Flavone Compounds Research Articles

Design, synthesis, spectroscopic, electronic, biological and MTT evaluations of flavone compound using density functional theory

Design, synthesis, spectroscopic, electronic, biological and MTT evaluations of flavone compound using density functional theory

Metabolome and transcriptome integration explored the mechanism of browning in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch cells.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb known for its diverse pharmacological effects including heat-clearing, detoxification, phlegm dissolving, and cough relief, has experienced an exponential increase in demand due to its expanding clinical use and development prospects. Currently, large-scale cell culture stands out as one of the most promising biotechnological approaches for producing bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. However, the problem of cell browning represents a significant bottleneck in industrial applications of cell culture. This study focuses on the Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch cells from the Ordos plateau, aiming to elucidate the enzymatic browning process during plant cell culture. Key substrates and genes involved in enzymatic browning were identified by metabolome and transcriptome analysis of normal and browning cells. Metabolome analysis reveals significant changes in the levels of chalcone, isoflavone, imidazole-pyrimidine, purine nucleosides, organic oxides, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, benzene and its derivatives, flavonoids, 2-arylated benzofuran flavonoids, diazanaphthalenes and fatty acyls within browning cells. In particular, chalcones, isoflavones, and flavones compounds account for a higher proportion of these changes. Furthermore, these compounds collectively show enrichment in four metabolic pathways: Isoflavone biosynthesis pathway; Cutin suberine and wax biosynthesis pathway; Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway; Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis pathway; Transcriptome analysis revealed that the MYB transcription factor is a key regulator of flavonoid synthesis during the browning process in cells. In addition, 223 differentially expressed genes were identified, including phenylpropane, shikimic acid, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathways. Among these genes, 23 are directly involved in flavonoid biosynthesis; qPCR validation showed that eight genes (GlPK, GlPAL, Gl24CL, Gl1PDT, Gl3CHI, GlC4H, Gl2F3'H, and Gl2CCR) were up-regulated in browning cells compared to normal cells. These findings corroborate the sequencing results and underscore the critical role of these genes in cellular browning. Consequently, modulation of their expression offers promising strategies for effective control of cellular browning issues.

Apigenin: A Bioflavonoid with a Promising Role in Disease Prevention and Treatment.

Apigenin is a powerful flavone compound found in numerous fruits and vegetables, and it offers numerous health-promoting benefits. Many studies have evidenced that this compound has a potential role as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound, making it a promising candidate for reducing the risk of pathogenesis. It has also been found to positively affect various systems in the body, such as the respiratory, digestive, immune, and reproductive systems. Apigenin is effective in treating liver, lung, heart, kidney, neurological diseases, diabetes, and maintaining good oral and skin health. Multiple studies have reported that this compound is capable of suppressing various types of cancer through the induction of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest, suppressing cell migration and invasion, reduction of inflammation, and inhibiting angiogenesis. When used in combination with other drugs, apigenin increases their efficacy, reduces the risk of side effects, and improves the response to chemotherapy. This review broadly analyzes apigenin's potential in disease management by modulating various biological activities. In addition, this review also described apigenin's interaction with other compounds or drugs and the potential role of nanoformulation in different pathogeneses. Further extensive research is needed to explore the mechanism of action, safety, and efficacy of this compound in disease prevention and treatment.

On the mechanism of wogonin against acute monocytic leukemia using network pharmacology and experimental validation

Wogonin is a natural flavone compound from the plant Scutellaria baicalensis, which has a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-virus, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulation. However, the potential mechanism of wogonin remains unknown. This study was to confirm the molecular mechanism of wogonin for acute monocytic leukemia treatment, known as AML-M5. The potential action targets between wogonin and acute monocytic leukemia were predicted from databases. The compound-target-pathway network and protein-protein interaction network (PPI) were constructed. The enrichment analysis of related targets and molecular docking were performed. The network pharmacological results of wogonin for AML-M5 treatment were verified using the THP-1 cell line. 71 target genes of wogonin associated with AML-M5 were found. The key genes TP53, SRC, AKT1, RELA, HSP90AA1, JUN, PIK3R1, and CCND1 were preliminarily found to be the potential central targets of wogonin for AML-M5 treatment. The PPI network analysis, GO analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was the significant pathway in the wogonin for AML-M5 treatment. The antiproliferative effects of wogonin on THP-1 cells of AML-M5 presented a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, inducing apoptosis, blocking the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, decreasing the expressions of CCND1, CDK2, and CyclinA2 mRNA, as well as AKT and p-AKT proteins. The mechanisms of wogonin on AML-M5 treatment may be associated with inhibiting cell proliferation and regulating the cell cycle via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Isocyanate‐chitin modified microspheres for chiral drug separation in high performance liquid chromatography

