Flavonoid Content Research Articles

Poultry manure application enhances the phytochemical contents, antioxidant, and fixed oil of Momordica charantia L

Due to its rich sources of bioactive compounds, Momordica charantia (bitter melon) is used as a food and natural medicine, resuting in many beneficial health effects. Poultry manure is a valuable source of organic fertilizer used to enrich soil fertility to obtain high yields from agricultural products. It contains high levels of essential macro and micronutrients. The present study aimed to determine the effects of chicken and turkey manure applications on the protein content, extract content, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and mineral matter productivity of bitter melon fruits. In addition, the study evaluated the chicken and turkey manure applications on the fixed oil quality of bitter melon seeds. In this context, different doses of chicken (T1:10, T2:12.5, T3:15, T4:17.5 t/ha) and turkey (T5: 10, T6: 12.5, T7:15, T8:17.5 t/ha) manures were applied by sowing. The crude protein contents values of the bitter melon fruits ranged from 4.79 to 7.80 %, and a maximum crude protein content of bitter melon fruits was obtained from T8 application. The highest DPPH activity was observed with the T7 (88.43 %) and T4 (86.23 %) applications, while the highest FRAP value was obtained from T4 application (73.52 mg TE/g). In addition, the highest total phenolic content (21.13 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid amount (11.44 mg QE/g) of bitter melon fruits were obtained from T6 application. Maximum capric acid (50.40 %) was recorded in the seed oil after applying the T1, while the highest concentration of lauric acid (30.09 %) were reflected by applying the T5. The highest Fe, Cu and Mn concentrations were found in the T4, while the highest concentration of Zn and B recorded in the fruit extract appeared after applying the T6. The PCA analysis showed 56.2 % of total variation. Thus, the results suggest that the application of poultry manure could be employed to get maximum benefits regarding protein and extract contents, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, fixed oil component and mineral content values.

Role of Rosmarinus officinalis Aqueous Extract in Relieving the Complications Associated with Ethylene Glycol-induced Urolithiasis in Male Rats

Background: Rosmarinus officinalis is considered one of the famous plants from ancient times for its therapeutic ability in many diseases, such as headache, spasms, brain disorders, and some pathological conditions associated with toxicity cases in the liver and kidneys. Aim: The current research has aimed, for the first time, to evaluate anti-urolithiatic effect of Rosmarinus officinalis aqueous extract (RMAE) on calcium oxalate stones formation in male rats and its possible therapeutic mechanisms of action. Evaluation of the polyphenols and flavonoid content in the extract was also performed. Methods: A calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis case was established in rats by adding ethylene glycol (1%) to the rats' daily drinking water for a duration of one month. Treatment was achieved by oral co-administration of RMAE to rats administrated ethylene glycol. Results: Phytochemical results showed that LC/MS-MS analysis led to the identification of 37 compounds in the phytoconstituent profile of RMAE. The biochemical results revealed significant improvement in serum kidney functions (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) in addition to restoring the calcium x phosphorous product and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the plant-treated group compared to the non-treated one. The data have been supported by the significant decrease in lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (LDH) expression in the liver tissues, reflecting the decrease in oxalate synthesis in the liver compared to the non-treated group. Kidneys' histological examinations showed the absence of oxalate crystals in the treated group and the immunohistochemical findings of osteopontin (OPN) protein revealed the impact of RMAE on OPN expression in kidney tissues. Improvements in the femur bone fractures and the parathyroid gland in the treated group were also noticed during microscopic examinations. Conclusion: The anti-lithiatic effect of the extract was attributed to its influence on serum phosphate, serum PTH, and OPN levels in kidney tissues and decreasing synthesis of LDH in liver tissues in addition to the prevention of secondary disease incidences, such as secondary hyperparathyroidism and cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, the plant's considerable content of phenolics and flavonoids has been found to play a role in controlling kidney stone progression episodes.

