Flat Stone Research Articles

광주 월계동 1·2호 장고분의 석실 구조 비교

This paper examines the successive relationships through the stone chamber structure and burial methods of the No. 1 and No. 2 keyhole-shaped tombs in Wolgye-dong, Gwangju, Both tombs have a central corridor design, featuring door frame-style structures, and the wall stones are stacked with flat stones. Also a common feature is the four-sided bracket system covered by flat stones, which caps the upper part of the tomb. However, the No.1 tomb is approximately 50 cm larger than the No.2 tomb, and the No.2 tomb differs in using large stones beneath the wall stones. Considering the scale, construction process of materials, and construction efficiency, it can be inferred that the No.2 tomb was built based on the No.1 tomb as a basic model. When examining the burial methods of the No. 1 and No. 2 tombs, the No. 1 tomb uses stone coffins without lids (1st burial) and wooden coffins (2nd and 3rd burial), while the No. 2 tomb employs wooden coffins. The stone coffins of the No. 1 tomb, characterized as open coffins, installed coffins, represent an organic space where burial rituals are held at the mound. In contrast, wooden coffins, characterized as confining coffins and carrying-in coffins, represent a mechanical space where empty burial rituals take place in a location other than the mound. Through this burial method analysis, the transition from stone coffins to wooden coffins indicates the influence of Baekje burial concepts, reflected from the No. 1 tomb to the No. 2 tomb.

ОСЕТИНСКИЕ БАШНИ-СВЯТИЛИЩА В УРОЧИЩЕ ЕРМАН

. The author describes the features of three towers in the Upper and Middle Erman Villages at the source of the Big Liakhva in South Ossetia, at an altitude of about 2200 m. The area was inhabited from the north, out of the Kurtaty Gorge. On the corners of these towers or on each side there is a series of graffiti, including 4–5 tamga-signs and solar signs. Such towers had an entrance oriented to the south and stood below the others. Next to them there were vacant areas and a small building. Those are probably sanctuary towers (dzuar mæsyg), but it was not their original function. The feature came about after diminishing the war dangers for towers owned by clans that had illustrious ancestors. Such towers usually belonged to the most influential clans. The prayers and sacrifices were performed by a few elderly men, and the kuvd feasts were held outside. To the right of the entrance was depicted the emblem of the lineages (sometimes surrounded by solar signs) to which the tower belonged, as well as 3–4 tamgasigns of other lineages. Sometimes near such a tower there was a flat stone on which participants in prayers and banquets wrote their initials

Evaluation of Agility in Indian Pittu Players: A Correlation Study

Introduction: Pittu is indigenous south Asian sports. These sports comprised of seven flat stones and ball therefore also known as “Seven Stones” game. Pittu performance has not been widely evaluated and no study till date has evaluated agility performance of pittu players. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the agility performance of both male and female pittu players. Our secondary aim was to evaluate correlation of agility with anthropometric variables of pittu players. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross sectional type of study, which was done on 49 pittu players between age group of 15-22 years. This study included 34 males and 15 female pittu players of different states & age group, came to Bhopal for attending Second Senior National Pittu Championship, organized by Madhya Pradesh Pittu Association under pittu Federation of India. Data consisting of anthropological variables was collected alongside with agility scores of each player. We assessed correlation between agility and anthropological variables. Results: There was a negative correlation found between agility and weight (0.037), agility and height (0.0001) & agility and muscle-mass (0.004). Conclusion: This study presents the data of anthropometric variables and agility of male and female Pittu Players. Further, the result from this study shows that there was a significant correlation of Illinois agility test with anthropological factors like weight, height and muscle mass of pittu players.

