Extraction Of Flavonoids Research Articles

The phytochemical composition of Kuzbass medicinal plants studied by spectrophotometry and chromatography

Flavonoids are plant polyphenols that exhibit biological activity with antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic effects. The medicinal plants of Kuzbass have high contents of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds. Therefore, they can be used in medicinal preparations to prevent or treat serious diseases. We studied the following plants collected in Kuzbass: common thyme (Thymus vulgaris Linn., leaves and stems), woolly burdock (Arctium tomentosum Mill., roots), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., leaves and stems), common lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis L., leaves and stems), common yarrow (Achillea millefolium L., leaves and stems), red clover (Trifolium pratense L., leaves and stems), common ginseng (Panax ginseng, roots), sweetvetch (Hedysarum neglectum Ledeb., roots), and cow parsnip (Heracleum sibiricum L., inflorescences, leaves, and stems). To extract flavonoids, we used ethanol at concentrations of 40, 55, 60, 70, and 75%. Spectrophotometry was used to determine total flavonoids, while high-performance liquid chromatography was employed to study the qualitative and quantitative composition of the extracts. The highest yield of flavonoids was found in H. sibiricum leaves (at all concentrations except 70%), followed by the 55% and 70% ethanol extracts of T. vulgaris leaves and stems, as well as the 75% ethanol extract of A. millefolium leaves and stems. Thus, these plants have the greatest potential in being used in medicines. High-performance liquid chromatography showed the highest contents of polyphenolic compounds in the samples of P. officinalis, A. millefolium, T. vulgaris, and T. pratense. Our results can be used in further research to produce new medicinal preparations based on the medicinal plants of Kuzbass.

A novel molecularly imprinted solid phase based on SiO2-Ag2O double-nucleation doped with graphene oxide for extraction and determination of flavonoids from Acanthaceae ebracteatus via HPLC-MS/MS

(Objectives) A novel method was developed for extracting and determining flavonoids from marine mangrove medicinal plants. This approach utilizes surface molecular imprinting to increase selectivity. Graphene oxide doped with a SiO2–Ag2O dual core structure served as a scaffold for synthesizing multilayer surface-imprinted polymers. The surface of the SiO2-Ag2O@GO composite was modified through self-polymerization. (Methods) Acacetin molecularly imprinted polymers (AMIPs) were created via surface-initiated precipitation polymerization with acacetin as the template. These AMIPs were synthesized and characterized via ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Recycling experiments demonstrated the stability of the AMIPs. Analysis of the adsorption mechanism via the Langmuir and Freundlich models indicated that the Langmuir model was more suitable for predicting AMIPs. (Results) Scatchard plots showing two different binding sites of AMIPs for acacetin adsorption at various concentrations. The class selectivity of AMIPs for flavonoids was found in Acanthaceae ebracteatus. Compared with other analogs, competitive binding experiments revealed that the polymer had greater selectivity for acacetin. After AMIP solid-phase extraction (AMISPE), the linearity, LOD, LOQ, intraday and interday variabilities, recovery, and repeatability of AMIPs combined with HPLC–MS/MS were validated, confirming the method’s selectivity, precision, accuracy, and reproducibility. The contents of acacetin, apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, and genistein in Acanthaceae ebracteatus were determined. (Conclusions) These results indicate that AMISPE coupled with HPLC–MS/MS is a new, simple, and practical method for extracting, purifying, and enriching flavonoids from complex samples, such as those of herbs and other natural marine plants.

Calendula Flowers (Calendulae officinalis flos): Methods to Obtain Fractions of Biologically Active Substances