Impact of lactic acid bacterial fermentation on the chemical composition, antioxidant capacities and flavor properties of dandelion

Dandelion is a medicinal and food plant with a long history of medicinal use, but its application as a functional food has been limited. In this study, the fermentation characteristics of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in dandelion were investigated and aimed to screen out the LAB that can improve the nutrition and flavor of dandelion. The results showed that all strains grew well, with L. plantarum having the lowest pH and highest total acidity after fermentation. Fermented dandelions (FDs) showed significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities were also enhanced. Lactic and tartaric acids contents increased significantly after fermentation. The three characteristic phenolic acids were differently changed by different LAB strains. L. plantarum-FD had the highest content of chlorogenic acid (17.22 mg/g), and L. casei-FD had the highest content of caffeic and chicoric acids (0.77 mg/g and 14.90 mg/g, respectively). LAB improved the herbal flavor of dandelion by reducing alcohols, increasing acids and altering the concentrations of other volatiles. Aldehydes and esters increased more in the L. plantarum- and L. fermentum-FDs than in the other groups. L. fermentum added pyrazines in particular but also produced unpleasant butanoic acid and methylpyrazine. Overall, L. plantarum fermentation has shown great potential in improving the flavor and enhancing the biological functions of dandelion. It will be beneficial for enriching dandelion products and increasing added value.

In Vitro and in-silico Anti-diabetic Evaluation of the Combination of Annona squamosa Linn., Leaf Extract and Oleanolic Acid

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder caused by insufficient insulin production from pancreatic β-cells or insulin resistance; its prevalence rapidly increases worldwide. Increasing reports indicate that most plant bioactive agents exhibited alternative and safe effects in managing DM. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic efficacy of the combination of Annona squamosa Linn. (AS) leaf extract and Oleanolic acid (OA) using in vitro and in-silico approaches. Methods: The leaf of AS was extracted by soxhlet extraction using n-hexane and methanol. The methanol extract of AS (MEAS) was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid content and OA were carried out by HPLC and HPTLC analysis, respectively. In vitro antioxidant (DPPH, NO, and H2O2) and anti-diabetic (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) potentials of MEAS, OA, and a combination of MEAS and OA (MEAS + OA) were studied at different concentrations using ascorbic acid and acarbose as standard, respectively. An in-silico study determined their binding interactions with α-amylase (PDB ID-1B2Y) and α-glucosidase (PDB ID-3W37). Conclusion: We found that the combination of MEAS + OA exhibited the highest in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities compared to MEAS and OA. It concluded that OA has a significant role in potentiating the anti-diabetic effect of A. squamosa. Results: GC-MS analysis of MEAS revealed three major bioactives like bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4- ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-,[1R-(1R*,4Z,9S*)]-, germacrene D and undecane. The highest amount of phenolic (tannic acid and gallic acid) (150 μg/ml) and flavonoid (rutin and quercetin) (40 μg/ml) compounds were found in MEAS. OA was quantified as 356.74 ng/ml in MEAS by HPTLC. The significant inhibitory effects of MEAS, OA, and (MEAS + OA) on free radicals and α-amylase and α-glucosidase were observed concentration-dependent. However, MEAS + OA exhibited a greater percentage of inhibition than MEAS and OA alone. The in-silico analysis revealed highest docking-score of OA (-9.8 & -8.8), Germacrene D (-7.5 & -6.5) and Bicyclo[ 7.2.0]undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-,[1R-(1R*,4Z,9S*)]-, (-7.0 & -6.4) against IB2Y and 3W37 proteins, respectively.

Riboflavin improves postharvest cold tolerance in zucchini fruit inducing non-enzymatic antioxidant response and phenolic metabolism

