force is less important. Single-shot catheters have shown comparable results to current thermal methods for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), however, are limited to anatomical-based ablation strategies and have limited ability to detect tissue contact. The investigational QuickShot™ large-area focal catheter (Galvanize Therapeutics, Redwood City, CA) combines high-density mapping with large-area focal ablation guided by contact detection. Purpose The QuickShot PEF-AF study was a prospective, single-arm, first-in-human study performed at a single European center to evaluate the safety and performance of the QuickShot catheter (see Figure 1, panel A) combined with the CE-marked CENTAURI™ System (Galvanize Therapeutics, Figure 1, panel B) for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods Subjects with paroxysmal or persistent AF underwent a PVI procedure under deep sedation (fentanyl, midazolam, propofol) guided by Rhythmia™ HDx (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, Figure 1, panel D). Irrigation was set to a constant 6 mL/min during the procedure. Focal, monopolar, biphasic PFA lesions were delivered asynchronously at 33 Amps and a 10 mm inter-lesion spacing (center to center with 10 mm lesion tag size). Catheter-tissue contact was confirmed by ICE/fluoroscopy and a novel impedance-based contact detection system (Figure 1, panel C). The acute performance endpoint was PVI, assessed by entrance and exit block using high-density mapping. Procedural safety assessments included microbubble detection via ICE, induction of VT/VF, muscle stimulation, phrenic nerve function, and NIHSS post-procedure. Results Twenty (20) subjects (60% PAF, 60 ± 12 years, 75% male, 4.3 ± 0.52 cm LA AP diameter) were enrolled and treated. Acute PVI was achieved in 100% of patients and targeted PVs (82/82), with first-pass isolation in 88% of targeted PVs. The PVI time was 31 ± 10 min with 46.7 ± 11.4 PFA applications. There were no device- or procedure-related adverse events, and no documented incidence of microbubble formation, arrhythmia induction, muscle stimulation, phrenic nerve dysfunction, esophageal injury, or change in NIHSS post-procedure. Conclusion The QuickShot catheter enables safe and effective large-area focal PFA for subjects requiring PVI. The catheter design enables efficient and flexible focal lesion placement with the ability to ensure adequate apposition to targeted tissues using its novel contact detection algorithm. Future studies will investigate the use of this novel catheter for PFA strategies beyond PVI.

Localization of Dual Partial Discharge in Transformer Windings Using Fabry–Pérot Optical Fiber Sensor Array

The power transformer is one of the most critical core devices for energy exchange in power systems, and its safe and stable operation is directly related to the reliability of the power grid. Partial discharge is the main cause of insulation degradation and failure of high-voltage electrical equipment. Online monitoring and accurate localization of partial discharge can provide information on the aging of power equipment, which is of great value for improving the safe operation and maintenance of the power grid. Internal dual partial discharge in transformer windings is a more complex type of fault. Since it is located inside the windings, the signal is attenuated and distorted, making it difficult for traditional monitoring methods to capture such partial discharge signal The Fabry–Perot optical fiber sensor is an ultrasonic detection method that can be built into the transformer interior. This sensor has high sensitivity and a small size, enabling flexible placement at different locations inside the transformer for precise partial discharge detection. Especially for the narrow space inside the high and low voltage windings, F–P sensors can form an array, utilizing the array’s directivity to locate the fault points. In this study, an ultrasonic detection system based on the F–P optical fiber sensor array was developed. The system utilizes a directional cross-localization algorithm based on the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm to accurately locate dual partial discharge sources. This partial discharge detection system was applied to a 35 kV single-phase transformer, enabling the localization of dual partial discharge sources within the high and low voltage windings. Combined with experimental results, this method exhibits high localization accuracy and is particularly suitable for detecting partial discharge phenomena that occur within or between transformer windings.

Peritoneal rent: No hindrance to completing eTEP

Background: Extended view total extraperitoneal (eTEP) has rapidly gained popularity over the last decade. Peritoneal rent during surgery is another complication that makes surgery difficult and forces surgeons to convert to either transabdominal pre-peritoneal or open hernioplasty. With our approach despite peritoneal rent developed intraoperatively, surgery can be completed in the same extraperitoneal plane during eTEP. Aims and Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of completing eTEP surgery despite the occurrence of peritoneal rent during the procedure. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective case series conducted at high volume center, All India Institute of Medical Science, Bhubaneswar, where eTEP is performed on regular basis for patients with inguinal hernia. While performing eTEP, we came across 10 cases where peritoneal rent developed intraoperatively and was repaired using 2–0 vicryl following which eTEP was successfully completed. Results: Six patients out of 10 underwent peritoneal rent repair through the extraperitoneal approach, with an average operative time of 97.5 min. The repair process added an average of 12.5 min to the standard eTEP operative time of 85 min. Four patients underwent peritoneal rent repair through the intraperitoneal approach, with a mean operative time of 120 min. This approach added approximately 35 min to the surgery, reflecting the additional time required for the intraperitoneal repair. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that peritoneal rent developed during eTEP surgery can be effectively managed without compromising the integrity of the procedure. Repairing the peritoneal rent extraperitoneally takes advantage of the wide extraperitoneal space provided by the eTEP approach, offering flexibility in port placement and enhanced ergonomics. Alternatively, intraperitoneal repair with additional ports is a viable option. Peritoneal rent should not be perceived as a hindrance to the successful completion of eTEP surgery. This innovative approach expands the scope of eTEP by providing solutions for unforeseen complications, ensuring its continued efficacy in inguinal hernia repair.

