Flax Genotypes Research Articles

Морфофизиологический тестинг Linum ussitatissimum L. в условиях различного уровня хлоридного засоления

The selection of resistant varieties under conditions of abiotic stress is an urgent direction in the adaptive selection of flax. The presented work reflects the assessment of the phenotypic variability of 12 hybrid combinations of flax-longshanks according to the morphophysiological parameters of seedlings under the action of chloride salinization of two levels (E1, E2). The genotypes of flax of the fourth (F4) – fifth (F5) generations were used as objects of research. Significant differences (p>0.05, p>0.01, p>0.001) between hybrid populations and media were revealed for most of the studied indicators. Genotypic features (G) caused the formation of flax combinations of dry shoot mass, chlorophyll content in cotyledon leaves (16.2 -37.7%), medium – raw shoot mass and chlorophyll content (30.6 – 50.0%), interaction of genotype and medium – root length, germination index (26.8 – 45.5%). The negative effect of two environmental conditions on seed germination and further development of flax seedlings has been established. By root length Gen1, Gen5, Gen9, Gen10, Gen11; shoot length – Gen1, Gen2, Gen3, Gen7, Gen12; raw root weight – Gen1, Gen4, Gen5, Gen10; dry root weight – Gen1, Gen4, Gen5; the crude mass of the shoot is Gen1, Gen5; the dry mass of the shoot is Gen1, Gen4, Gen5, Gen7; the chlorophyll content is Gen2, Gen8. Resistance to salt stress in two environmental conditions was characterized by 41.6% of combinations in shoot length, 33.3% in raw root weight, dry shoot weight, 25.0% in dry root weight, 16.6% in raw shoot weight, chlorophyll content, which can be recommended for further breeding work when developing an adaptive strategy for creating new flax varieties -dolgunts in the soil and climatic conditions of the Tyumen region. Keywords: FLAX, HYBRIDIZATION, STABILITY INDEX, SPAD-502 PLUS, SELECTION

Inheritance of seed, flower, and anther colors and their linkage in diverse flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes

Inheritance of seed, flower, and anther colors and their linkage in diverse flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.) genotypes

Efficiency of the RAPD Molecular Indicator to Determine the Genetic Polymorphism of Flax Genotypes

Efficiency of the RAPD Molecular Indicator to Determine the Genetic Polymorphism of Flax Genotypes

Evaluation of Performance and Estimation of Combining Ability in Flax Crop by Using Factorial Mating Design

A field experiment was carried out at agricultural field in al-Alam the coordinates of (N 43.835672 - E 34.777260) district/Salahuddin Governorate during (2021 - 2022) A.D season to study, with the aim of evaluating the genotypes and positions in a crop using factorial mating and in these eight flax genotypes were used in this study it is (Sakha 1, Sakha 2, Sakha 3, Sakha 5, Sakha 6, Giza 8, Syrian local and Thorshansity72). and the first parents (males) and the remaining three (females) were chosen to obtain (15) hybrids If the selection was made on the basis of the genetic base of the genotypes, planted randomly and at different dates in the field, and the experiment was applied using a RCBD and with three replications, results and statistical analysis showed the superior genotype (Sakha1) for the traits of the number of capsules per plant (65.66) and the number of seeds in the capsule (9.79) seed capsulesˉ¹ and the yield of the individual plant (2.69) gm plantˉ¹ and the total yield (539.37) kg h-1 and superior hybrid (Sakha1×Syrian local), which significantly outperformed the traits of the number of capsules per plant (67.03) plant capsuleˉ¹, the number of seeds in the capsule (9.77) seed capsuleˉ¹ and the individual plant yield (2.64) g plantˉ¹ and the total yield (529.12) kg h-1. The best parents in the effects of general ability is Genotype (Sakha1) for the traits of the number of vegetative branches, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, and the superiority of the hybrid (Sakha1 × Syrian local) in the number of capsules per plant, number of seeds in the capsule, number of seeds per capsule, single plant yield and total and hybrid. Thus, it can be recommended to plant the varieties (Sakha1) (Sakha2) and (Sakha5) because their performance is distinguished in most of the traits under study.