The storage of zucchini fruit at low temperatures during postharvest induces a physiological disorder called chilling injury that drastically reduces fruit quality and shelf life. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in the acquisition of cold tolerance in zucchini fruit, being the riboflavin pathway one of the most differentially induced with ABA treatment. Thus, the aim of this work was to elucidate the involvement of riboflavin in quality maintenance of zucchini fruit during postharvest cold storage. After testing different concentrations of exogenous riboflavin, 0.5 mM showed the best results. Riboflavin treatment reduced H2O2 content, but the enzymatic antioxidant defense did not change significantly. This response is due to a rise of non-enzymatic antioxidant defense, by accumulating metabolites like ascorbate and carotenoids, as well as inducing phenolic metabolism. The application of this vitamin enhanced the phenolic and flavonoid content in fruit, concomitant with an induction of PAL and C4H activities and an inhibition of PPO activity. This enhancement of the phenylpropanoid pathway resulted in high vanillic acid and quercetin levels at first day of cold storage. The induction of numerous antioxidant compounds and abscisic acid by riboflavin treatment at short-term postharvest period could be responsible for the lack of chilling injuries in zucchini fruit. Therefore, riboflavin could be successfully implemented in the food industry as an alternative to physical or chemical treatments, due to it is an innocuous additive with good water solubility and low cost, as it prolongs the shelf-life of zucchini fruit and increases its nutraceutical properties.

Effects of different processing methods on phenolic compounds in flaxseed meal

This study examined effects of different processing methods on phenolic compounds in flaxseed meal. The optimal SE treatment was 1.0 MPa for 3 min, and the contents of total flavonoids and phenolic acid were 2.26 times and 1.63 times of the control group, respectively. Notably, erucic acid increased 85.76 %. Optimal extrusion conditions (15 % moisture content, 140 °C, 29 hz) led to the presence of rutin and a 2.81 times increase in protocatechuic acid content over the control. Fermenting with 3 % Bacillus subtilis for 4 days yielded gallic acid in bound form and vanillic acid in free form, with protocatechuic acid increasing 40.65 % compared to the control. Among all the treatments, extrusion produced the highest levels of phenolic compounds in flaxseed meal. Each treatment significantly increased the open ring isomer ester phenol (SDG) compared to the control. Overall, various processing methods impacted the phenolic content and composition in flaxseed meal differently.

Innovative enhancement of flavor profiles and functional metabolites composition in Pandanus amaryllifolius through lactic acid bacteria fermentation

Pandanus amaryllifolius, known as Pandan, serves as a coloring agent and spice in food. The effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on Pandan are underexplored. This study aimed to investigate changes in physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, volatile compounds and metabolites of Pandan fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus, Levilactobacillus brevis and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus. Fermented Pandan showed increased total phenol (13 %–21 %) and flavonoid (33 %–53 %) content. Pandan fermented with L. rhamnosus exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity, followed by those fermented with L. brevis and L. acidophilus. Key components like naringenin and volatile compounds such as α-ionone significantly increased after fermentation, with the production of new compounds, including damascenone and linalool. These compounds enhance the flavor and functional properties of fermented Pandan. This research lays a foundation for developing novel LAB-fermented Pandan products.

Phytochemical profile, antioxidant and contractile activity of plants extracts used by parturients to manage childbirth in Niger

The widespread use of herbal preparations during childbirth and postnatal care in some developing countries is generating interest in scientific research about their standardized use. This study aims to compare the phytochemical profiles, the antioxidant properties, and the contractile effects of plants used to manage the childbirth of seven samples of plants (bark of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd, leaves and bark of Sclerocarya birrea, leaves of Lawsonia inermis L, whole plant of Sesamum alatum, whole plant of Ceratotheca sesamoides Endl. and brak of Ficus platyphylla). Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening was carried out using HPTLC and colorimetric methods. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Enzyme inhibition was performed on lipid peroxidation (LPO) and 15-Lipoxygenase (15-LOX). The contractile effect of uterine smooth muscle in NMRI mice was assessed ex vivo. The screening revealed the presence of several phytoconstituents, such as tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, sterols, and triterpenes. The highest content of phenolic compounds and tannins, respectively 980.61 ± 0.60 and 764.80 ± 0.54 µg GAE/mg dE, were obtained with the ethanolic extract of bark of Sclerocarya birrea (eth-Dn-e). The highest content of flavonoids (456.95 ± 0.89 µg QE/mg dE) was obtained with the ethanolic extract of Ceratotheca sesamoides (eth-Y). The ethanolic extract of Ficus platyphylla bark (eth-G) effectively reduced DPPH, with an IC50 of 1.46 ± 0.06 µg/mL. The highest ferric ion-reducing power was obtained with Sclerocarya birrea bark decoction (Da-Dn-e), (78.95 ± 5.74 mmol AAE/g). Ethanolic macerate of Acacia senegal bark (eth-D) showed the lowest IC50 against 15-LOX at 32.18 µg/mL. The aqueous macerate of Ceratotheca sesamoides (Ma-Y) gave the highest percentage inhibition of LPO, at 62.07 ± 0.01 %. The highest uterine contraction at 10 mg/mL was 1.38 [A(cm)/uterus(cm)], obtained with ethanolic maceration of the whole plant of Ceratotheca sesamoides Endl. (eth-Y). The traditional use of plants during childbirth could be linked to the antioxidant and/or uterotonic effects of phytoconstituents. These constitutes a scientific basis that could justify the use of these plants in the management of childbirth.