Multi-source multicast service chaining model guaranteeing reliability of network services

Service chaining provides network services to users by processing packets with a series of virtualized network functions (VNFs). Multicast communication can suppress the network load compared to unicast communication when the same service is provided to multiple users simultaneously. Network providers need to ensure that services are provided to users under reliability requirements. Existing service chaining models can cause failure-intolerant or cost-inefficient resource allocation for multicast services. This paper proposes a multi-source multicast service chaining model that guarantees the reliability of network services with flexible routing and VNF placement. The proposed model determines the routing and VNF placement for each service chain request with redundancy so as to minimize the total resource utilization cost while satisfying the reliability requirement. In order to obtain cost-efficient feasible solutions, we introduce two heuristic algorithms. One is an algorithm that iteratively solves an integer linear programming problem until the reliability requirements are satisfied for all requests. The other is an algorithm that determines the VNF placement by using a metric based on the betweenness centrality and server failure rate. Numerical results show that the proposed model allocates the network and computation resources for services with lower total cost compared to the existing model. We also show illustrative examples of the resource allocation to compare the characteristics of two heuristic algorithms.

Deep Brain Stimulation with Double Targeting of the VIM and PSA for the Treatment of Rare Tremor Syndromes

Introduction: In tremor syndromes, pharmacological therapy is the primary treatment, but deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used when it is insufficient. We explore the use of DBS, focusing on the globus pallidus internus for dystonia and the ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) for tremor conditions. We introduce the posterior subthalamic area (PSA) as a potential target, suggesting its efficacy in tremor reduction, particularly in rare tremor syndromes. We aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of double targeting the VIM and PSA in rare tremor conditions, highlighting the limited existing data on this. Methods: Between 2019 and 2023, 22 patients with rare tremor syndromes were treated with bilateral DBS of the VIM and PSA. This case series consisted of 7 isolated head tremor, 1 hepatic encephalopathic tremor due to Abernethy syndrome, 2 voice tremor, 4 dystonic tremor, and 8 Holmes tremor (2 multiple sclerosis, 2 cerebellar insult, and 4 posttraumatic) patients. Patients’ preoperative and 12-month postoperative tremor scores were compared, and the optimum VIM and PSA stimulation areas were investigated. Results: There was a significant reduction in the mean TRS score from 3.70 (±0.57) to 0.45 (±0.68) after 12 months of surgery. Specific outcomes for different indications were observed: for head tremor, 6 of 7 patients showed a reduction in TRS scores to 0 points; the vocal tremor patients demonstrated improvement; this change was not statistically significant, which is likely to be due to the low number of patients in this subgroup; the dystonic tremor patients showed either complete tremor abolition or a reduction in TRS scores; the Holmes tremor patients showed an 80% reduction in TRS scores; and the hepatic encephalopathy tremor and Abernethy syndrome patients showed a 75% improvement in TRS scores. The stimulation parameters converged on the VIM and dorsal PSA. Complications included the need for electrode repositioning, infections requiring electrode removal and re-implantation, dysarthria, and stimulation-induced ataxia, which was resolved by adjusting the stimulation parameters. Discussion: The literature on DBS for rare tremors is limited. Double targeting of the VIM and PSA appears to produce promising improvements on the outcomes reported in the existing literature on VIM-only DBS. The proximity of the VIM and PSA allows for flexible electrode placement, contributing to the potential success of the dual-target approach. We also discuss the theoretical advantages of targeting the PSA based on the distribution of tremor circuits, emphasizing the need for further research and electrophysiological studies.

Enhanced Profit-driven Optimization for Flexible Server Deployment and Service Placement in Multi-User Mobile Edge Computing Systems

Enhanced Profit-driven Optimization for Flexible Server Deployment and Service Placement in Multi-User Mobile Edge Computing Systems

On Flexible Placement of O-CU and O-DU Functionalities in Open-RAN Architecture

On Flexible Placement of O-CU and O-DU Functionalities in Open-RAN Architecture

Availability‐aware virtual network function placement based on multidimensional universal generating functions