Cropping Flax for Grain and Fiber: A Case-Study from Italy

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) can be grown both as an oil crop and as a fiber crop, and this offers new opportunities when included in the framework of a whole-crop biorefinery, a system in which a range of products are made from portions of grain and straw and in which both of these should be satisfactorily produced. In the present experiment, the effect of flax genotypes (7 varieties), cultivation sites (two locations) and seasons (two years) were tested with a standard randomized complete block design, in search of a compromise for the production performance for both grain and straw, with the aim of reintroducing flax back into the northern Italian environment. Overall, grain yield reaches an average value of about 1.4 t ha−1 (dw), while straw yield reaches 2.77 t ha−1 (dw). The former is strictly dependent on the environmental effects of the growing site and season, while the effect of genotype was not significant. The straw yield also depends on the second-order interaction of the factors analyzed, although the performance of three varieties, Festival, Solal and Linoal, was noteworthy and seemed to respond well in both environments. Overall, it was found that flax can be conveniently grown for both grain and straw production.

Cultivating Pharmaceutical Potential: Optimising Triacontanol Application to Enhance Linseed’s Attributes under Drought Stress

Background: Triacontanol (TRIA) has been identified as a potent plant growth regulator, demonstrating significant benefits under various stress conditions. However, its specific impact on Linum usitatissimum L. (flax) under drought stress conditions remains underexplored. This study investigates the effects of TRIA on the growth, physiology, and biochemistry of two flax genotypes subjected to drought stress, aiming to enhance our understanding of its potential as a biostimulant for improving crop resilience and productivity. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of TRIA on the growth, physiological, and biochemical responses of two flax genotypes under drought stress conditions. We aimed to determine whether TRIA application could mitigate the adverse effects of drought and enhance plant performance. Methods: This study was conducted using two flax genotypes, G-20888 and G-22186. Plants were grown under controlled conditions and subjected to drought stress by maintaining soil moisture at 50% field capacity. TRIA was applied in three concentrations: 0 M (control), 10^-6 M, and 10^-7 M. A completely randomized design was used with three replications for each treatment. Plant growth parameters, including root length, shoot length, plant height, and shoot fresh weight, were measured. Physiological parameters such as chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), and electrolyte leakage were assessed. Biochemical analyses included the estimation of antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase). Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: TRIA application significantly improved root length, shoot length, plant height, and shoot fresh weight in both flax genotypes under drought stress. For genotype G-20888, root length increased from 5.1 cm (control) to 6.8 cm (TRIA 10^-7 M). Shoot length showed a similar trend, with increases from 8.3 cm (control) to 10.1 cm (TRIA 10^-7 M). In G-22186, plant height increased from 70 cm (control) to 82 cm (TRIA 10^-7 M). Chlorophyll content increased by 15%, and RWC by 18% in TRIA-treated plants compared to controls. Antioxidant enzyme activities were also enhanced, with catalase activity increasing by 25% and peroxidase by 30%. Conclusion: TRIA application significantly mitigated the adverse effects of drought stress on flax genotypes by enhancing growth, physiological, and biochemical parameters. The findings suggest that TRIA could be an effective biostimulant for improving drought tolerance in flax, potentially leading to better crop resilience and productivity.

Investigation of genetic diversity using molecular and biochemical markers associated with powdery mildew resistance in different flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes

Under greenhouse conditions, the resistance of 18 different genotypes of flax to powdery mildew was evaluated. To investigate genetic diversity and identify the molecular and biochemical markers linked to powdery mildew resistance in the tested genotypes, two molecular marker systems—start codon targeted (SCoT) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)—as well as a biochemical marker (protein profiles, antioxidant enzyme activity, and secondary metabolites) were used. Based on the results, the genotypes were classified into four categories: highly susceptible, susceptible, moderately susceptible, and moderately resistant. The genotypes differed significantly in powdery mildew severity: Polk had a severity of 92.03% and Leona had a severity of 18.10%. Compared to the other genotypes, the moderately resistant genotypes had higher levels of flavonoids, antioxidant enzymes, phenolics, and straw yield; nevertheless, their hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels were lower. Protein profiles revealed 93.75% polymorphism, although the ISSR marker displayed more polymorphism (78.4%) than the SCoT marker (59.7%). Specific molecular and biochemical markers associated with powdery mildew resistance were identified. The 18 genotypes of flax were divided into two major clusters by the dendrogram based on the combined data of molecular markers. The first main cluster included Leona (genotype number 7), considered moderate resistance to powdery mildew and a separate phenetic line. The second main cluster included the other 17 genotypes, which are grouped together in a sub-cluster. This means that, besides SCoT, ISSR markers can be a useful supplementary technique for molecular flax characterization and for identifying genetic associations between flax genotypes under powdery mildew infection.

