Flax Crop Research Articles

Evaluation of Performance and Estimation of Combining Ability in Flax Crop by Using Factorial Mating Design

A field experiment was carried out at agricultural field in al-Alam the coordinates of (N 43.835672 - E 34.777260) district/Salahuddin Governorate during (2021 - 2022) A.D season to study, with the aim of evaluating the genotypes and positions in a crop using factorial mating and in these eight flax genotypes were used in this study it is (Sakha 1, Sakha 2, Sakha 3, Sakha 5, Sakha 6, Giza 8, Syrian local and Thorshansity72). and the first parents (males) and the remaining three (females) were chosen to obtain (15) hybrids If the selection was made on the basis of the genetic base of the genotypes, planted randomly and at different dates in the field, and the experiment was applied using a RCBD and with three replications, results and statistical analysis showed the superior genotype (Sakha1) for the traits of the number of capsules per plant (65.66) and the number of seeds in the capsule (9.79) seed capsulesˉ¹ and the yield of the individual plant (2.69) gm plantˉ¹ and the total yield (539.37) kg h-1 and superior hybrid (Sakha1×Syrian local), which significantly outperformed the traits of the number of capsules per plant (67.03) plant capsuleˉ¹, the number of seeds in the capsule (9.77) seed capsuleˉ¹ and the individual plant yield (2.64) g plantˉ¹ and the total yield (529.12) kg h-1. The best parents in the effects of general ability is Genotype (Sakha1) for the traits of the number of vegetative branches, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, and the superiority of the hybrid (Sakha1 × Syrian local) in the number of capsules per plant, number of seeds in the capsule, number of seeds per capsule, single plant yield and total and hybrid. Thus, it can be recommended to plant the varieties (Sakha1) (Sakha2) and (Sakha5) because their performance is distinguished in most of the traits under study.

Long-term monitoring of weed contamination in flax crops as a basis for developing an effective protection system

Long-term monitoring of weed contamination in flax crops as a basis for developing an effective protection system

Effect of Gamma Rays on Growth, Yield and Yield Components Eight Traits of Flax Genotypes Linum usitatissimum L

A field experiment was carried out at agricultural field in al-Alam district\Sallahiddin Governorate during 2020-2021 season to study the Creation of genetic variations in the flax crop as a result of gamma rays. The study factors included four levels of gamma rays, which were 0, 9, 18 and 27 Gy and six genotypes of the flax crop, which were Sakha1, Sakha2, Sakha3, Giza8, Syrian and Poloni, use a completely randomized block design with split plot system and was used three replications, traits studied were Duration to 50% flowering and Duration of days to maturity, Plant height, Leaves ratio, Number of vegetative branches, Number of capsules Number of seeds, 1000 seeds weight, Plant yield and seed yield.The results of the study indicated that gamma rays had a significant effect on all studied traits, comparison treatment gave a lower value from the number of days to flowering 50% of plants and days to maturity (110.24) and (155.05) days, respectively, while the plants irradiated with the level 9 Gy recorded a significant superiority in the percentage of leaves (21.46) %, while the non-irradiated plants outperformed in the rest of the studied traits. the genotype Sakha1 gave the highest average mean in characteristics of number of vegetative branches (3.63) branch plant-1, number of capsules per plant (54.35) capsule plant-1, individual plant yield (2.22) gm plant-1, and seeds yield (433.63) kg ha-1. As for the interaction, it was significant through the non-irradiated Sakha1 genotype, which gave the highest value of the characteristics of the number of capsules per plant, the number of seeds per capsule, individual plant yield and total seed yield (62.22) capsule plant-1 9.96 seed capsule-1 (2.89) g plant-1 (578.60) kg ha-1, respectively.