AbstractNetwork function virtualization (NFV) implements network functions as software, which enables flexible, resource‐efficient, and rapid provision of network services. In NFV, network services are realized by the service function chain (SFC), which is a chain of virtual network functions (VNFs) linked in the proper order. Both availability and deployment cost are key concerns for network operators providing network services as SFC. This paper proposes a flexible VNF placement model on a per‐VNF instance basis that minimizes deployment costs while satisfying availability requirements that may be placed on SFC. This paper uses a multidimensional universal generating function (MUGF) method, which is a multistate system analysis method, to compute the availability of a multistate SFC system with multiple VNFs coexisting on a server. The MUGF method calculates the performance of the entire SFC by combining the performance of servers as determined by applying a continuous‐time Markov chain. To reduce the time to compute the SFC availability, we introduce operators to be applied to MUGF and develop an availability computing method. In addition, a heuristic algorithm for determining VNF placement targeting the lowest deployment cost possible while meeting availability requirements is presented. Numerical results show that the proposed model obtains VNF placement with lower cost than the conventional model in all examined cases. The proposed model achieves VNF placement at 58.5%–75.0% of the deployment cost of the conventional model for the same SFC availability requirements.

Generation of Inverted Locomotion Gait for Multi-Legged Robots Using a Spherical Magnetic Joint and Adjustable Sleeve

In this paper, we propose the design and implementation of spherical magnetic joint (SMJ)-based gait generation for the inverted locomotion of multi-legged robots. A spherical permanent magnet was selected to generate a consistent attractive force, enabling the robot to perform inverted locomotion under steel structures. Additionally, the robot’s foot tip was designed as a balljoint mechanism, providing flexibility in foot placement at any angle between the tip and surface. We also introduced an adjustable sleeve mechanism to detach the foot tip during locomotion by creating a fulcrum during the tilt and pull steps. This mechanism effectively reduced the reaction force based on the sleeve diameter. The experimental results showed a 46% decrease in the present load when using the adjustable sleeve mechanism compared to direct pulling. For inverted locomotion, a quadruped robot and a hexapod robot, which represent the predominant type of multi-legged robots, were constructed. We integrated the SMJ and adjustable sleeve into both robots, enabling them to perform inverted locomotion with various gaits such as crawling, trotting, square, and tripod gaits. Our analysis examined the characteristics of each gait in terms of velocity and stability, thereby confirming the versatility of the proposed SMJ, which can be applied to different types of legged robots.

How will the Covid-19 pandemic shape the future of primary care undergraduate teaching? Understanding modifications and developments deployed by UK academic units of primary care, and their implications for the future

BackgroundPrimary care has been under-represented in its contribution to the academic literature base on Covid-19 developments. We sought to understand how teaching and learning was modified and developed by primary care academic leaders to support the continuation of primary care-orientated learning during the Covid-19 pandemic; and explore how these changes may shape future educational delivery in primary care.MethodsWe adopted a qualitative approach, using semi-structured interviews of seven General Practice Heads of Teaching (GP HoTs) from UK medical schools. We used mixed deductive and inductive coding to analyse interview transcripts. Modifications and developments were coded to four a priori themes (clinical off-site; clinical on-site; synchronous remote; asynchronous remote). We concurrently used inductive coding to identify developments that did not readily fit into these categories. To understand how participants perceived the developments may shape primary care teaching in the future, we carried out an inductive thematic analysis.ResultsA range of modifications and developments were described. Examples of developments include: GP practices being provided with increased flexibility to support ongoing provision of clinical placements (on-site clinical), examples of initiatives enabling students to consult remotely from their homes (off-site clinical), transfer of face-to-face teaching to remote formats (synchronous remote) and development of new, interactive on-line teaching materials (asynchronous remote). One additional theme arose inductively: collaboration and co-operation.For future implications, five themes arose: the evolution of flexible and hybrid clinical placement models; an increased role for telemedicine; increased networking and collaboration; increased active student involvement in patient care; and opportunities for community-based teaching afforded by the pandemic.ConclusionThis study highlights how teaching was modified to support the continuation of primary care-based learning during the Covid-19 pandemic, and implications for the future. Collaboration and placement flexibility were notable features in the response. Participants perceived that flexible placement models containing a mixture of clinical on-site with remote synchronous and asynchronous teaching and learning activities, may persist into the post-Covid era. Further research is required to understand which developments become routinely embedded into primary care teaching in the post-Covid era and explain how and why this occurs.

A real-time spatial deformation estimation method based on spatial curvature decomposition and interpolation

Structural deformation entails safety risks, and at times, direct measurement can be challenging, especially when reference points are unavailable. Therefore, the development of a practical and precise deformation estimation method is crucial. This paper introduces a strain-based method with spatial curvature decomposition and interpolation for estimating structural deformation. The proposed method was tested through numerical simulations of various static and dynamic deformation cases for different structures, including a railway track, a rigid hanger of a bridge under low-frequency dynamic loads, and a cantilever beam under high-frequency dynamic loads. The feasibility of the method was verified, and it was further validated by a field test on a railway track. Compared to existing strain-based methods, it offers more flexible sensor placement, requires fewer parameters, and can estimate dynamic, static, planar, and spatial deformations. This strain-based method shows promise for real-time structural deformation monitoring, enhancing safety assessments.