The Anti-ulcer Potential of Weissella cibaria Assisted Bio-fermented Product of Citrus limetta Waste Peel in Wistar Albino Rats.

There are patents available related to fermented food and beverages which enhance to human health. Citrus limetta (Mosambi) has a high content of flavonoids and exhibits antioxidant activity, which could stimulate the digestive system and be useful for gastroprotective activity. It supports digestion by neutralizing the acidic digestive juices and reducing gastric acidity. This study explored the potential of using waste peel extract from Citrus limetta to prevent ulcers. The study specifically sought to assess the anti-ulcer properties of fermented and non-fermented extracts and compare them. Further, the study looked at the potential benefits of treating or preventing ulcers with Citrus limetta waste peels and whether fermentation affected the efficacy of the treatment. Thirty female Wistar albino rats were equally distributed into five different groups. Group 1 received distilled water (20 ml/kg/b.w); Group 2 received indomethacin (mg/kg/b.w); Group 3 received omeprazole (20 mg/kg/b.w); Group 4 received aqueous extract of Mosambi peel (400 mg/kg/b.w) and Group 5 received fermented product of extract of Mosambi peel (400 mg/kg/b.w). Findings explored that, compared to non-fermented citrus fruit juice, biofermented exhibited less gastric volume (1.58 ± 0.10 ml vs. 1.8 ± 0.14 ml), reduced MDA levels (355.23 ± 100.70 μmol/mg protein vs. 454.49 ± 155.88 μmol/mg protein), and low ulcer index (0.49 ± 0.07 vs. 0.72 ± 0.14). The results suggest that the bio-fermented product of Citrus limetta peel has better anti-ulcer potential against peptic ulcer induced by indomethacin in Wistar albino rats compared to non-fermented.

Biosynthesis of ZnO nanocomposites from Mentha spicata applications of antioxidant, antimicrobial and genotoxicity advances in MCF-7 cell line

This study focuses on enhancing the, Spearmint (Mentha spicata), an aromatic herb indigenous to Europe and Asia, which is valued for its refreshing flavor and potential health benefits. This herb is widely utilized in culinary practices, medicinal applications, and cosmetic formulations. The ethanol extract derived from the M. spicata leaf contains is rich secondary metabolites with various bioactive properties: Specifically, such as tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, saponins help reduce cholesterol, and alkaloids have analgesic properties. The extract has a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 231.37 ± 2.05 mg GAE/g and a total phenol content (TPC) of 247.32 ± 5.07 mg GAE/g. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized from this extract and subsequently characterized through various analytical techniques. The absorbance measurement at 437 nm confirmed the successful nanoparticle synthesis. FTIR spectra showed water-related absorption bands at 3330 cm−1 and 3337 cm−1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated the presence of spherical nanoparticles of about 25.4 nm, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) illustrated particles ranging from 20 to 50 nm with high crystallinity and a lattice spacing of 0.297 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed their crystalline structure with distinct Bragg reflections at 39.1°, 46.1°, 68.7°, and 79.2°, which corresponding to (111), (200), (220,311) planes, respectively (JCPDS card no. 01–080-1876). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the high purity of the synthesized ZnO nanocrystals. The nanoparticles demonstrated significant antioxidant activity with radical scavenging rates up to 97.33 %, effective antimicrobial properties, and notable anticancer activity, achieving 99.75 % inhibition of MCF-7 cells at 40 μg/mL. These findings highlight the nanoparticles' potential applications in health and medicine.

