Flaw In Form Research Articles

Pressentir la qualité d'un article scientifique à partir de sa forme

Various causes, such as the increasing pace of scientific publication and the proliferation of predatory or grey journals, mean that "bad" articles are published in scientific or technological journals even when they are peer-reviewed. In this course, we use an article that has actually been published to discuss the relationship between flaws in form and possible flaws in content, and we look at whether or not it is possible to use the information given in articles that appear to be inadequate in form for personal scientific work at a later date.

The Problem with a Peremptory Challange – a Tool of Racial Discrimination Within American Jury Selection Process

Jury duty serves as one of the fundamental pillars of American democracy, for it encourages direct citizen participation. Yet, the process of selecting its members is characterised by a flaw in form of a peremptory challenge — a tool with considerable potential for abuse since it permits covert discrimination against members of visible minority groups. Despite not being a procedural right protected by the Constitution of the United States, peremptories have entered the canon of provisions thought to be necessary for preserving the fairness of trial due to their long history of employment in the legal system. In the late 1980s, the Supreme Court in Batson v. Kentucky ruled the exclusion of jurors solely on the basis of their race to be unconstitutional and established the first preventative procedural standard against dubious usage of peremptories in form of the Batson Rule. The effectiveness of the said standard remains questionable, for it did not successfully deal with racial discrimination during voir dire but only enabled to formally object to the questionable juror’s strike. This paper aims to put racial discrimination within the American jury system into a historical perspective, analyze the arguments of both the supporters and the opponents of further peremptory challenge usage and consider probable alternatives that might be implemented to successfully prevent discriminatory practices within the American jury selection process.

The Influence of the Weld Width on Fracture Behaviour of the Heterogeneous Welded Joint

Since welded constructions are widely used in engineering, a certain flaws in welded joints may occur either in process of welding or in exploitation period. Easiest way to prolong working life of such welded construction is to repair welded joint to eliminate possibility of construction failure. Process of repair welding usually gives heterogeneous welded joints because during process of repair additional material is introduced into welded joint, resulting in heterogeneity from the presence of materials in welded joint point of view. Such difference in materials usually results in yield strength difference between materials, represented with mismatch ratio, and it is commonly present in welds where high strength low-alloyed (HSLA) steels were welded. Since I butt welded joints are very common in welding, a systematic investigation of such welds is performed and presented in this paper. Therefore in this investigation the influence of present material in heterogeneous weld and geometry of weld is investigated in context of fracture resistance of welded joint represented as yield load solutions in the first place. A flaw in form of crack was implemented in such heterogeneous weld and using finite element method yield load solutions for different combinations of weld geometry and material strength are obtained and presented in form of diagrams.

Dislocation shielding and flaw tolerance in titanium nitride

Titanium nitride is a very brittle and flaw sensitive ceramic material at temperatures below 750 °C. In this study, we present experimental evidence of room temperature dislocation-based plasticity in the material as well as insensitivity to flaws in form of single edge notches. We performed in-situ fracture experiments inside the transmission electron microscope on 150–300 nm thick, 5 μ wide freestanding films fabricated from titanium nitride/titanium multi-layers with titanium nitride as the notched and titanium as un-notched layers. The calculated stress concentration factor for the 800 nm to 1.5 μ long notches were greater than 8, however, the terminal cracks always nucleated at the un-notched edge of the specimens and not at the notch tip. To explain such remarkable flaw tolerance, we observe motion of dislocations (pre-existing and nucleated away from the notch) towards the notch tip. We suggest that the room temperature dislocation activities are facilitated by the residual stresses in the multi-layer specimens and the thickness dependence of image forces, which reduces the effective shear modulus to promote dislocation motion. The migration of dislocations towards the notch tip shields it from stress concentration to manifest the flaw tolerance in 150 nm specimens, which is observed real time in the microscope.

FLAWS OF FORM

G. Spencer Brown's book Laws of Form has been enjoying a vogue among social and biological scientists. Proponents claim that the book introduces a new logic ideally suited to their fields of study, and that the new logic solves the problems of self-reference. These claims are false. We show that Brown's system is Boolean algebra in an obscure notation, and that his “solutions” to the problems of self-reference are based on a misunderstanding of Russell's paradox.