DYNAMICS OF FERTILITY INDICATORS OF LIGHT-CHESTNUT SOIL AND OIL FLAX PRODUCTIVITY UNDER BOGARIAN CONDITIONS OF SOUTHEAST KAZAKHSTAN

The suitable research aims to ascertain the optimum dose of mineral fertilizers and methods of soil processing and preparation for successful flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivation in the semi-arid conditions of the Almaty Region, Kazakhstan, focusing on achieving high crop productivity with good seed quality. Agrochemical investigations also employed modern devices and widely accepted methods. Studying parameters, such as total humus, labile humus, nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, soil composition density, structural-aggregate composition, and moisture supply, ensued using specific techniques. The study observed an enhancement in nitrate nitrogen content in the soil, from an initial level of 11–19 mg/kg to 36–91 mg/kg during flax harvest in all experimental variants. On the contrary, the mobile phosphorus exhibited a decline in the soil from the beginning of crop vegetation until harvest; however, determining the available phosphorus in different practices showed medium, high, higher, and very high. Moreover, a decline in exchangeable potassium content (from 344–446 mg/kg to 175–215 mg/kg) emerged during the flax crop across all the experimental variants. The application of mineral fertilizers NPK at the rate of 60:60:30, with the application of a growth regulator Ecorost at the rate of 2 liters per ton of seeds, and employing a flatcut treatment (10–12 cm) on light chestnut soil in the semi-arid zone with super dry season of Almaty Region, resulted in the highest flax yield in cv. Karabalykskaya (410 kg/ha

Effectiveness of Foliar Top Dressing of Flax with the Drug Controlit-Si on Different Backgrounds of Mineral Nutrition in the Conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem

The responsiveness of flax to mineral fertilizers and foliar top dressing with an aqueous solution of the drug Controlfit-Si on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil was studied. It is shown that the reaction of flax to mineral fertilizers depended on the hydrothermal environmental conditions, doses and the ratio of nutrients. Excessive humidity and arid conditions negatively affected the productivity of crops. Foliar top dressing of plants with the drug Controlfit-Si leveled the negative impact of adverse weather conditions, increased the responsiveness of plants to mineral fertilizers, contributed to a more complete use of nutrients from fertilizers. On average, for 3 years on the backgrounds of full mineral fertilizer, top dressing increased the yield of flax straw by 25–30% with the best effect against the background of N48P48K48 (4.03 t/ha). Top dressing did not have a positive effect on the yield of flax seeds. It took 13.8 kg N, 5.9 kg P2O5 and 10.7 kg K2O to form 1 ton of flax crop with the appropriate amount of seeds, regardless of plant nutrition conditions.

The influence of organo-mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of oilseed flax in northern Kazakhstan

The article shows that in the agro-industrial complex of Northern Kazakhstan, much attention is paid to the issues of progressive improvement of soil fertility, crop yields, increasing the production of grain, feed and other crops based on a scientifically based farming system. Currently, the acreage should be carried out in the crop rotation system and a special place is occupied by the problem of providing the population with high-protein and balanced fatty foods. The introduction of oilseed flax into diversified types of field crop rotations contributes not only to providing the national economy with oilseed products, but also to improving the agrophysical, biological and agrochemical properties of ordinary chernozems. In addition, flaxseed contains a large amount of balanced and easily digestible protein, vegetable oil, various sugars and carbon waters, as well as essential vitamins and trace elements needed in the diet. Field experimental studies were conducted to identify the effect of the effectiveness of mineral and organic fertilizers on improving soil fertility, the formation of the size and quality of flax crops, and to determine the most effective option in the northern region of Kazakhstan. The optimal use of mineral and organic fertilizers caused a positive effect of flax plant cenosis on the density, in particular, on the field germination of plants, plant growth dynamics, accumulation of raw and dry mass of flax plants. The optimal use of mineral and organic fertilizers contributed in addition to increasing soil fertility on plant yields and profitability of growing oilseed flax.