PHYTOCHEMICAL VARIABILITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM DIFFERENT AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES IN KENYA

Medicinal properties of plants are a factor of their photochemical content and profile. Agro-climatic factors such as temperature, sunlight, water availability, and soil composition can influence the profile of bioactive phytochemicals in plants and hence their medicinal potential. The study investigated the phytochemical variability in leaf extracts of selected medicinal plants, mango, guava, and avocado, from different agro-climatic zones in Kenya. Fresh healthy leaves were sampled from two hundred and twenty-seven mango (83), guava (85), and avocado (59) accessions in nine different areas. Methanol extracts of the leaves were prepared and assayed for total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity. The TPC and TFC distribution in the extracts did not correlate with the agro-climate zones. However, patterns were observed that are attributable to geographical and specific agro-climatic parameters. Further, correlation analyses showed that specific agro-climatic parameters significantly affected TPC and TFC. Specifically, guava TPC and avocado TPC and mango TFC, had moderately negative correlation with rainfall and soil moisture. Mango TFC had moderate correlation with altitude and temperature. However, none of the correlations was high (r ≥ 0.5), suggesting effect of other confounding factors. No discernable trend was observed with the antioxidant properties. Though some geographical patterns and correlations with agro-climatic parameters were established in the study, TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity and agro-climatic zones may not be conclusively used to characterize these medicinal plants. Future studies may narrow on specific bioactive molecules and specific agro-climatic parameters.

Antioxidant content following fermentation of lemongrass for herbal beverage development.

Consumers have increasingly favoured fermented drinks due to their high content of probiotic secondary metabolites. These beverages are believed to possess the capacity to safeguard against non-communicable ailments such as coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, antimicrobial infections, and other dietary-related disorders. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a commonly used botanical ingredient in therapeutic tea production. It is renowned for its highly valuable essential oil, which has significant commercial demand. This study examines the functional content and antioxidant effects of fermented beverages derived from lemongrass. We employed the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to carry out the fermentation process on the lemongrass compositions, extending the duration from t = 24 to t = 96h. We used non-fermented samples as control. This investigation identified numerous active biomolecules and polyphenols in the fermented samples, including flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, and reducing sugars. After t = 24h fermentation, the radical-scavenging activity reached its maximum level of 89.1%, and the antioxidant content reached 13.06µg/ml, which is equivalent to the amount of ascorbic acid. After t = 36h fermentation, the total phenolic content reached a concentration of 237.19µg/ml, while the flavonoid content reached its peak at 55.21µg/ml after t = 72h fermentation. Lemongrass fermentation exhibits a wide range of phytochemicals and bioactive components that effectively eliminate free radicals, despite the antioxidant content fluctuation throughout the fermentation period of t = 24 to t = 96h.

Effect of microwave heat processing on nutritional, antioxidant, antinutrient, and sensory indices of soy flour enriched functional noodles

Soybean is considered a plausible carrier of health-promising potential phytonutrients; the soybean also contains higher magnitudes of antinutrients like tannins, phytates, trypsin, protease, and oxalates. Therefore, the present study was carried out to reduce the load of antinutrients using microwave (Mw) heat processing at 0.9 kW for 1.5 min, also assessing its effect on soy flour's nutritional, antioxidant, and value-addition properties. Results for nutritional composition of raw soy flour (RSF), microwave heat processed soy flour (MwSF) and supplemented noodles delineated the presence of higher ash (3%), dietary fibers (6.1%), proteins (42%), Zn (3.5 mg/100g), Ca (238 mg/100g), Mg (208 mg/100g) and K (355 mg/100g) in MwSF then RSF. However, MwSF supplemented noodles prepared at 2-6% supplementation levels (T1-T3) elucidated significant (p<0.05) improvement in ash (0.7-1.1%), fiber (3.7-4.1%), crude protein (10-17%), Zn (3.6-3.8 mg/100g), Ca (39-50 mg/100g), Mg (134-139 mg/100g) and K (440-446 mg/100g). Processing of raw soy flour by microwave heating was observed to reduce tannins, phytates, trypsin, protease, and oxalates by 88, 87, 93, 95, and 90%, respectively. The maximum supplementation of MwSF at 6% in the supplemented noodles significantly (p<0.05) improved the total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) from 131-142 mg GAE/100g, 52-57 mg GAE/100g, 217-233 μmol/100g and 37-40%, respectively. Organoleptic evaluation of MwSF-supplemented noodles suggested the highest sensory acceptability at ≤4% supplementation level (T2). The study also suggests microwave heating as a viable approach to improve value-added goods' nutritional and antioxidant potential with the least safety concerns.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of essential oils from Madhuca Longifolia flowers and its characterization