AbstractIn this work, a two‐step activated swelling technique was effectively employed to successfully synthesize monodisperse porous poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene) (PS‐DVB) particles. Diazoresin (DR) transform an ionic bond into a covalent bond by photoreaction. Under ultraviolet irradiation, DR was used to covalently attach dichlorophenyl isocyanate to sulfonated PS‐DVB microspheres. The novel photo‐crosslinking reaction effectively overcomes the toxicity issues associated with conventional coupling agents and enables green production of chromatographic fillers. Modified PS‐DVB particles were indeed commonly used as filler material for the separation of chiral compounds by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The porous modified microspheres designed effectively separate benzoone, DL‐mandelic acid, 2‐phenylcyclohexanone, ibuprofen, 2‐hydroxyl flavone, DL‐cysteine, chloraniline maleate, hesperidin, and other chiral compounds by 100 mm column. It is noteworthy that the isocyanate‐chitin modified microspheres are effective in separating chiral drugs (1000 μg/mL) within 5 min. Compared with ordinary microspheres, porous isocyanate‐chitin modified microspheres showed better separation efficiency under the same conditions. The enhancement is attributed to the increase in their specific surface area. Consequently, they are a better choice of chromatographic packing matrix.

In silico and in vitro profiling of coumarins and flavonoids for anti-Alzheimer and antioxidant activity

Abstract In this study, we examined the potential anti-Alzheimer’s and antioxidant activities of 12 analogs of coumarin and flavone compounds. Notably, nitro coumarins 6 and 7 demonstrated noteworthy activity against acetylcholinesterase, although they did not exhibit antioxidant properties. Among the tested compounds, four flavones and one coumarin displayed dual activity as both inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and antioxidants. Particularly, flavone 9 exhibited exceptional antioxidant activity as well as substantial anti-cholinesterase activity. Molecular docking techniques were employed to investigate the relationship between the anti-Alzheimer’s and antioxidant potential of the compounds. Intriguingly, compound 9 displayed the strongest binding energy values with both monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) enzyme (−15.70 kcal/mol) and acetylcholinesterase enzyme (−21.70 kcal/mol), indicating that its antioxidant activity may be attributed to MAO-B inhibition. The pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of five compounds (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) were examined using pkCSM server, revealing varying characteristics in absorption, CYP enzyme interactions, and toxicity. Compound 8 displays high absorption and lower toxicity, while Compound 6 emerges as a promising candidate due to favorable overall attributes. Nonetheless, comprehensive evaluation, including clinical studies, is crucial for determining their suitability for human use.

Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis is alleviated in mice after administration of flavone-derived NRF2-activating molecules

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory condition characterized by severe symptoms such as diarrhea, fatigue, and weight loss. Growing evidence underscores the direct involvement of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) in the development and progression of IBD, along with its associated complications, including colorectal cancer. The NRF2 pathway plays a crucial role in cellular responses to oxidative stress, and dysregulation of this pathway has been implicated in IBD. Flavones, a significant subclass of flavonoids, have shown pharmacological impacts in various diseases including IBD, through the NRF2 signaling pathway. In this study, we conducted a screening of compounds with a flavone structure and identified NJK15003 as a promising NRF2 activator. NJK15003 demonstrated potent NRF2 activation, as evidenced by the upregulation of downstream proteins, promoter activation, and NRF2 nuclear translocation in IBD cellular models. Treatment with NJK15003 effectively restored the protein levels of tight junctions in cells treated with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and in DSS-treated mice, suggesting its potential to protect cells from barrier integrity disruption in IBD. In DSS-treated mice, the administration of NJK15003 resulted in the prevention of body weight loss, a reduction in colon length shortening, and a decrease in the disease activity index. Furthermore, NJK15003 treatment substantially alleviated inflammatory responses and apoptotic cell death in the colon of DSS-treated mice. Taken together, this study proposes the potential utility of NRF2-activating flavone compounds, exemplified by NJK15003, for the treatment of IBD.