Identification of genetically plastic forms among Belarusian ancient flax (Linum usitatissimum convar. elongatum Vav. et Ell.) varieties using the Linum Insertion Sequence LIS-1

The Linum Insertion Sequence 1 (LIS-1) occurs in the genetically plastic flax genotypes in response to the lack or excess of mineral and water nutrition, but also naturally, and can be transmitted to the progeny. We have analyzed 21 ancient Belarusian varieties of flax Linum usitatissimum convar. elongatum Vav. et Ell. The LIS-1 presence or absence was checked for individual plants in at minimum two generations with primer-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis. The studied flax varieties formed four groups: non-responsive varieties (LIS-1 was not found, group NR); responsive, which formed and completely lost the insertion (group R0); responsive, which formed and retained LIS-1 (group R1); and responsive unstable (group R2). A statistically significant difference was found in ‘plant height’ (p &lt; 0.05), ‘technical length of the stem’ (p &lt; 0.05) between R0 and NR, and R2 and NR LIS-1 groups. The machine learning algorithm random forest classifier was used to predict the presence, absence or heterozygosity of LIS-1 in flax plants based on their growth and reproductive characteristics. As a result, the accuracy of the prediction was 98% on test data. In terms of sources for the selection of fibre flax varieties adaptive to environmental challenges, the most promising group consists of responsive varieties that have formed LIS-1 insertion (R0, R1 and R2 groups).

Quality assessment of flax advanced breeding lines varying in seed coat color and their potential use in the food and industrial applications

BackgroundWith the increasing consumer awareness of the strong relationship between food and health, flax became a promising functional food due to its bioactive nutraceutical composition. Intra-specific crosses of eight contrasting flax genotypes were performed previously, and within segregating F6 progeny families, we investigated a close-up composition of phytochemicals derived from whole seeds.ResultsThe considerable genetic variation among the flax F6 families suggested that intra-specific hybridization is essential in flax breeding to obtain and broaden genetic variability and largely affirmed the opportunity for selecting promising lines. Also, significant variations in the targeted metabolite contents and antioxidant properties were observed among brown and yellow-seeded families. Notably, brown-seeded families expressed the highest average values of saturated fatty acids, protein, fiber, tocopherol, phenolics, SDG, and SECO lignans. Yellow-seeded families represented the highest average content of unsaturated fatty acids and mucilage. The cultivation year significantly affects flaxseed’s composition and functional properties, presumably due to temperature, humidity, and sunshine time differences. Interestingly, the seeds obtained in warmer conditions were more potent and had more chemical constituents. The favorable genetic correlations among all evaluated traits suggest the possibility of joint genetic selection for several nutritional and phytochemical characteristics in flax. The current study highlights the importance and utilization of 19 top families as their seeds and oil play imperative roles in the pharmaceuticals and food industries. The antioxidant capacity of the seeds showed that families 84B, 23B, 35Y, 95Y, 30B, 88B, and 78B serve as a natural source of dietary antioxidants beneficial to human health. To increase the oxidative stability of the flaxseed oil, the quality evaluation identified some families with low levels of linolenic acid.ConclusionsThese findings are essential to improving flaxseed’s nutritional quality and therapeutic properties through a bulk breeding program.

Identification of resistance genes to Fusarium wilt in oil flax samples with different fatty acid composition

Oil flax seeds are valuable raw material for various industries. The purpose of the research was to form a genetic collection of oil flax for resistance to Fusarium wilt in order to create specialized varieties for various purposes with highly effective R-genes. On infectious backgrounds from populations of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. lini (Bolley) and highly virulent monoisolate No 39 of this pathogens, 28 promising genotypes of oilseed flax were assessed. Using a phytopathological test from the world gene pool of the species Linum usitatissimum L. 10 promising oil flax genotypes were identified – No. 3829, Uralsky (Russia), l. 6 AGT 1538, l. 12 AGT 987 (Czech Republic), Altess, Eole (France), Selectiong 3 (China), Arnu, Bison (USA) and Linda (Canada), which have effective resistance genes to the fungus F. oxysporum f. lini, differing in the fatty acid composition of the oil. Using the method of hybridological analysis, it has been established that resistance to Fusarium wilt in the low linolenic line l. 12 AGT 987 (Czech Republic) is determined by the Fu 11 gene, while in the high linolenic l. 3 Altess (France) it is Fu 4 (χ2 = 0.02…2.89). In the low linolenic line l. 6 AGT 1538 (Czech Republic) a previously unknown gene for resistance to this disease – Fu 12 was identified (χ2 = 0.0001…2.4100). The use of identified genetic sources in breeding programs will contribute to the creation of specialized varieties for the food, chemical and other industries with various R-genes of resistance, which will prevent the development of epiphytoties of this disease on oil flax.