Experimental plan for oilseed flax in multi-environment trials

The importance of the cultivation of oilseed flax has increased in the Brazilian agricultural scenario, and therefore, research must be carried out to have better recommendations for cultivation. For research to be reliable, there is a need for adequate experimental planning. In this context, the objective of this work is to propose an experimental plan, with estimates of plot size, sample size, and the number of replicates, to increase the precision and reliability of experiments carried out with the oilseed flax crop. The experiments were carried out in three environments and two agricultural years, in a randomized block design with four replicates and two varieties of oilseed flax, totaling eleven experiments in six different environments. In both years, plants were sampled in the plot and measured for: total height, technical length, productive length, main branch diameter, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, and grain mass per plant. From these data, the plot size was estimated using the Pimentel-Gomes method, and it was verified that 30 plants, arranged in 6 rows of cultivation, are needed to compose the usable area of the plot, with 2 border rows, totaling 90 plants per plot. Differently, with the grain yield data, in which the effects of the parameters of the mathematical model of each experimental trial were removed, the plot size was estimated through the Paranaíba method, and it was identified that the plots must be 9.86 m². For sampling, an optimal size of 5.4 m² was observed, considering a semi-amplitude of the confidence interval (D%) equal to 20% of the mean. Also, the need to use five replicates per plot was verified, considering a least significant difference in the Tukey test expressed as a percentage of the mean of 25%.

Gene Expression Analysis of Different Organs and Identification of AP2 Transcription Factors in Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.).

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important oilseed crop widely cultivated for its oil and fiber. This study conducted transcriptome analysis to analyze the gene expression profiles of roots, leaves, stamens, pistils, and fruits in the flax cultivar Longya10. A total of 43,471 genes were detected in the RNA-seq data, with 34,497 genes showing differential expression levels between different organs. Gene expression patterns varied across different organs, with differences observed in expression-regulating genes within specific organs. However, 23,448 genes were found to be commonly expressed across all organs. Further analysis revealed organ-specific gene expressions, with 236, 690, 544, 909, and 1212 genes identified in pistils, fruits, leaves, roots, and stamens, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed on these organ-specific genes, and significant enrichment was observed in various biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions, providing new insights for the specific growth patterns of flax organs. Furthermore, we investigated the expression differences of AP2 transcription factors in various tissues and organs of Longya10. We identified 96 AP2 genes that were differentially expressed in different organs and annotated them into various biological pathways. Our results suggest that AP2 transcription factors may play important roles in regulating the growth and development of flax organs including stress response. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive analysis of gene expression patterns in different organs and tissues of flax plant and identifies potential critical regulators of flax organ growth and development. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying flax organ development and may have important implications for the genetic improvement of flax crops.

Replenishment of Humus due to Crop-Root Residues in Flax and Crop Rotations

In the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia on sod-podzolic light loamy soil in a long stationary experiment in flax crop rotations, the process of replenishing humus due to crop-root residues was studied. Alternation of crops in the crop rotation in 2004–2011: pure steam – winter rye with sowing of perennial grasses (red clover and timofeevka) – perennial grasses of the 1st year of use – perennial grasses of the 2nd year of use – flax – potato – barley – oats. In 2012–2018, potatoes were excluded from the crop rotation. The contribution of cultivated crops to the accumulation of soil organic matter varied. The largest amount of crop-root residues (6.8 t/ha) remained in the soil after harvesting perennial grasses, which provided a positive humus balance of +1.35 t/ha. In the crop rotation with potatoes without the use of fertilizers, the humus deficit was –0.20 t/ha, with the exclusion of potatoes from the crop rotation, the deficit decreased to –0.05 t/ha per year. The use of fertilizers increased the productivity of crop rotations by an average of 75%, the amount of crop-root residues increased by 10.6 t/ha or 58%, which allowed to obtain a positive balance of humus in the soil. The use of fertilizers at a dose of (NPK)200 (manure 5 t/ha + (NPK)135 and manure 5.7 t/ha + (NPK)120) in an 8-pole crop rotation with pure steam and potatoes when saturated by 25% with perennial grasses provided a humus balance of +0.17 t/ha per year, in 7-full crop rotation with pure steam and without potatoes at saturation by 28.5% with perennial grasses – +0.43 t/ha per year.