INTRODUCTION. The pharmaceutical industry aims at developing sustainable resource-saving technologies for manufacturing medicines. Approaches to the effective use of herbal drugs include applying technologies yielding compounds with various pharmacological effects in one production cycle. To date, no standardised herbal drug processing technology has been designed to produce calendula flower-based medicinal products with various pharmacological effects. The Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) process calendula flowers by extraction methods yielding one fraction of biologically active substances per cycle (either only flavonoids or only carotenoids).AIM. This article aimed to investigate the possibility of stepwise processing of calendula flowers to obtain biologically active substances with different polarities (carotenoids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides) per cycle.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The authors extracted carotenoids using hexane. The study included additional thermal pretreatment of the herbal drug. Carotenoids and flavonoids were quantified by spectrophotometry, and polysaccharides were quantified by gravimetric analysis. After hexane removal, the dry oily residue was dissolved in oil with mechanical stirring to obtain the oil extract. The study included a three-step processing method that comprised hexane extraction (extraction of carotenoids with a low-polarity organic solvent), extraction with a water–organic solvent system (extraction of flavonoids), and aqueous extraction (precipitation of polysaccharides).RESULTS. The lipophilic extracts obtained by single hexane extraction or by single hexane extraction and heat treatment had the maximum carotenoid content (~4%), which was 10 times the carotenoid content in the extracts obtained using a water– organic solvent system. Oil extracts were prepared from the dry residue left after removing hexane by distillation at its boiling point. The content of biologically active substances in the oil extracts was comparable to that in the intact herbal drug. Water–organic solvent extraction yielded 68.5% more flavonoids from the herbal drug extracted with hexane than from the intact herbal drug. In contrast, aqueous extraction applied to the intact herbal drug yielded 1.7 times the amount of flavonoids obtained by aqueous extraction preceded by hexane extraction. The water-soluble polysaccharide fraction extracted from the intact herbal drug had 10 times the flavonoid content observed in the fraction extracted from the processed herbal drug. Each subsequent processing step decreased the total polysaccharide content and the content of individual polysaccharide fractions and increased their purity. The ratio of polysaccharide fractions remained unchanged across all processing methods tested.CONCLUSIONS. Stepwise processing of calendula flowers ensured that one processing cycle provided three fractions containing increased amounts of carotenoids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides. Relative to the intact herbal drug, there was a 3.3-fold increase in the yield of carotenoids, and the yields of flavonoids and polysaccharides increased by 44.8 and 41.3%, respectively. The resulting product had a higher degree of purity than the products obtained by pretreatment and double hexane extraction or by using the intact herbal drug. The stepwise processing method is advisable for the production of medicines that are enriched with a specific group of biologically active substances or contain smaller amounts of impurities.

The study of biochemical composition of grape and wine from Armenian selectionvariety Nrneni

Background: In Armenia, autochthonous, modern cultivars, and wild grape populations are highly diverse. Different types of wine can be produced due to the climatic zones. Grapes are a popular fruit all over the world, consisting of bioactive compounds and antioxidants, such as proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, organic and phenolic acids, and stilbenes. It is well known that grape varieties have different yields as well as quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the berry, which impact the quality of wine. Objective: Conduct an in-depth study of Indigenous grape varieties and clones is essential in the development of the best wine. Our focus is to specifically study Nrneni, an artificially selected Armenian grape variety. P.K. Ayvazyan, G.P.Ayvazyan created this variety by crossing a combination of Alikante Bouchet and Cabernet Sauvignion with Saperavi. The resulting product has pulp and juice that are an intense red color. Methods: In the Ararat Valley region, the grapes were hand-harvested at the end of September once they reached full technical maturity. The wine was made by the classic red winemaking method. Physicochemical analyses of grape and wine were carried out by OIV methods. Organic acids were separated and identified using liquid chromatography. A photocalorimetric method was used to determine the total phenolic compounds. Results: The chemical composition of red wine made from Nrneni grapes was assessed. In the process of wine production, storage, and maturation, grapes produce a variety of other substances, including organic acids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols, some of which contribute to the wine's sensory properties (such as flavor, color, and taste) and health benefits. Grapes are excellent sources of bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols. The total and extractable anthocyanin and flavonoid content of the Nrneni grape variety was determined. The conducted studies showed that Anthocyanins were present in high amounts of 2366.4 mg/kg. Flavonoids were present in 10183.0 mg/kg in the 2022 vintage, and 3159.9 mg/kg and 12563.7 mg/kg in the 2023 vintage. Extractable anthocyanin and flavonoid amounts were 1135.87 and 4684.18 mg/kg in 2022, 1540.32 and 5836.67 mg/kg in 2023 respectively. These indicators are also high in the wine: 502.18mg/l and 2971.15mg/l in 2022 vintage, while 975.7and 4208 mg/l in 2023 vintage. Theoretical varieties are present in 8.9 g/l and 2.02 g/l in 2022, and 6.5 g/l and 1.6 g/l in 2023. Licosaccharides, acetic acids, citric acids, and succinic acids are produced by alcoholic and malolactic fermentation. Conclusion: There is a wide range of bioactive compounds in red grapes and red wine that have been shown to have potential health benefits. According to studies, the Nrneni grape variety and the wine produced with these grapes have functional and oenological potential due to their high levels of biologically active substances, such as phenolic compounds and organic acids. Keywords: bioactive compounds, grape, organic acids, phenolic compounds, red wine.