An activity of flavonoid derived compounds from Medinilla speciosa as anti-hyperpigmentation against tyrosinase proteins with in silico methods

Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa), a typical plant from Indonesia, contains flavonoid compounds as antioxidants. It is able to depigment skin by inhibiting tyrosinase activity during melanogenesis, or melanin formation. Melanogenesis occurs through UV light exposure; it stimulates ROS production and triggers the formation of free radicals and melanogenesis. If not prevented, it will have negative impacts on health. Currently, there is no further research regarding the existence of flavonoid compound derivatives found in parijoto fruit. The aim of this research is to initially identify potential flavonoid derivative compounds as tyrosinase inhibitors using in silico methods. The results can be used as an initial reference for making products based on natural ingredients with minimal side effects. This research uses a bioinformatics approach with the molecular docking method of ligands towards proteins. The stages in this research include: downloading and preparing receptors and ligands; docking with Autodock Vina; visualization of results with Biovia Discovery Studio; data analysis; and discussion. The analysis is carried out by looking at the affinity energy values and complex conformation between the receptor-ligand. The results show flavonoid derivative compounds have the potential to act as tyrosinase inhibitors, as proven by compounds interactions with the active site of tyrosinase to produce the amino acid residues phenylalanine, proline, asparagine, arginine, and histamine. Produce respective affinity energy values, namely -8.9; -7.7; -7.6; -7.5; -7.5; and 7.4 kcal/mol for chalcone, catechin, flavonol, flavanol, flavone, and flavonone compounds. Meanwhile, the comparison compound used is kojic acid, with an affinity energy of -5.5 kcal/mol.

Chrysin, The Flavonoid Molecule of Antioxidant Interest

AbstractChrysin, the natural bioactive flavone compound, has been identified in several edible materials such as honey, propolis, and passionflower with numerous biological potentials and pharmaceutical effects including antitumor, anti‐inflammatory, antiviral and antioxidant. The compound has been reported to have lower in vitro antioxidant activity compared to other flavone‐based structures such as quercetin, luteolin, and myricetin, which is mostly attributed to the higher hydroxylation and the presence of conjugated en‐diol structures in these flavonoids and the lack of these structural features in chrysin. On the contrary to the in vitro antioxidant effect of chrysin, the compound has exerted remarkable in vivo antioxidant activities in several models related to the liver, brain, heart, kidneys, and other soft tissues. The current review includes a discussion of the in vivo and in vitro antioxidant activity of chrysin compared to other common flavonoids. The study also covers subjects linked to chrysin antioxidants, such as its metabolism, bioavailability, and current formulations that aim to increase chrysin antioxidant impact and overcome its low bioavailability.

A highlightedly improved method for isolating and characterizing calcium oxalate crystals from tubercles of Mammillaria schumannii

BackgroundCalcium oxalate (CaOx) is the most prevalent and widespread biomineral in plants and is involved in protective and/or defensive functions against abiotic stress factors. It is, however, expected that this function has an extremely significant contribution to growth processes in plants bearing large amounts of CaOx, such as cacti growing in desert environment.ResultsIn our research, small-sized CaOx crystals (≤ 20 µm) with tetrahedral or spherical shapes were observed to dominate in each epidermal and cortical cell from the tubercles of Mammillaria schumannii, a species from the Cereoideae subfamily, having tubercles (main photosynthetic organs) united with adjacent ones almost into ridges on its stem. Because they have potential significant functions, differential centrifugations after mechanical blending were used to obtain these small-sized CaOx crystals, which extremely tend to adhere to tissue or suspend in solution. And then the combined Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive System (SEM–EDS) and Raman spectroscopy were further performed to demonstrate that the extracted crystals were mainly CaC2O4·2H2O. Interestingly, spherical druses had 2 obvious abnormal Raman spectroscopy peaks of -CH and -OH at 2947 and 3290 cm−1, respectively, which may be attributed to the occluded organic matrix. The organic matrix was further extracted from spherical crystals, which could be polysaccharide, flavone, or lipid compounds on the basis of Raman spectroscopy bands at 2650, 2720, 2770, and 2958 cm−1.ConclusionsHere we used a highlightedly improved method to effectively isolate small-sized CaOx crystals dominating in the epidermal and cortical cells from tubercles of Mammillaria schumannii, which extremely tended to adhere plant tissues or suspend in isolation solution. And then we further clarified the organic matrix getting involved in the formation of CaOx crystals. This improved method for isolating and characterizing biomineral crystals can be helpful to understand how CaOx crystals in cacti function against harsh environments such as strong light, high and cold temperature, and aridity.