Selection of Flax Genotypes for Pan-Genomic Studies by Sequencing Tagmentation-Based Transcriptome Libraries.

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) products are used in the food, pharmaceutical, textile, polymer, medical, and other industries. The creation of a pan-genome will be an important advance in flax research and breeding. The selection of flax genotypes that sufficiently cover the species diversity is a crucial step for the pan-genomic study. For this purpose, we have adapted a method based on Illumina sequencing of transcriptome libraries prepared using the Tn5 transposase (tagmentase). This approach reduces the cost of sample preparation compared to commercial kits and allows the generation of a large number of cDNA libraries in a short time. RNA-seq data were obtained for 192 flax plants (3-6 individual plants from 44 flax accessions of different morphology and geographical origin). Evaluation of the genetic relationship between flax plants based on the sequencing data revealed incorrect species identification for five accessions. Therefore, these accessions were excluded from the sample set for the pan-genomic study. For the remaining samples, typical genotypes were selected to provide the most comprehensive genetic diversity of flax for pan-genome construction. Thus, high-throughput sequencing of tagmentation-based transcriptome libraries showed high efficiency in assessing the genetic relationship of flax samples and allowed us to select genotypes for the flax pan-genomic analysis.

Flax seed and flower color inheritance is more complicated than once thought

AbstractFlower and seed color are two characteristics of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) where the mode of inheritance can be obscured by different genetic backgrounds. In this study, eight genetically diverse genotypes of flax with pairwise contrasting seed and flower colors were carefully selected from a large diversity panel and crossed in all directions (56 crosses). The mode of inheritance of seed and flower color was studied in F1, F2, and F3 generations during 2017–2020. Segregation patterns in F1 and F2 generations indicated that seed color is primarily determined by maternal genotype, but parents’ genetic constitution finally defines character expression. Segregation analysis in the F3 generation indicated that seed color is governed by three loci designated as G, D, and Y1. Brown seed color was produced by the recessive allele of the Y1 locus and dominant alleles of the G and D loci (GGDDy1y1). The yellow seed color was attributed to the homozygous condition of two recessive genes and one dominant gene (ggDDy1y1 and GGddy1y1) or the homozygous condition of three dominant genes (GGDDY1Y1). Flower color was found to be controlled by three loci assigned as B1, B2, and C′, independent of the ones for seed color. The blue flower is governed by dominant alleles at all three loci, while homozygous recessive at any of the three loci will result in a white flower. Segregating ratios of 3:1, 9:7, 13:3, and 27:37 blue to white flowers suggested different epistatic interactions between these loci, including duplicate‐recessive and dominant‐recessive states.

IDENTIFIED RESILIENT FLAX GENOTYPES WITH IMPROVED AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR PRE-BREEDING

Genetic diversity evaluation in a breeding program is essential produce robust, resilient crop varieties with improved agronomic characteristics under environmental challenges in the sustainable agro-ecosystems. Knowledge and full potential on the impact of genotypes and growing conditions on flax yield traits still incomplete. The aim of this study was to evaluated the influence of hydrothermal conditions on the development of agronomic important traits of flax, analysed agronomic characteristics and identified perspective genotypes for pre-breeding. Field investigations were carried out from 2014 to 2017 for agronomically important traits of flax. In the study was evaluated flax population with Latvian origin in 24 fibre flax genotypes and ‘Vega 2’ (ST) as the standard variety of Lithuanian origin under Latvian meteorological conditions. Correlation between flax genotypes of the agronomically important yield traits and years of the hydrothermal coefficients during the growth period were analysed. According to the results obtained that most of genotypes the significant higher plants stem yield, total plant height, technical plant height, number of seed vessels per plant were measured in the growing seasons with high humidity. However, the higher seed yield and 1000 seed weight were measured in the driest year. The correlation between flax fibre content, seed number per seed-vessel, oil content and humidity level differed in dependence on genotype. The coefficient of variability between years was higher for of stem yield when compared with seed yield. The flax genotypes ‘S13/5-7/5-93’ exhibited more stable, highest stem yield (840.0 g m-2) and high seed yield (162.2 g m-2). The flax was identified 80% samples the short and 20% the medium vegetation period.