Optimasi Metode Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) untuk Menentukan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa Paradisiaca.L)

Indonesia is a country that has a lot of banana diversity. One of the banana plants that is widely found in Indonesia is the Kepok banana (Musa Paradisiaca.L). Kepok banana skin has a very high content of flavonoids and phenols. Flavonoids are known as good antioxidants because they can find reactive oxygen species with the phenolic hydroxyl group that flavonoids have. The aim of this research was to determine the results of the optimization of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method on the total flavonoid content of kapok banana peel ethanol extract. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) was done to extraction flavonoid from ethanol extract of kepok banana peel (Musa Paradisiaca.L). The sample collected from Widoro village, Karangsambung sub-district, Kebumen regency. Optimum extraction condition was determined by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The Box- Behnken design (BBD) was used to evaluate the influence of 3 factors with 3 levels extraction that is power level (10%, 30%, 50%), ethanol concentration (50, 70, 96%), and extraction time (3, 5 and 7 minutes) with 15 different runs. The research showed that optimum extraction condition was at 24,14 % of power level, 66,26% ethanol concentration, and time extraction of 3,52 minutes with calculations from the Design Expert program, the total flavonoid content response was 8.491 Mg QE/g. The total flavonoid content value obtained experimentally was 8,246 Mg QE/g under condition of 30 % power level, 70% ethanol concentration, and time extraction of 5 minutes. Based on the result, total flavonoid content can be significantly increased by optimizing the MAE process use RSM.

Подбор параметров экстракции биоактивных веществ из лекарственных растений с применением молочной сыворотки

Due to its natural chemical composition, whey can have both a positive effect on the human body and cause significant harm to the environment. It is rich in organic substances, which creates an additional organic burden on nature. However, whey has good prospects for the food industry as an extractant for the production of plant extracts and biologically active substances. The present research objective was to select optimal parameters for obtaining flavonoids from plant extracts using an unconventional type of extractant, i.e., whey. The study featured whey as an extractant and mixes of medicinal herbs. The resulting extracts were tested for the content of flavonoid compounds by thin-layer chromatography. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the spectrophotometric method. The extraction variables included temperature, extraction time, material-to-extractant ratio, and composition of herbal mixes. The extraction time ranged from 1 to 5 h at 90 ± 1℃. The maximal antioxidant activity belonged to the samples containing 7.5–12.5 g herbal mix and 450 ml whey. The optimal extraction time was 3 h. The content of flavonoids in the plant extracts was comparable and did not depend on the extraction time. Extraction time proved to be the key parameter to intensify the process of flavonoid extraction from plant raw materials. Therefore, the choice was made according to the shortest time with comparable values of flavonoids and the maximal level of antioxidant activity.

Extraction of flavonoid dyes from vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) waste and application in bleached pulp dyeing

AbstractNatural dyes are receiving more attention due to wide and renewable resources and their functionalities. This study delved into the optimal conditions for extracting Ampelopsis grossedentata flavonoid dyes (AGFDs) from vine tea waste, resulting in a dye sample with a total flavonoid extraction percentage of 27.4 %. Ultraviolet (UV), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis revealed the presence of 18 flavonoids in AGFD. Additionally, various factors, including pH, light exposure, temperature, metal ions, and redox agents were found to impact the stability of AGFD. Moreover, the dyeing performance of AGFD for the bleached chemical pulp was investigated. Under optimal conditions, the AGFD‐dyed pulp displayed a vibrant yellow hue and excellent colour fastness when using aluminum potassium sulphate dodecahydrate (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O) as a mordant with a dyeing uptake level up to 88 %. FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated that AGFD chemically bound to the pulp fibre. Remarkably, the hand sheet made from the AGFD‐dyed pulp exhibited thermal stability, physical strength properties and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the peroxide value of cheese packaged with the AGFD‐dyed pulp hand sheet was only 43 % of that of the undyed one, indicating its good antioxidant properties. This study highlights the promising potential of AGFD in the production of functional coloured paper.