Influence of cytokinins and yeast extract on growth and flavone production in hairy root cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis

Hairy roots produce various bioactive chemical compounds than wild-type roots which offer a promising in vitro approach for synthesizing important nutraceutical compounds. The purpose of this study is to increase the production of flavone compounds in hairy root cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis by the addition of elicitors such as cytokinins and yeast extract. Cytokinins such as kinetin (KIN), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and Thidiazuron (TDZ) were utilized at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L, whereas for yeast extract treatment 50, 100, and 150 mg/L concentrations were added to the ½ SH medium. Effects of elicitors were measured in terms of dry biomass and flavone contents (baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest dry weight was achieved in the control hairy root than that of all cytokinins-treated hairy root cultures. In all the cytokinin-treated hairy root cultures, as the concentration increased the dry weight of the hairy root decreased. In contrast, in all the yeast extract-treated hairy root cultures as the concentration increases the dry weight of the hairy root increased, whereas the highest dry weight was achieved in 150 mg/L of yeast extract. Moving to the flavone content, baicalin was detected highest content in all the hairy root cultures supplied with cytokinin and yeast extract. The highest total flavone content was achieved in the hairy root culture treated with 1.0 mg/L of TDZ and 50 mg/L of yeast extract. This result might help the commercial agronomic sector by facilitating the in vitro mass production of nutraceuticals using S. baicalensis hairy root cultures.

The dynamic changes in pigment metabolites provide a new understanding of the colouration of Pyracantha fortuneana at maturity

The type, content and accumulation characteristics of pigments are the material basis for fruit colour and the evaluation basis of the fruit maturity and nutritional value of P. fortuneana. However, little information is available on the changes in carotenoids, anthocyanins, procyanidins and major flavones during the ripening process of P. fortuneana fruits. Thus, this study investigated the colour conversion characteristics, the main changes in the above four metabolites and the association landscape with those metabolites. The results showed that thirty-nine kinds of carotenoids and derivatives, eighteen anthocyanins, five procyanidins and five flavone compounds were identified in the fruits of P. fortuneana. The total content and contents of most individual carotenoids, anthocyanins, procyanidins and flavones reached the highest values at the TS2, TS4, TS1 and TS1 stages, respectively. Among the variations, the contents of β-carotene and lutein increased first and then decreased, cyanidin-3-galactoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside accumulated, the concentrations of procyanidin C1 and procyanidin B2 decreased, and the contents of rutin and quercetin-3-O-glucoside also decreased; these changers were responsible for the main changes in carotenoids, anthocyanidin, procyanidins and flavones, respectively. For the correlation analysis results, there might be two modes of action that together affected the colour conversion of P. fortuneana fruits during ripening, i.e., (E/Z)-phytoene communicated with the carotenoid metabolic pathway that might promote the accumulated ABA content, which might cause the increased anthocyanidin (primarily through cyanidin-3-(6-malonyl-beta-d-glucoside) (C3MG)) at the final stage; most of the decreased flavone and procyanidin metabolites produced by the flavonoid metabolic pathway were another important factor affecting the accumulation of C3MG.

New Flavone Derivatives Targeting BET Proteins in Cancer: Synthesis, Structure Analysis and Investigation of Bromodomain Inhibitory Activities**

AbstractBromodomains (BRDs) are key transcriptional regulators that control expression of genes. Dysfunction of BRDs has been associated with the development of aggressive tumors. BRDs have emerged as attractive candidates for the development of inhibitors targeting gene transcription. Flavones can act as a potent anticancer agent. In this paper, a series of ten new flavonylquinazoline sulfonamide compounds (FQ1‐FQ10) was synthesized and their cytotoxicity was investigated in human A549 lung carcinoma, MCF‐7 breast carcinoma ve K562 myeloid leukemia cell lines. The most cytotoxic compounds FQ1 and FQ6 were tested for their bromodomain containing 2 protein (BRD2), bromodomain containing 3 protein (BRD3) and bromodomain containing 4 protein (BRD4) inhibitor activities. The results showed that new FQ1 and FQ6 flavone compounds exhibited BRD2, BRD3 inhibitor activity. We suggest that flavonylquinazoline sulfonamide compounds have the potential to inhibit bromodomain activity, thus may be pharmacologically of interest for further investigations.