Madhuca longifolia (mahua), a deciduous tree growing throughout the subtropical region of the India is a potential source of differentiated essential oils (EOs) with distinct bioactives. The study aimed to assess the effect of extraction methods on the quantitative and qualitative divergence in the chemical composition of flavor compounds of mahua flower EO. The advanced supercritical CO2 extraction (SCFE) and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UAE) was compared to the conventional extraction techniques such as hydrodistillation (HD), enzyme-assisted hydrodistillation (HDE) and soxhlet (SOX) for their high-quality essential oil (EO) extraction efficiency. The maximum EO yield of 2.074% was obtained by SCFE followed by HD (1.64%). The presence of significant amount of terpenoids, including 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, γ-terpinene, myrcene, α-terpineol, limonene, and L-linalool in EO was noticed with chemical profiling using GC-MS and E-Nose. SCFE method yielded EOs with best terpenoids as compared to other extraction methods. Furthermore, EO extracted using SCFE had higher total phenol and flavonoid content of 92.56mg GAE/g, 62.18mg QE/g respectively, and DPPH (100.06µg/mL), FRAP (91.52µM Fe(II)/g) antioxidant activity as compared to other extraction methods. A significantly (p<0.05) higher α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition of 37.16% and 43%, respectively, was shown by SCFE EOs. Total carotenoid content of EOs produced using all the extraction techniques ranged from 9.94 (HDE) to 29.673 (SCFE) mg/100g β-carotene. The “van krevelen” plots of CHNS analysis revealed ‘core metabolites’. This study illustrates that SCFE is a more effective method for EO extraction of high quality from low fat plant materials such as mahua flowers as compared to HD, HDE, SOX, and UAE.

Efficacy of copper and silver nanoparticles on seedling growth, biochemical and antioxidant potential of Capsicum annuum L., in vitro and ex vitro

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized using the chemical reduction method and evaluated in vitro and ex vitro on Capsicum annuum. The impact of MNPs, namely Ag, Cu, CuAg NPs, Silver nitrate (AgNO3), and Copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O) as bulk salts, on the physiological, biochemical, and antioxidative profiles of seedlings in C. annuum were examined in this work. Both NPs Primed (NPsP) and NPs Supplemented (NPsS) seeds showed 80–90 % and 90–100 % germination, respectively, after 15 days of inoculation on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) medium, compared to the control (75 %) and 93–97 % in vitro. The seedling length, weight, and vigour index improved significantly in response to in vitro and ex-vitro NP administration. After 45 days of nanoparticle (NPs) treatment, the levels of chlorophyll and carotenoids in NPsP seedlings increased by 65–244 % and 41–203 % in ex vitro, respectively, compared to NPsS seedlings, which showed an increase of 4–114 % and 26–107 %, respectively. Additionally, the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were significantly enhanced in NPsP seedlings, showing an increase of 79–173 % and 62–168 % in ex vitro, compared with NPsS seedlings, which showed an increase of 3–73 % and 22–98 %, respectively. MNPs increased the total protein content in NPsP seedlings by 26–106 % in ex vitro (5–113 %), compared to NPsS seedlings. In the NPsP seedlings, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and proline content rose by 15–47 %, 38–83 %, and 65–121 % at ex vitro (10–61 %), (6–68 %), and proline content decreased, respectively, as compared to NPsS treated seedlings. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level in NPsP seedlings decreased (4–33 %) in ex vitro compared to NPsS seedlings, indicating ROS scavenging and healthy seedling development. In the current study, increased seed germination aided rapid seedling development. Thus, nanoparticles promote seed germination in C. annuum by overcoming the unfavourable effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improving the antioxidative defence system, resulting in increased seedling development.