تأثير التوزيع الحقلي للكتان ومستخلص السفرندا ومبيد Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl في الادغال المرافقة له وبعض مؤشرات النمو

A field experiment was carried out during the winter season for the year 2021-2022 at the Agricultural Research Station A of the Field Crops Department - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences- University of Baghdad/ Al-Jadriya. To determine which of the plant densities has the most influence on the weeds associated with the flax crop (Syrian local variety). And to determine the best effect of the Johnson grass (sorghum halepance L.) weed extract, whether alone or in combination with the used Quizalofop- p- Tefuryl herbicide, and to use it in integratTed weed control programs to reduce dependence on herbicides in weed control, Reduce environmental pollution by these herbicides, According to the design of the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). In the order of split plot and with three replications, Such as the first factor, the distance between the row (20, 25, and 30) cm that represents the main plots. Then, the second factor is Control treatments which represent the subplots, (weed free (T1), application Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl at a rate of 2 mL commercial substance (T2), Recommended application rate, Johnson grass extract (stem and leaves) at a rate of 18 L (T3), half the amount of herbicide + half the amount of extract (T4), weedy (T5)). The results showed the following: The distance of 20 cm achieved the lowest dry weight of the weed and the highest average inhibition of 134.57 g/m2 and 49.91%, respectively. While the distance of 30 cm achieved the highest plant height of 78.63 cm, the highest number of main branches in the plant amounted to 5.162 branch/ plant. The highest weight Dry flax plants amounted to 355.21 g/m2. Moreover, the highest percentage of oil was 38.524%. The treatment (T2) achieved the lowest dry weight of the weed and the highest percentage of inhibition amounting to 138.87 g/m2 and 49.91%, respectively. The highest plant height reached 76.92 cm, the highest number of main branches in the plant amounted to 5.158 branch/ plant, and the highest dry weight of flax plants reached 5.158 branch/ plant. 398.61 g/m2 and the highest percentage of oil was 37.35%. The effect of the interaction between the two study factors was significant in most of the traits under study. As the distance of 20 cm with the T2 treatment achieved the lowest dry weight of the weed amounted to 124.53 g/m2 and the highest inhibition rate of 52.35%. While the interaction between the distance of 30 cm and T2 achieved the highest plant height of 80.04 cm, the highest average number of main branches reached 5.833 branch/ plant, and the highest dry weight of flax plants reached 398.61 g/m2 and achieved the highest percentage of oil amounted to 39.847%.

Increasing Flax Crop Performance and Oil Content with Phosphorus and Foliar Zinc Supplementations

Increasing Flax Crop Performance and Oil Content with Phosphorus and Foliar Zinc Supplementations

Morphological and molecular characterization of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) accessions obtained from different locations in Turkey

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the most significant industrial crops due to its oil and fiber, which have a plethora of uses. Because of this, the characterization and introduction/adaptation of flax crops are of great interest. For this reason, we aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and patterns of flax cultivars/genotypes (a 63-cultivar/genotype was used) employing single sequence repeat microsatellite markers via 16 strong amplicon loci, and by estimating their morphological attributes. We determined the quality of the flax, in terms of oil content and composition, and its fiber quality using scanning electron microscopy and strength-linked attributes. For assessment, a series of statistical analyses were carried out in order to cluster and scatter the relevant parameters corresponding to the cultivars/genotypes. Of the assayed flax cultivar/genotypes, Eckendorfi was found to have promising agromorphological values. The average polymorphic information content values were recorded (= 0.689), and the smallest and largest loci with allele dimensions were Lu9(2) and Lu19-Lua613(6) respectively. Overall, the agromorphological attributes were consistent with the microsatellite-based markers in decoding the genetic diversity and population structure of the flax germplasm.