Binding mechanism and biological effects of flavone DYRK1A inhibitors for the design of new antidiabetics

The selective inhibition of kinases from the diabetic kinome is known to promote the regeneration of beta cells and provide an opportunity for the curative treatment of diabetes. The effect can be achieved by carefully tailoring the selectivity of inhibitor toward a particular kinase, especially DYRK1A, previously associated with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Recently DYRK1A inhibition has been shown to promote both insulin secretion and beta cells proliferation. Here, we show that commonly available flavones are effective inhibitors of DYRK1A. The observed biochemical activity of flavone compounds is confirmed by crystal structures solved at 2.06 Å and 2.32 Å resolution, deciphering the way inhibitors bind in the ATP-binding pocket of the kinase, which is driven by the arrangement of hydroxyl moieties. We also demonstrate antidiabetic properties of these biomolecules and prove that they could be further improved by therapy combined with TGF-β inhibitors. Our data will allow future structure-based optimization of the presented scaffolds toward potent, bioavailable and selective anti-diabetic drugs.

Liquiritin targeting Th17 cells differentiation and abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes alleviates psoriasis via NF-κB and AP-1 pathway.

Psoriasis is a common immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease, caused by disturbed interactions between keratinocytes and immune cells. Chinese medicine shows potential clinical application for its treatment. Liquiritin is a flavone compound extracted from licorice and shows potential antitussive, antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects, and therefore may have potential as a psoriasis therapeutic. The aim of this work was to examine the possible roles that liquiritin may have in treating psoriasis. HaCaT cells were stimulated by TNF-α with or without liquiritin, harvested for analysis by western blots and RT-qPCR, and the cellular supernatants were collected and analyzed by ELISA for cytokines. In addition, 4 groups of mice were examined: Normal, Vehicle, LQ-L and LQ-H. The mice were sacrificed after 6 days and analyzed using IHC, ELISA, RT-qPCR and flow cytometry. The results showed that liquiritin could significantly inhibit the progression of psoriasis both in vitro and in vivo. Liquiritin strongly suppressed the proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes but did not affect cell viability. Moreover, liquiritin alleviated imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation and accumulation of Th17 cells and DCs in vivo. In TNF-α-induced HaCaT keratinocytes, both protein and mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were sharply decreased. In imiquimod-induced mice, the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 was reduced after treatment with liquiritin. Collectively, our results show that liquiritin might act as a pivotal regulator of psoriasis via modulating NF-κB and AP-1 signal pathways.

An anti-leishmanial compound 4',7-dihydroxyflavone elicits ROS-mediated apoptosis-like death in Leishmania parasite.

The treatment for leishmaniasis is currently plagued by side effects such as toxicity, and the emergence of drug resistance to the available repertoire of drugs, as well as the expense of these drugs. Considering the rising concerns, we report here , the anti-leishmanial activity and mechanism of a flavone compound 4',7-dihydroxyflavone (TI 4). Four flavanoids were initially screened for anti-leishmanial activity and cytotoxicity. The results showed that the compound TI 4 exhibited higher activity and selectivity index while maintaining low cytotoxicity. Preliminary microscopic studies and FACS analysis reported that the parasite underwent apoptosis on TI 4 treatment. Further in-depth studies revealed high ROS production and thiol levels in the parasites suggesting ROS mediated apoptosis in the parasites upon TI 4 treatment. Other apoptotic indicators like intracellular Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential also indicated the onset of apoptosis in the treated parasites. The mRNA expression levels signified that the redox metabolism genes were upregulated by 2-fold along with the apoptotic genes. In summary, the use of TI 4 on Leishmania parasites induces ROS-mediated apoptosis, therefore the compound has immense potential to be an anti-leishmanial drug. However, in vivo studies would be required to ascertain its safety and efficacy before we can exploit the compound against the growing leishmaniasis crisis.