Evaluation of the pharmacognostic parameters, qualitative phytochemical profile and investigation of the toxicity of Sacoglottis ceratocarpa Ducke containing Bergenin, a gallic acid derivative

Trunk barks of Sacoglottis ceratocarpaDucke (ScTB) are used in Amazonian folk medicine against hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, although scientific information on efficacy and quality control is lacking. Thus, pharmacognostic parameters, qualitative phytochemical profile, antioxidant properties (DPPH, TEAC and FRAP), toxicity and cytotoxicity were evaluated. The purity tests in the quality control performed for the vegetable raw material showed compliance with the specifications in official compendiums. Tannins, catechins, terpenes and steroids were characterized. Bergenin, a gallic acid derivative, was isolated and identified. The ScTB was rich in total phenolic (0.420-0.562 g/g) and flavonoid (11.37-24.31 mg/g) content, and considerable antioxidant potential. ScTB did not demonstrate cytotoxicity for human erythrocytes and renal fibroblasts, nortoxicity for brine shrimp. The results demonstrated the importance of the pharmacognostic study for the immediate knowledge of the quality and qualitative chemical profile of the trunk barks, contributing to the safe and effective use of the species.

Physiological, biochemical, and molecular characterization of some cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypes

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the morphological, pomological, biochemical contents, and molecular characterization of 11 cucumber genotypes of Egyptian origin and to reveal their molecular characterization. As a result it was determined that the highest fruit weight, the highest fruit length, and the highest fruit width were in the “Rahaf” genotype (respectively, 337.39 g, 23.25 cm, 53.97 mm). Biochemical analyses of the genotypes revealed that the highest total phenolic content was in the “Madayın” genotype (1938 mg gallic acid equivalent 100 g−1), the highest total antioxidant content was in the “C.5” genotype (59.25% inhibition), and the highest total flavonoid content was in the “Gazir” genotype (752.78 mg catechin equivalent 100 g−1). The highest Chlorophyll (a) content and Chlorophyll (a+b) was in the “Madayın” genotype (respectively, 4.33 mg g−1, 20.92 mg g−1), the highest Chlorophyll (b) content was in the “Iskay” genotype (6.59 mg g−1). It was determined that there were differences between genotypes in terms of other biochemical parameters examined. Using ten Inter Simple Sequence Repeat primers, 119 bands were obtained and the polymorphism rate was determined as 90.75%.

Ephedra alenda from the Algerian Sahara: Ethnobotanical Investigation, Evaluation of Total Polyphenols, Antioxidant Potential and Antibacterial Properties

Background: This study is part of the contribution to the development of the medicinal plant Ephedra alata from the region of Bechar, Algeria. This work aimed to measure yields, total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial evaluation. Methods: In this laboratory investigation during March 2023 to December 2023, the samples were macerated; total phenolic and flavonoids contents were analyzed using a colorimetric method, while antioxidant capacity was assessed through DPPH. The antibacterial essay was carried out by the disc diffusion method on a solid medium using Muller Hinton. Result: Phytochemical screening confirms the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, free quinones, reducing sugars, saponins, sterols, tannins and terpenes. Methanol extract represents the highest yield (4.41%), followed by butanol extract (3.3%), ethyl acetate extract (1.25%) and dichloromethane extract (0.69%). The dosage carried out revealed the content of plyphenols and flavonoids in the methanol extract was (175.73±0.25 μg EAG/mg DE) and (35.2±0.17 μg QE/mg DE), respectively. The evaluation of the antioxidant effect of the crude extracts by free radical scavenging DPPH gave the IC50 values of the extracts methanol, butanol, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane (0.170, 0.244, 0.324 and 2.23 mg/mL), respectively. The investigation into antibacterial activity revealed that the methanol extract significantly inhibited all tested bacteria, while the dichloromethane extract showed the lowest inhibition of Escherichia coli.