Habitat status of the Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) in Geruwa-Khaurahi River, Bardia National Park, Nepal

Smooth-coated Otter (SCO), a top predator and health indicator of the aquatic ecosystem is included as vulnerable on the IUCN red list and listed in Appendix I. Geruwa-Khaurahi River (GKR) was observed to determine the habitat status of SCO between Bardiya National Park (BNP) and Khata Corridor (KC), and to evaluate factors affecting the SCO habitat, data on habitat parameters and SCO signs were collected in each transect of 500 m. Principal component analysis was used for the most probable habitat parameter selection. An SCO group of eight was observed at Lalmati on the broad, shallow, and fast-flowing GKR with a sandy island and a flat stone bank with a vast escape distance. All signs were found on the sandy shoreline of the riverine forest with nearby tall Saccharum coverage over a narrow escape cover with a gentle bank slope. Diversions of water from the Geruwa River to the narrow and shallow Khaurahi River resulted in fast-flowing water where SCO pugmarks were found abundant. But at KC, human disturbances, over-fishing, river mining, and infrastructures have made the river unsuitable for SCO. SCO preferred dense riverine forests where the gentle riverbank has sand and/or tall Saccharum in between a narrow escape distance. Also, the narrow river with shallow depth and slow flow of good water quality was preferred by SCO. Lastly, with minimal human disturbance, further study on feeding ecology and population dynamics is requisite to conserve the suitable habitat of the SCO.

Alu Katentong performance, history, form, and function at a wedding event in Padang Laweh

Alu Katentong is a traditional Minangkabau art that persists in Nagari Padang Laweh, Tanah Datar Regency. The purpose of this research is to establish that Alu Katentong is an essential and meaningful element in a wedding ceremony. This qualitative study employs a descriptive analysis approach. Data collection techniques include literature review, observation, interviews, documentation, and triangulation. Data analysis involves data clarification, reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research findings demonstrate that the inclusion of Alu Katentong in wedding ceremonies is a prerequisite for adhering to local customs and traditions, as well as for the preservation of local culture. The performance elements encompass the following: The function of Alu Katentong art serves as a traditional complement to the wedding ceremony procession, provides entertainment and spectacle, functions as a means of communication, acts as a unifying force in society, contributes to cultural preservation, and serves as a medium for educating the community. The presentation takes the form of a coordinated ensemble arrangement comprising several alu, lasuang, and flat stones in a circular formation facing forward (lasuang). This artistic performance commences at noon following various wedding processions leading up to the manjapuik and maanta marapulai procession.

MLIBT: A multi-level improvised binarization technique for Tamizhi inscriptions

The Tamizhi inscriptions, one of the earliest ever discovered, is predominantly found on memorial stones and caves which dates 5th century BCE to 3rd century CE. Today’s generations need ways to interpret the script in order to know the historical figures and events because the Tamizhi script evolved into the modern Tamil script over time. Currently, only few epigraphists are available to manually decode the inscriptions into modern Tamil. Hence, there is a need for an alternate way to preserve this cultural heritage. Image processing is one such digital technology that enables binarization on inscription images, and the retrieved text may then be utilized to convert them to the needed target language. Nevertheless, binarization of Tamizhi inscription images are highly complex due to aging, environmental factors, handwritten, similar foreground & background and uneven size and shapes of the stones. Also, due to the small dataset, deep learning techniques are inapplicable. Furthermore, existing approaches produce poor results for Tamizhi inscriptions since they can only be used on flat stone backgrounds and require sufficient light illumination for effective binarization. This research suggests a multi-level improvised binarization solution for Tamizhi inscription images to address these challenges. It achieves this utilizing post-processing with shrink and swell filters together with an improved median filter with modified adaptive thresholding. Outperforming the current binarization techniques, which achieved a maximum accuracy of about 74%, MLIBT produced an accuracy of around 92.19%.

Situs Megalitik Tanjung Telang, Kabupaten Lahat: Kajian Bentuk Dan Fungsi.