Analisis Kandungan Flavanoid Daun Sambang Darah (Excoecaria cochinchinensis L)

Flavonoids are chemical compounds derived from plants which are a group of secondary metabolites. Flavonoids Flavonoid compounds are polyphenolic compounds that have 15 carbon atoms arranged in a C 6 -C 3 -C 6 configuration, namely two aromatic rings connected by 3 carbon atoms that can or cannot form a third ring. Flavonoids are widely distributed in angiosperms, gymnosperms, and pteridopites. These flavonoids provide physiological and pharmacological effects on living things. The purpose of this study was to identify the flavonoid compounds present in the leaf extract of the blood sambang plant (Excoecaria cochinchinensis L). In this study, a multilevel maceration extraction was used using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents and then the filtrate was evaporated using an evaporator. Positive phytochemical screening results indicated the presence of flavonoids in methanol extract and negative in n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. From the methanol extract, TLC was carried out with an eluent ratio of methanol ethyl acetate (8: 2), it was obtained the separation of two stains where one of the stains had the same Rf value as the Rf value of flavonoids, then performed a UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis resulting in three absorption wavelengths, namely band I (350 nm) and band II (255 nm and 267 nm). the spectrum obtained is a class of flavone compounds.

Synthesis novel flavone from vanillin

Flavone compounds present as secondary metabolites in many plants have beneficial phytochemical activity. Isolation of flavones from various parts of plants has been widely carried out, but the synthesis pathway is another way to obtain higher yields. This research aimed to synthesize flavone compounds from vanillin and 2-hydroxyacetophenone through chalcone intermediates to produce a 74% yield using an iodide catalyst. This new flavone compound has been used as a chemosensor to detect anions

Potent hepatoprotective activity of common rattan (Calamus rotang L.) leaf extract and its molecular mechanism

BackgroundCalamus rotang L. (CR) is an Indian shrub. The leaves and other organs of the plant are traditionally used in India for treatment of various diseases. The in vitro antioxidant property of the leaves extract was previously established. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of CR ethyl acetate extract at a dose of 350 mg/kg on CCl4 induced hepatotoxic rats through different mechanisms.MethodsHistopathological examination of the treated rats’ group in comparison with positive and negative controls were performed. Quantitative measuring of the proinflammatory cytokines (TNF α), inflammatory regulators (Arginase, PPAR α) and the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in comparison with positive and negative control groups was achieved using immunohistochemical examination. HPLC profiling of the polyphenol contents and molecular docking of the identified compounds against BH3 proapoptotic protein were correspondingly studied to evaluate the potential antiapoptotic property.ResultsThe CR extract greatly protects the liver tissue through the suppression of TNF α, arginase and PPAR α induced by CCl4 as well as its enhancement of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein. Fourteen polyphenols of different classes were identified in CR extract and tested via molecular docking for their potential antiapoptotic activities against BH3 protein. Naringin, rutin, 7-hydroxy flavone, and ellagic acid compounds exhibit the highest affinity and potential inhibition of pro-apoptotic protein BH3 via molecular docking study.ConclusionsThe ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves of C. rotang is rich in polyphenols that exhibited potent hepatoprotective effect on CCl4 induced hepatotoxic rats through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-steatosis and antiapoptotic properties.

Molecular engineering on D-π-A organic dyes with flavone-based different acceptors for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells using experimental and computational study

The improvement of new organic flavone-based donor-spacer-acceptor (D-π-A) type dye molecules of the 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-2-yloxy)-7-hydroxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (D1), 7-hydroxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(piperidin-4-yloxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (D2), and 3-((2-aminopyridin-4-yloxy)methoxy)-7-hydroxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (D3) were successfully designed and synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Here, we discuss the synthesis of flavone compounds as well as their photophysical and electrochemical characterization. Using the Gaussian 09w software, the electronic structures and apsorption spectra have been calculated at the B3LYP, B3PW91, CAM-B3LYP, MPW1PW91, PBEPBE, and ωB97XD theory with the 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. The computed values of the D2 molecule ground state optimized HOMOs-LUMOs energy is well positioned for advantageous charge transfer (CT) into the semiconducting material (TiO2) as well as the electron injection process. With a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.46% (VOC = 0.718V, JSC = 7.07mAcm-2, and FF = 0.68), the D2 compound also demonstrated good photovoltaic (PV) properties. These findings unequivocally demonstrate that altering the D-π-A metal-free organic material electron-withdrawing capacity is a useful strategy for enhancing the optical and electrical characteristics of the organic PV system.