Determination and antioxidant analysis of seven flavonoids in bamboo-leaf extracts

The flavonoid contents of different bamboo-leaf extracts and their relationships to antioxidant activity were investigated in this study by preparing nine samples using two commercially available bamboo-leaf extract products and seven bamboo-leaf extracts such as Phyllostachys edulis. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established to determine seven flavonoid components (orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, tricin, luteolin and luteoloside) in these samples, which were separated using a SymmetryShieldTM RP8 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) under gradient-elution conditions using acetonitrile as mobile phase A and 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid aqueous solution as mobile phase B. The antioxidant activities of the samples were evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays, with half inhibitory concentration (IC50) as an indicator and the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants as positive controls. Pearson correlation was then used to analyze the relationship between flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. The HPLC method was found to be accurate and reliable for determining the flavonoid contents of the bamboo-leaf extracts. The seven flavonoids were well separated, and good linear relationships were exhibited (correlation coefficients (R2)≥0.9990). Furthermore, the contents of the seven flavonoids in the bamboo-leaf extracts ranged from 14.97 to 183.94 mg/g, with the highest content of 183.94 mg/g recorded for Phyllostachys edulis. The bamboo species exhibited significantly different flavonoid contents, with Phyllostachys edulis showing the highest orientin, isoorientin, and vitexin levels of 38.45, 101.30, and 9.42 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the bamboo-leaf extracts exhibited IC50 values of 78.23-179.41 mg/L for DPPH-radical-scavenging, while values of 203.48-1250.81 mg/L were recorded for hydroxyl radicals. The Phyllostachys edulis leaf extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with the lowest IC50 values of 78.23 and 203.48 mg/L for DPPH and hydroxyl, respectively; it showed greatly significant for the further development and application of Phyllostachys edulis. Finally, the relationships between flavonoid content and the DPPH- and hydroxyl-radical-scavenging activities (based on the IC50 values) were correlated, which revealed that the orientin and isoorientin contents are closely related to the antioxidant activities of the bamboo-leaf extracts. Consequently, the orientin and isoorientin contents can be used as indicators for evaluating the antioxidant activities of bamboo-leaf extracts.

RNAs associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis show anticancer effects of Flos Sophorae flavonoids extract on human hepatoma cells

Flos Sophorae, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb and health tea, consists of the dried flowers and buds of the Sophora japonica L. (Leguminosae). This study assesses the in vitro anticancer efficacy of Flos Sophorae flower extract (FSFE) against the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2, juxtaposed with its effects on normal human liver L02 cells. Cell viability was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate the effects of fruit skin flavonoid extract (FSFE) on cellular proliferation. The results indicated that FSFE significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 liver cancer cells, with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 117.98 μg/mL, while having minimal effects on normal liver L02 cells. HPLC analysis identified rutin and quercetin as components of FSFE, both recognized for their antioxidant properties. The flavonoids in Flos Sophorae exhibit potent inhibitory effects on liver cancer cells, indicating potential as a natural anticancer agent. The findings support the continued development and research into the therapeutic applications of these compounds.

Hexafluoroisopropanol-based deep eutectic solvents for efficient aqueous two-phase extraction of flavonoids from Flos Sophorae Immaturus

Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are green extraction and separation media and have demonstrated remarkable potential for extracting bioactive substances from natural matrices. However, thus far, flavonoid extraction using DES-based ATPSs has rarely been reported. In this study, the state-of-the-art technique using DES-based ATPSs was employed for developing an effective method for extracting flavonoids from Flos Sophorae Immaturus (FSI). DESs prepared with hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and five quaternary ammonium salts, N111xCl (x = 1, 4, 8, 12, and 16), were used as the hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptors, respectively, for constructing ATPSs with K2HPO4 as a salting-out agent and utilized for extracting flavonoids from FSI. Fourier-transform infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, 1H–1H nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy analyses, and density functional theory calculations were implemented to demonstrate the successful preparation of DESs. The DES containing dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride and HFIP with a molar ratio of 1:2 was screened as the optimal DES, showing a higher extraction efficiency and yield of flavonoids compared to those of other DESs and the traditional solvent ethanol. Subsequently, various experimental parameters (amount of DES, salt concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic time) for the extraction process were studied comprehensively and optimized using response surface methodology. The yield of flavonoids from FSI was 21.05 % under optimal extraction conditions (amount of DES = 2 g, salt concentration = 0.21 g/mL, liquid-to-solid ratio = 81 mL/g, and extraction temperature = 60 ℃), which is close to the predicted value of 20.82 %. Extraction mechanisms underlying the performance of DES-based ATPSs during the extraction of bioactive substances are yet to be fully understood. Therefore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed with rutin as the target compound to probe the extraction mechanism under DES-based ATPS conditions, and the results revealed that hydrogen-bonded frameworks are pivotal for the extraction process. Moreover, the existence of K2HPO4 was found to promote not only the increase in hydrogen bonding networks and π–π stacking interactions within rutin molecules but also the increase in solvent flexibility, facilitating the extraction process. The present work offers a promising approach for flavonoid extraction using DES-based ATPSs. Interpreting the extraction mechanism at the molecular level by adopting the MD simulation technique provides new insights that enable a deeper understanding and aid in the design of the extraction process for bioactive substances under DES-based ATPS circumstances.

Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of phenolics, flavonoids, and major triterpenoids from Centella asiatica leaves: A comparative study

Centella asiatica has been known for its significant medicinal properties due to abundance of bioactive constituents like triterpenoids and flavonoids. Nevertheless, an appropriate solvent system and extraction technique is still lacking to ensure optimized extraction of bioactive constituents present in C. asiatica. Recently, scientists are more focused towards application of green sustainable extraction techniques for the valuable components from plant matrix owing to their eco-friendly and safe nature. Among these, ultrasonication (US) is known as a valuable strategy for separation of bioactive components from medicinal plants. Hence, current research was performed to observe the effect of ultrasonication in the presence of five different solvents (Water, Hexane, Methanol, Chloroform, and Ethyl acetate) on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), antioxidant properties (DPPH, ABTS, Nitric oxide radical activity, and Superoxide anion assay), and four major triterpenoid contents in C. asiatica leaves. Herein, ultrasound assisted methanolic extract (UAME) possessed maximum amount of TPC (129.54 mg GAE/g), TFC (308.31 mg QE/g), and antioxidant properties (DPPH: 82.21 % & FRAP: 45.98 µmol TE/g) followed by ultrasound-assisted Water extract (UAWE), ultrasound-assisted ethyl acetate extract (UAEAE), ultrasound-assisted n-hexane extract (UAHE), and ultrasound-assisted chloroform extract (UACE), respectively. Moreover, the superoxide radical and nitric oxide assays depicted a similar trend, revealing the highest percent inhibition for UAME (SO: 83.47 % & NO: 66.76 %) however, the lowest inhibition was displayed by UACE (63.22 % & 50.21 %), respectively. Highest content of major terpenoids were found in UAME of C. asiatica leaves as madecassoside (8.21 mg/g) followed by asiaticoside (7.82 mg/g), madecassic acid (4.44 mg/g), and asiatic acid (3.38 mg/g). Ultrasound-assisted extraction technique can be an efficient extraction method for bioactive compounds present in C. asiatica. However, ultrasonication along with methanol as an extraction solvent can surely enhance the extraction of valuable constituents. The results of this study provide an insight into major terpenoids, and antioxidants present in extracts of C. asiatica, implicating its use in ancient medicine systems and future drug development.

Ultrasound-Cellulase Synergy for the Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Astragali complanati Semen and Its Antioxidant Properties