Abstract
 This article is entitled Megalithic site Tanjung Telang, Lahat Regency: Study of Form and Function. This article aims to examine the from and function at the Tanjung Telang megalithic site, Lahat Regency, South Sumatra Province. This article uses the historical research method (historical method). This article uses the following stages: heuristics, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results of the research in this article say that in Lahat Regency there are many thousands of megalithic sites with various unique shapes and different sizes and have a certain meaning for each site found. Lahat Regency has a hilly area and a very fertile area, namely Bukit Selero which was trusted by the people in the past as a reminder that there is still a God above humans so humans must remain humble. Tanjung Telang Village, West Merapi District, Lahat Regency, South Sumatra, Found megalithic cultural relics inthe form of the Tanjung Telang Human Statue, Megalithic Flat Stone and Menhirs. The heritage site in the form of megalithic culture is located with in the environment of West Merapi 2 Junior High School, in the highlands (hills), shrubs, and is located in the community’s coffe garden.

SLAB GRAVE BURIAL CULTURE AND THE HUN (XIONGNU) CONNECTION

The oldest state known to have been founded by the ancestors of the Turks is the Asian Hun State. The earliest records on the Huns date back to 2070 BC and are based on the legendary story of the Xia Hou Dynasty, of which the first known ruler was Chunwei. In Chinese sources, separate from this legend, the nomads who came from the north and raided Chinese lands were called Rong, Di, Shan Rong, Quan Yi, and Quan Rong. Accordingly, the ancestors of the Huns were called Northern Di in general, Xunyu in the Xia period, Guifang in the Yin period, Xianyun in the Zhou period and Xiongnu in the Han period. Of these, the Rong and Di were relocated west of the Yellow River after they were defeated by the Zhou Dynasty, and they were divided into two as Red Di and White Di. The Rong, Di and Yi tribes are mentioned in the northern lands of China before 771-481 BC. One of the tribes mentioned in Chinese sources and subjugated by Modu is the Dinglings who were later referred to as Toles in Turkic inscriptions. During the northern and western expeditions of Modu in 201 BC, it was named for the first time with the Kyrgyz. They were recorded by Chinese sources as having settled around Baikal Lake as nomadic people. This is the main subject of our article. It is stated by many researches that the ancestors of the Dinglings are the community who created the Andronovo Culture. Starting from the Bronze Age and continuing throughout the Iron Age, shallow slabs of wide granite were placed around graves, a tradition which seems to have spread as far as the Orkhun region. The graves of this cultural period which date back to 1000 BC and are thought to have connections with the Karasuk Culture on the one hand and the Glazkov Culture on the other hand. They are of great importance, especially since they were also utilized by the Huns. Their developments beyond Khakassia are very important since those are the lands where they were last seen after Andronovo Culture. Although scholars have rejected the claim that the Huns are the ancestors of the Mongols, in terms of anthropological and material culture Huns have connections with the nomadic Europoids of the Baikal and Yenisey region. In this respect, cultural development continued towards Baykal and Otuken. With this study, we will discuss the period of Slab Grave Culture or Flat Stone Grave Culture, which has not yet been specifically studied in Turkey. Through this analysis, we will reveal important links with the Huns and other pre-cultures, then reveal their relations in terms of burial culture and material remains. In this respect, the connections of the Andronovo, Begaz Dandybai, Karasuk and Slab Grave and the characteristics of the Hun graves and cultural continuity in the directions of the area extending from the Kazakhstan, Yenisey and Baykal triangle to Mongolia will be elaborated upon. Cultural continuity will also be shown in terms of material remains, especially the tomb structure style. According to Chinese sources, there is plenty to learn about the early Turkic tribes’ presence in this region.