Usage of iron foliar spray in enhancing the growth and yield of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum L)

The ideal growth and development of linseed plants depend on receiving the necessary nutrients during the growing season when they are grown. Flax's yield and oil content increase using a foliar spray containing micronutrients. This study aimed to determine how foliar iron (Fe) treatment affected flax yield and its constituents. The experiment was set up at the adoptive research farm Sargodha in a randomized block design and three replicates. At the capsule filling stages and bud initiation of the flax crop, foliar sprays with varying concentrations of Fe (5.5%, 4.5%, 3.5%, 2.5%, 1.5%) and without Fe (control) were administered. Sulphate of iron (Fe) was used as the source of Fe. All treatments resulted in notable enhancements in agronomic characteristics such as grain oil contents, harvest index, biological yield, number of capsule formations, technical stem length, plant height, as well as physiological parameters including fluorescence yield (Ft), quantum yield (YII), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), electron transport rate (ETR), and chlorophyll contents. The results of this study suggested that the application of 3.5% to flax during the bud initiation and capsule filling stages increases the seed yield, yield attributes, and oil contents. In conclusion, foliar spray of Fe could enhance the yield of linseed crops.

The Effect of Water Stress on Seeds Production and Fiber Yield of Flax Crop Grown in Clay Soil

The Effect of Water Stress on Seeds Production and Fiber Yield of Flax Crop Grown in Clay Soil

(.Effect of Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl herbicide in combination with Johnson grass extract on weed control in flax crop (Linum usitatissimum L

A field experiment was carried out to determine the best effect of Johnson grass extract, alone or in combination with Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl herbicide, to achieve the benefit of their integration into weed control programs to reduce reliance on herbicides in controlling weeds, increasing yield and reducing environmental pollution by these herbicides. The randomized complete block design (RCBD) with the split plot arrangement by three replicates was applied, the distance between the rows (20, 25 and 30 cm) represents the main plots. The control treatments : weed-free (T1), application Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl at rate 2 ml/l (T2), Johnson grass extract at rate 18 l/ha (T3), half herbicide amount + half extract amount (T4) and weedy treatment (T5) , represent the sub-plots . The results showed that of distance 20 cm achieved lowest density of companion weeds (52.20 weeds/m2) and highest percentage of weed control (50.42) after 60 days of application, and highest seed yield, oil yield reached 1.781 and 0.675 t/ha, respectively. The distance 30 cm achieved highest number of capsules (14.790 capsules/plant) seeds (8.337 seeds/capsule) and highest weight of 1000 seeds reaching 7.379 g. Application of Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl (T2) achieved lowest weed density (54.78 weeds/m2), highest weed control percentage (52.22) after 60 days of application. Besides, highest number of capsules (14.956 capsules/plant), seeds were (8.580 seeds/capsule), highest weight of 1000 seeds was 7.611 g, and highest seed yield , oil yield reached 1.779 and 0.7113 t/ha, respectively. Distance 20 cm with treatment (T2) achieved lowest number of weeds reaching (44.67 weeds/m2), highest percentage of weed control (57.59) after 60 days of application, highest seed yield, oil yield reached 2.067 and 0.7267 t/ha, respectively. Distance 30 cm and treatment (T2) achieved highest number of capsules (16.05 capsules/plant), seeds (8.580 seeds/capsule) and highest weight of 1000 seeds reaching 7.873 g.

Optimization of the flow rate of the working fluid when spraying oil flax crops with herbicides in the steppe of Western Siberia

Optimization of the flow rate of the working fluid when spraying oil flax crops with herbicides in the steppe of Western Siberia

Features of the photosynthetic activity of oily flax crops depending on the variety and seed sowing rate in the Western Forest-Steppe

Features of the photosynthetic activity of oily flax crops depending on the variety and seed sowing rate in the Western Forest-Steppe

Allelopathic effect of sunflower residues on some soil properties and growth parameters of wheat, bean and flax crops