The present study was conducted to optimize ultrasound-cellulase synergy extraction (UCSE) process of flavonoids from Astragali complanati Semen (ACS) adopting response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction efficiency of different extraction progress by UCSE under the 240W and 480W were compared, and the antioxidant activities were evaluated in vitro. The effects of five independent variables (cellulase addition, liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic power) on the extraction efficiency were explored, and four major factors (cellulase addition, liquid-solid ratio, extraction temperature and ultrasonic power) showing great influences were chosen to study their interactions by RSM. The relationships between ultrasound power 240W and 480W on substrates and cellulase were further explored by scanning electron microscopy and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method, respectively. The antioxidant activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS+) were evaluated in vitro. The optimal conditions: cellulase addition 930 U/g, liquid-solid ratio 24mL/g, extraction time 75min, extraction temperature 64°C and ultrasonic power 234W, under the adjusted conditions, the extraction rate was 1.937g/100g ACS. Ultrasound power 240W assisted extraction with cellulase improved the extraction efficiency of the antioxidant. From scanning electron microscopy, the substrate particles were finer and the pores were larger under the function of 240W, and the enzyme activity test further determined that 480W could reduce the effect of the cellulase. The UCSE extract exhibited great antioxidant activity in vitro, the IC50 of DPPH is 11.851µg/mL, and of ABTS+ is 23.426µg/mL.

Efficient adsorption of flavonoids on amino-functionalized ZIF-8/chitosan aerogels

Covalent organic structures (MOFs), known for their exceptional properties in separation and purification, have garnered significant attention. However, applying MOF-based adsorbents in complex flavonoid separation scenarios remains challenging. In this study, we successfully synthesized adsorbent materials capable of efficiently adsorbing flavonoids using a vacuum freeze-drying method. The materials were derived from a cross-linked chitosan aerogel functionalized with amino-substituted zeolite imidazolium ester skeleton (ZIF-8). The ZIF-8-NH2, synthesized via in situ substitution of 2-aminobenzimidazole within the ZIF-8 framework, exhibits a smaller pore size than mono ligand ZIF-8. Due to its synergistic interaction with chitosan's biocompatibility and porous structure, the aerogel material (ZIF-8-NH2/CS) exhibited outstanding adsorption capacities (183.37 mg/g, 226.34 mg/g, and 187.16 mg/g) in standard solutions (T = 318 K, rpm = 200) of luteolin, quercetin, and rutin, along with high adsorption rates (71.3 ± 2.3 %, 72.4 ± 1.4 %, and 70.7 ± 3.5 %). And showed rapid adsorption in the first 60 min. After 5 cycles, the adsorption capacity of ZIF-8-NH2/CS aerogel remained at 80.5 % of the adsorption capacity of the initial cycle, and therefore, ZIF-8-NH2/CS aerogel has a good potential for reusability. Additionally, the adsorption process adhered to pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, alongside Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal adsorption models. This study introduces novel ideas and methods for the extraction and separation of flavonoids. Furthermore, the developed ZIF-8-NH2/CS aerogels with amino functionality hold promise for diverse applications in separating and purifying bioactive substances.

Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flower modulates inflammation and amino acid metabolism by inhibiting NF-κB/MAPK/JAK-STAT/PI3K-Akt and AMPK pathways to alleviate benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common urogenital disease in men with no definitive treatment. Inflammation, androgen imbalance, and oxidative stress play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of BPH. The flower of Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Ascher is a pivotal medicinal plant in China, used to treat BPH. However, its effect and mechanism against BPH have not been clear. Our aim was to decipher the pharmacodynamics and mechanisms of H. plantaginea flower against BPH. The extract yields and HPLC-based chemoprofile of ethanolic extract (HP) and total flavonoid (TF) of H. plantaginea flowers were used as reference standard to ensure their quality. The testosterone propionate-induced BPH rat model was used to assess the effects of HP and TF. Protein expression, metabolomics, and network pharmacology analyses were performed. Twenty constituents were identified in both HP and TF, with four quantitatively analyzed using the HPLC method. HP and TF demonstrated significant therapeutic effects on BPH, including reduced prostate size and prostatic index, improved pathological injury of prostate, as well as increased levels of testosterone, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase, along with decreased levels of dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha-reductase, epidermal growth factor, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and malondialdehyde. Western blotting assay indicated that HP and TF prominently inhibited the protein expression of phosphorylated p65, IκBα, JNK, p38, Erk1/2, JAK1, STAT3, PI3K, Akt, and AMPKα1 in a dose-dependent manner. Integrating metabolomics and network pharmacology analyses revealed that HP and TF observably regulated 30 differential metabolites and 11 hub genes across the aforementioned pathways, which are closely associated with amino acid metabolism. The proposed comprehensive strategy of in vivo experiments, metabolomics, and network pharmacology studies has demonstrated that HP and TF could alleviate BPH injury in rats by suppressing inflammation, androgen imbalance, oxidative stress, and amino acid metabolism through the inhibition of NF-κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT, PI3K-Akt, and AMPK pathways, which provides novel insights into the potential of H. plantaginea flower as a treatment for BPH.