Flax genotypes with horizontal resistance to pasmo (septoria) for breeding purposes

Relevance. Flax pasmo currently belongs to the most common diseases in the flax-growing regions of the Russian Federation. In the years of epiphytotics, losses from the disease can increase up to 25–30%. Purposeful breeding work for resistance to pasmo is restrained, first of all, by the absence of highly resistant to the disease of the initial forms of long-lived flax. The purpose of our research was to search for genotypes with horizontal resistance to flax pasmo for use in breeding programs for disease resistance.Methods. The total assessment of the harmfulness of the disease was the criterion «area under the disease development curve», the stability index of each sample was calculated.Results. In the conditions of Tver region (2019–2021) in an infectious nursery on an artificially provocative background to pasmo in the field, the stability of the collection and breeding material of long-lived flax was determined in dynamics. During the years of research, 731 flax genotypes were analyzed, the level of horizontal stability of each genotype was calculated. During the study, 61 genotypes with different levels of protection were identified, characterized by a delayed type of pasmo development. The stability index was 0.26–1.8 cu. The greatest breeding and immunological value is represented by 29 genotypes (L-2815-7-1, L-2808-8-5, L-2633-8-1, 0-15157-6-4, 0-15157-6-14, 0-15157-6-4, 0-13606-8-7, L-2815-7-1, L-3003-6-4, r-311-538-9, r-61-523-9, L-2947-6-3 etc.) in view of the high stability index. Тhe highlighted Selected samples with a horizontal type of stability should be used for flax breeding programs. These samples for two to three years showed a high and average index (0.26–0.6 cu) of stability.

Cluster Analysis for Flax Genotypes by Using Three Concentrations of NPK Nano Fertilizer

A factorial experiment was conducted in the winter season 2021-2022 to know the effect of levels of NPK Nano fertilization (0, 2.5, and 5) in the main plots and the response of (10) genotypes of flax to some growth traits, yield and its components and in the second plots. In the experiment applied by randomized complete blocks design, the result shows the concentration of NPK-Nano Fertilizer (5) superior to all studied traits, Giza 10 genotype superior in yield. Most of its compound was lest Euclidean distance between Poland and Sakha6 genotype is 5.877. The high Euclidean distance between Giza10 and Linata was 68.618 at a concentration (0) g L-1, lest Euclidean distance between Poland and Sokha6 is 8.836, and the high Euclidean distance between Sharda and Sokha1 with a distance of 52.200 at the concentration (2.5) g L-1, lest Euclidean distance between Poland and Sakha4 genotype is 6.580, and high Euclidean distance between Giza10 and Sakha5 with a distance of 51,281 at the concentration (5) g L-1.

Proximate composition and thermal properties of hemp and flax fibres

Along with the apparel or clothing industry, diversified uses of natural lignocellulosic fibre are getting popularity in many fields e.g., composites, automotive, marines, aerospace, electronics, civil construction, nanotechnology, biomedical, etc. The property and uses of textiles are determined by their constituent fibre properties. The proximate composition and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data of a total of 9 local hemp and flax genotypes (3 and 6, respectively) were carried out to understand their suitability in different applications. A wide variation was observed in the ash content of hemp and flax fibres varied from 1.7 to 17.7%, crude protein 3.27 to 9.02%, crude fibre 26.51 to 55.32%, ether extract 2.6 to 20.9% and energy value 284.44 to 383.96 kcal 100–1 g. In TGA analysis, all the fibres showed a similar trend. The flax genotypes contain lower ash and ether extract and higher DM, crude carbohydrate and crude fibre than hemp genotypes. Therefore, flax could be used in the lightweight composite, textile, pulp and cellulose-based industries. The hemp fibre had higher ash which was reflected by a higher residue at 500oC in TGA analysis. To understand the viability of these flax fibres, further investigations are needed. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 58(1), 65-70, 2023

Estimation of Heterosis of Flax (Linum Usitatissimum L.) by in half diallel cross

In this study, eight genotypes of flax (Linum Usitatissimum L.) were used (Sakha 1, Sakha 2, Sakha 3, Sakha 5, Sakha 6, Syrian, Giza and Poloni) and their half crosses obtained according to the second method proposed by Griffing (1956). Genotypes (8 parents + 28 hybrids) were planted in the fields of the College of Agriculture / University of Kirkuk in the winter season (2021-2022) according to randomized complete design (RCBD) with three replications to study the studied traits (plant height, number of days flowering 50%, and number of days contracting 50 %, number of days of physiological maturity, number of branches, number of capsules, number of capsule seeds, weight of 1000 seeds, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index). The hybrids (Sakha 5 × Sakha 6), (Sakha 1 × Giza 8) and (Sakha 1 ×thorshansity72) outperformed in hybrid heterosis based on the deviation of the second generation of the mean parents in the desired direction in the number of days to flowering, set, maturity, seed yield and harvest index. The hybrid (Sakha 2 × thorshansity72) excelled in the vigor of the hybrid based on the deviation of the second generation of the best parents for the traits of the number of days, flowering, knot, maturity, the number of seeds in the capsule and the biological yield, enables the follow-up of solitary generations and selection according to the breeding method determined by the genetic action of these traits.