Allelopathic effects of the sunflower verities Helianthus annuus residues were evaluated on some soil properties and their potential against growth parameters of the proposed successive crops Wheat Triticum aestivumL., Broad Bean Vicia fabe L. and Flax Linum UstatissmimL. Sunflower plants were chopped and incorporated with field soil after getting seed, and then successive crops were cultivated. The sunflower residues have reinforced the soil with the macronutrients considered essential for the germination of any crop. The soil organic matter content and the percentage of organic carbon in the ground were increased. Significant suppression of broad bean and flax crops was observed, while the sunflower residues did not affect wheat growth. The results obtained showed that broad bean and flax crops are not recommended to grow after the sunflower crop to avoid losses due to the negative allelopathic potential of these crops. Sunflower residue incorporation may provide multidimensional benefits for better weed control, enhanced soil health, and higher seed yield of wheat. Keywords: Allelopathic effect; Sunflower residues; Succssesive crops. Crop injury symptoms

Эффективность жидкого хелатного удобрения форрис на посевах льна-долгунца в условиях Центрального района Нечерноземной зоны

Результаты проведенных в 2019 – 2020 гг. исследований в условиях Центрального района Нечерноземной зоны на дерново-подзолистой почве показали высокую эффективность применения под лен-долгунец жидкого хелатного удобрения Форрис. Наиболее высокая урожайность льнопродукции получена при сочетании обработки семян и посева в фазе «елочка». Применение удобрения Форрис оказывало положительное влияние на ростовые процессы льна, улучшало морфологические показатели, что позволило увеличить урожайность льносоломы на 10,5 и 9,8 ц/га (27 и 23%), льносемян – на 1,1 и 1,2 ц/га (18,3 и 18,7%), соответственно, на фоне применения 1,0 и 3,0 ц/га азофоски. Большая доля участия в увеличении урожайности приходится на обработку семян: 18,0 и 16,8% по льносоломе и 5,0 и 7,8% – по семенам соответственно дозам минерального удобрения. При большей дозе минерального удобрения (3,0 ц/га азофоски) эффективность Форрис на урожайность льносоломы снижается, а семян повышается. The results of the studies carried out in 2019 – 2020 in the conditions of the Central district of the Non-Chernozem zone on sod-podzolic soil showed high efficiency of the use of liquid chelated fertilizer Forris for flax. The highest yield of flax products was obtained by combining seed treatment and sowing in the "fir" phase. The use of Forris fertilizer had a positive effect on the growth processes of flax, improved morphological indicators, which allowed to increase the yield of flax straw by 10.5 and 9.8 c/ha (27 and 23%), flax seeds – by 1.1 and 1.2 c/ha (18.3 and 18.7%), respectively, against the background of the use of 1.0 and 3.0 c/ha azofoski. A large share of participation in the increase in yield falls on seed treatment: 18.0 and 16.8% for flax and 5.0 and 7.8% for seeds, respectively, doses of mineral fertilizer. With a higher dose of mineral fertilizer (3.0 c/ha azofoski), the effectiveness of Forris on the yield of flax straw decreases, and the seeds increase.

Spatiotemporal Transcriptomic Atlas of Developing Embryos and Vegetative Tissues in Flax.

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important multipurpose crop widely grown for oil and fiber. Despite recent advances in genomics, detailed gene activities during the important reproductive phase of its development are not well defined. In this study, we employed high-throughput RNA-sequencing methods to generate in-depth transcriptome profiles of flax tissues with emphasis on the reproductive phases of five key stages of embryogenesis (globular embryo, heart embryo, torpedo embryo, cotyledon embryo, and mature embryo), mature seed, and vegetative tissues viz. ovary, anther, and root. These datasets were used to establish the co-expression networks covering 36 gene modules based on the expression patterns for each gene through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Functional interrogation with Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) of dominantly expressed genetic modules in tissues revealed pathways involved in the development of different tissues. Moreover, the essential genes in embryo development and synthesis of storage reserves were identified based on their dynamic expression patterns. Together, this comprehensive dataset for developing embryos, mature seeds and vegetative tissues provides new insights into molecular mechanisms of seed development with potential for flax crop improvement.