Exploring Lectin Bioactivity and Total Phenolic Compounds in Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. Hayward)

Background: The consumption of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. Hayward) is recognized for its health benefits due to its high vitamin C content and bioactive secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. These compounds may help prevent chronic noncommunicable diseases, currently the leading cause of death. Additionally, plants and fruits contain proteins like lectins, which contribute to plant defense and may also have health-promoting effects, including antitumor and hypoglycemic activities. Objectives: The objective of this work was to evaluate and identify the phenolic compounds in this variety of kiwifruit, as well as to investigate the lectin activity and the potential dietary benefits of this combination. Methods: This study quantified and identified total phenolic compounds and flavonoids in a kiwifruit extract using HPLC-DAD-MS/MS, and assessed their antioxidant activity through the DPPH method. Results: Novel lectin activity was also investigated, with polypeptide characterization and glycoprotein profiling performed. The affinity of lectins for glycans was evaluated using a hemagglutination inhibition assay. Results indicated that kiwifruit lectins bind to glycoreceptors on tumor cell membranes, with a specific affinity for sialic acid, an important glycan in tumor-associated glycomic aberrations. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the bioactive components of kiwifruit may offer multiple health benefits through a synergistic effect.

Microcapsule Preparation and Properties of Flavonoid Extract from Immature Citrus reticulata 'Chachiensis' Peel.

Citrus reticulata 'Chachiensis' is a citrus cultivar in the Rutaceae family, and its peel is commonly utilized as a raw material for Guangchenpi. This study used flavonoid extract from the peel of immature Citrus reticulata 'Chachiensis' (CCE) as the raw material to investigate the encapsulation ability of different wall materials (plant-based proteins, including soybean protein isolation (SPI), pea protein (PP), and zein; carbohydrates, including maltodextrin (MD), Momordica charantia polysaccharide (MCP), and gum acacia (GA); and composite wall materials of both types) on CCE. The wall material with the highest encapsulation rate was selected for the preparation of CCE microcapsules. Furthermore, the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bioavailability, and storage stability of the CCE microcapsules were explored. The results indicated that among all wall materials, the composite wall material PPMD had the highest encapsulation rate, which was 84.44 ± 0.34%. After encapsulation, the microcapsules tended to have a yellow color and exhibited characteristics such as system stability, low moisture content, and low hygroscopicity. In vitro antioxidant assays revealed that the encapsulation of CCE significantly increased the scavenging rates of DPPH and ABTS free radicals. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion experiments indicated that the release rate of PPMD-CCE in intestinal fluid was significantly greater than that of free CCE, ultimately reaching 85.89 ± 1.53%. Storage experiments demonstrated that after 45 days under various temperature and light conditions, the retention rate of CCE in the microcapsules was significantly greater than that of free CCE. The above findings provide new possibilities for the application of PP and plant proteins and lay a foundation for the future industrial application of CCE.

Green Synthesis of Carbon Nanodots (CNDs) Moderated by Flavonoid Extracts from Moringa oleifera Leaves and Co-Doped Sulfur/Nitrogen (NS - CNDs - Fla) and Their Potential for Heavy Metals Sensing Application.

Carbon nano dots (CNDs) has received a lot of attention in recent years due to their potential use in various kinds of applications. Many conventional chemical methods have been used to synthesis CNDs, but these processes have several drawbacks, such as hazardous by products, harsh chemicals, and high costs. To overcome these issues, green chemistry has an importance in the development of CNDs. Thus, it is essential to explore green synthesis approaches for production the CNDs. In this context, a novel precursor using flavonoid extraction from Moringa oleifera leaves is proposed. Moringa oleifera is the "magic tree" which contains many bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, especially in its leaves. Natural flavonoids and glycosides with specific components of structure can bind to metal ions. The content of bioactive compounds such as total flavonoids found in Moringa oleifera leaves is 172.10mg/g. In addition, carbon (47.34%), nitrogen (51.67%), and sulfur (0.99%) are also the main composition. Then, the carbon nanodots (CNDs) synthesized in this research were moderated by flavonoid extract from Moringa oleifera using the hydrothermal method. The technique is easy, ecologically friendly, and requires neither specialized device or reagents. In practice, the CNDs produced are almost circular, with an average diameter of 3.49nm. Furthermore, we enhanced synthesis CNDs - Fla with heteroatoms of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S). They display a broad excitation-emission spectrum, excitation-dependent emission, and extraordinary fluorescence. Therefore, the synthesis of CNDs using flavonoids from Moringa oleifera as precursors would be a great potential candidate for the development of novel types of heavy metals sensing.