A comprehensive analysis of morphological and biochemical parameters of &lt;i&gt;Medicago sativa&lt;/i&gt; during biotic stress

Background: Parasitism is an abiotic stress that significantly threatens plant growth and severely impacts crop productivity. Plants have developed complicated regulatory mechanisms to cope with stressful conditions, undergoing morphological and biochemical changes. Objective: The article presents the first comprehensive analysis of the Medicago sativa response to the penetration of flowering parasites Orobanche lutea and Cuscuta alba. The outcome of this study aim to enhance crop quality comprehend their bioactive properties and pinpoint optimal strategies for their utilization in preventing and treating human and animal health issues. Methods: Medicago sativa, Orobanche lutea and Cuscuta alba were collected in the Ararat province, located in southeastern Armenia. The plants’ morphological structures and leaf parameters were observed. The prooxidant activity was determined by the potentiometric method. The content of total phenols, flavonoids and catechins were determined by a spectrophotometric method. Pigments were separated and identified using thin layer chromatography and a spectrophotometric method. Results: The in-situ observations of M. sativa plant and ex-situ measurements of its leaves infected by O. lutea and C. alba reveal a significant negative impact on both the reproductive success and the vegetative aspects. Infected plants exhibited minimal inflorescence development, also, substantial reductions in leaf dimensions were observed. The analysis of prooxidant activity revealed that M. sativa exhibits inherent prooxidant properties, which are amplified in the presence of parasites. The influence of dodder on prooxidant activity is much more significant (14-38%) than that of broomrape (8-42%). The percentage changes in total phenolic content were more pronounced in the presence of C. alba, but flavonoid decline was more pronounced in the presence of O. lutea, suggesting a differential impact of the two parasites. Although catechin content was not affected, photosynthetic pigments of the host plant were significantly (28-57%) reduced by the parasites. Conclusion: Findings indicate a clear morphological alteration induced by parasitic infestation. The parasites, particularly O. lutea can cause temporal isolation and allochronic speciation in M. sativa populations. Biochemical analysis highlighted a complex interplay between the host and the parasite. The biochemical impact of the parasite is reflected on the host’s primary and secondary metabolism. The observed morphological and biochemical changes highlight the need for further research to explore potential mitigation strategies, selective herbicide development, and biocontrol measures against parasitic plant infestations in agricultural ecosystems. Keywords: alfalfa; Orobanche lutea; Cuscuta alba; parasites plants; morphophysiological observations; bioactivity.

Green light enhances the phytochemical preservation of lettuce during postharvest cold storage.

The postharvest lighting environment is a main factor that influences quality preservation for harvested biomass. The objective of this study was to evaluate postharvest changes in bioactive compounds of lettuce with different storage light spectra. The effects of green LEDs with peaks at 500 nm and 530 nm, white LEDs (400-700 nm), and dark storage were evaluated, where light intensity (10 μmol m-2 s-1) and photoperiod (12 h per day) were constant with air temperature at 5°C over the 14 d treatment period. Lettuce stored with 500 nm and 530 nm green LEDs exhibited 1474.5% and 1451.8% (approximately 15.7 and 15.5 times) higher antioxidant activity, respectively, compared to dark storage. Significant improvements in total phenolic content, and 67.5% and 64.8% increases in total soluble solids with 530 nm and 500 nm green LEDs over dark storage were discerned. Exposure to 530 nm green LEDs led to 128.2% (approximately 2.28 times) higher anthocyanin content, a 26.2% increase in carotenoids, and a 95% rise in flavonoid content compared to dark storage. Increases of 26.4% and 16.0% in chlorophyll a content in lettuce stored under 500 nm and 530 nm green LEDs, respectively, and 65.6% and 46.6% rises in the Chlorophyll a/b ratio were observed. Compared to dark storage, green LEDs (500 nm) resulted in a 13.5% higher total chlorophyll content. Findings underscore the positive impact of green LEDs on the nutritional quality of lettuce, providing insight for postharvest practices.