Sensitivity of different flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes to salinity determined by GE biplot

Plants respond differently to salt stress depending on their genetic structure and the severity of the stress. Salinity reduces seed germination, delays plant emergence, and inhibits seedling growth. The selection of the tolerant genotypes, however, plays a vital role in increasing agricultural output since various genotypes greatly vary for their tolerance to salinity. Therefore, this study determined the impact of five different NaCl levels (i.e., 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM) on seed germination and growth attributes of 10 flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes. The germination and growth characteristics of the genotypes under study were examined using the biplot approach at varied salt levels. The results indicated that individual and interactive effects of genotypes and salinity levels significantly (p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05) affected several seed germination traits. The relations of genotype × germination traits indicated that ‘G4′ and ‘G6′ were the most stable genotypes with the highest performance regarding seed germination characteristics. The genotype ‘G2′ was associated with shoot length, while ‘G7′ was linked with salinity tolerance index. The biplot divided the germination characteristics into five different groups according to sector analysis. Most of the germination parameters had higher values under 100 mM, while some of the parameters had better values under 0, 50 and 200 mM NaCl levels. The tested genotypes varied for their seed germination and growth response depending on the NaCl levels. The genotypes ‘G4′, ‘G5′ and ‘G6′ proved more tolerant to high NaCl levels. Therefore, these genotypes can be used to improve flax productivity under saline soils.

Desempenho agronômico e estabilidade produtiva de genótipos de linho amarelo no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance and yield stability of yellow flax genotypes, as well as to identify the best ones for breeding. Nineteen lines and a local variety were cultivated in the 2018, 2019, and 2020 crop seasons in two environments (municipalities) in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Number of capsules per plant, plant yield, grain yield, and final stand were determined. Data were analyzed across genotypes within each environment and across environments within genotypes. Genotype × environment interactions were evaluated by a joint analysis, in which stability and adaptability parameters were estimated. Correlations between final plant stand and yield components were also estimated. There is a high variability in the productive performance among genotypes. The genotype × environment interactions influenced plant traits. The effect of factors related to soil, climate, and population density on number of capsules and grain weight must be considered. The flax genotypes present high grain yield means in all environments. The analysis of stability and adaptability reveals that genotypes LINPG87 and LINPG88 stand out in productive performance and stability.

Revealing seed color variation and their possible association with yield and quality traits in a diversity panel of flax (Linum Usitatissimum L.).

Seed color is a vital quality determinant of flax, significant for consumers' acceptability, and determines the commercial values of seeds. Also, seed color as a phenotypic marker may be a convenient way to select the plants with desired traits. This study assessed a diversity panel representing 144 flax genotypes from diverse geographical origins for the existence of genetic variability for luminosity (L*) and chromaticity (a* and b*) seed color parameters, seed yield, and quality traits over two years. The genetic variance was significant for seed color parameters, demonstrating the presence of significant genetic variability, which provides a resource to objectively evaluate and select flax genotypes based on seed color according to the market demand. High heritability combined with the high genotypic coefficient of variation observed for seed yield, oil, and protein content suggested a better genetic gain upon selecting these traits. Seed yield, seed quality traits, and phenological traits showed significant negative correlation with L* and b* parameters and positive correlation with a* suggesting that the seeds' dark background and brown color can serve as marker characters to prescreen early-flowering, high-yielding and oil and protein-rich genotypes. Interestingly 48 brown-seeded genotypes were identified as early-flowering with short height, large seeds, high thousand seed weight, and capsule diameter. In addition, 34 genotypes were characterized by light-colored yellow seeds, large seeds, late-flowering with shorter height, and high branch numbers. Our results highlighted that North America and Australia-belonged genotypes were lighter yellow-seeded than the ones from other continents. Flax genotypes from South America and Asia were high-yielding, while genotypes from North America were low-yielding genotypes. Moreover, darker brown-seeded genotypes have prevailed in the South American continent.