Extraction of Flavonoids from Parasitic plant Macrosolen cochinchinensis using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction: An Optimization Approach

The parasitic plant Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) VAN Tiegh, commonly found parasitizing mango trees, contains flavonoid compounds with potential anticancer properties. This study aims to optimize the extraction of flavonoids from M. cochinchinensis using the Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) method. Three extraction parameters were investigated to determine the best conditions for maximizing extract yield and flavonoid concentration. The parameters considered for the UAE technique were different ethanol concentrations (30%, 70%, and 96%), extraction times (15, 30, and 45 minutes), and solvent-to-sample ratios (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30). The study used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to identify the optimal extraction conditions. The analysis using RSM indicated that the highest extraction yield (10%) was achieved with a sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:30, 30% ethanol concentration, and an extraction time of 45 minutes. The highest flavonoid content (457.96 mg QE/g extract) was obtained with a solid-to-liquid ratio between 1:20 and 1:30, using 65 to 80% ethanol solvent and an extraction time of 45 minutes. These results suggest that these parameters extract flavonoid compounds from M. cochinchinensis leaves.

The first report of an Algerian Leopoldia comosa essential oil content and antioxidant assessment

In the current study, we examined the chemical makeup and anti­oxidant potential of an Algerian Leopoldia comosa. The results showed that there were moderate levels of phenols and flavonoids in the crude extract (15.11 ± 0.78 μg GAE/mg and 31.27 ± 2.71 μg QE/mg, respectively). Additionally, the findings showed that both crude extract and EO had moderate antioxidant capabilities (8.74 ± 1.13 mg/ml; 13.18 ± 0.18% and 12.94 ± 0.89%, respectively). Twelve (12) volatile compounds were found in the EO according to GC–MS and GC–FID analyses, with tetrapentacontane (48.25%), 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (16.59%), hexatriacontane (9.17%), and 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one (8.80%) accounting for the majority of the components. To our knowledge, no earlier studies have looked at the chemical composition of L. comosa oil. These findings might contribute to our understanding of this species’ makeup and make it a useful source of food and medicine in the future.

LC-MS/MS Analysis of crude Flavonoid Compounds from <i>Justicia secunda</i> from Democratic Republic of the Congo and evaluation of their antisickling Activity

<i>Justicia secunda</i> Vahl (Acanthaceae) is a tropical herbaceous plant traditionally used by indigenous peoples of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to treat symptoms associated with sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic condition with life-threatening complications. Given the lack of side-effect-free drugs, alternative herbal therapies that can reduce or reverse red blood cell sickling may serve as safe and effective treatments. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a phytochemical screening of crude flavonoids extracted from <i>J. secunda</i> using LC-ESI/MS/MS. <i>J. secunda</i> extracts were evaluated for their phytoconstituents and anti-sickling properties. The anti-sickling properties were assessed through reverse sickling estimation, polymerization and oxidation inhibition, and osmotic fragility assays. Fractionation of the methanol extract and chemical profiling were performed by flash chromatography and high-performance thin-layer chromatography analysis respectively. Characterization and identification of the crude flavonoids were done using chromatography and spectroscopy methods. Chemical screening of crude flavonoids revealed the presence of 12 flavonoid O-glycosides based on one flavonol (methoxy-kaempferol) and two flavones (luteolin and apigenin). The crude flavonoid extracts demonstrated maximum reversal of sickled red blood cells (91.9 ± 0.8%), significant inhibition of hemoglobin polymerization (77.8 ± 7.6%) and hemoglobin S auto-oxidation (96.3 ± 0.2), and provided maximum protection of red blood cells against hyperhemolysis. The results validate the traditional use of <i>J. secunda</i> and identify potential compounds for the development of novel anti-sickling agents.