Situs-Situs Megalitik di Desa Padangratu, Kecamatan Buay Pematangbiru, Kabupaten OKU Selatan : Tinjauan Bentuk Lahan dan Material

The Padangratu area have landforms formed as a result of natural and human activities. Within the Padangratu area, archaeological remains made from various materials are scattered. The problem is the shape of the land and materials in the Padangratu area. The method used is a qualitative method with exploratory and descriptive research types. The results of the research show that in the Padangratu area there are megalithic buildings and artifacts spread across the Jurun, Langkat, Putor, Tanjung and Tanjung Mandak sites. These sites are spread across the plateau at an altitude of 0 to 1000 meters above sea level. Putor, Langkat and Tanjung hamlets are at an altitude of 500 masl to 750 masl, while Jurun Hamlet is at an altitude of 750 masl to 1000 masl. This location is on a very gentle slope (3%-7%) to quite steep (14%-20%), especially in an area where the erosion rate is very low. In the Padangratu area, 47 flat stones, 3 dolmens, 1 stone bracelet, 1 stone mortar were found which were generally made of tuff. Apart from that, stone mortars made of pumice, square axes made of chalcedony, obsidian fragments and clay pottery containers were found. These materials are volcanic materials obtained from the area around Lake Ranau. Apart from that, the Padangratu area is located in the stratifigraphy of the Ranau rock formation which contains tufa, pumice and clay materials.

Geometric accuracy investigations of terrestrial laser scanner systems in the laboratory and in the field

This paper summarizes recent research into current terrestrial laser scanners undertaken by the HafenCity University Hamburg and gives an assessment of the geodetic accuracy of the latest generation of scanners. Three separate independent test methods are presented to investigate the geometric accuracy of terrestrial laser scanners under laboratory conditions: (a) distance measurement accuracy to b/w targets and spheres on the 20-m comparator track, (b) comparison of spatial distances in the 3D test field on b/w targets, and (c) investigation of the flatness deviation following the guideline VDI/VDE 2634 (VDI/VDE 2012) on a flat stone slab. The following laser scanners were tested in the lab: Leica BLK360 (2017), Leica RTC360 (2019), Z+F IMAGER 5016 (2019, 2020), Z+F IMAGER 5010 (2020), and Faro Focus3D X330 (2020). The reference measurements were realised with the Leica Absolute Tracker AT960 (2017, 2020) and with the Leica TS60 total station (2019). The results of the geometric accuracy tests in the laboratory show very small deviations in the range of 1–2 mm for most of the scanners, thus corresponding to the manufacturer’s specifications. In addition, five laser scanners were tested in accordance with instruction sheet 7-2014 of the German Society for Geodesy, Geoinformation and Land Management (DVW) for standardised testing of terrestrial laser scanners in the outdoor area of HafenCity University Hamburg. For the execution of the field test procedure, only the standard equipment and software of the respective manufacturers were used. The entire field test procedure, including data acquisition and evaluation, was completed within 4 to 5 h for each scanner. As expected, no significant distance or angle deviations were detected in any of the measurement systems, so that the tested laser scanners are ready-to-use, taking into account the measurement volume recorded.

Itria Valley (Apulia, Italy): Comparison of limestones for the construction and restoration of “Trulli” roofing

The high concentration and cultural relevance of dry-built constructions in a territory such as Itria Valley, in Apulia (southern Italy), which was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996, make such constructions especially valuable, and raise the matter of conservation through the accurate selection and treatment of natural stone materials. The original and traditional way of construction (more precisely, the roofing of trulli) relies on the use of flat stones, ‘chiancarelle’, which are commonly taken from local accumulations (‘specchie’) or quarried from shallow embankments. Recently, the trend has shifted towards the use of sawn stones, which are less expensive since they do not need to be shaped by artisans. The scope of this study is to compare the mechanical performance of chiancarelle and sawn stones, to find whether correlation trends can be found between the technological properties of such stones, and to assess whether ageing cycles can produce variations in the mechanical behaviour of sawn stones. Finally, the results obtained allow the identification of the tested material and its geological origin, as well as the correlation with mechanical and technological properties.

The Temptation of St. Anthony, and: Proof Cali, 1966

The Temptation of St. Anthony, and: Proof Cali, 1966 Catalina Ocampo Londoño (bio) The Temptation of St. Anthony If we'd known St. Anthony was a woman, the story would've been very different—Bosch struck in us the fear of catfish capable of dismantling a house, or of that herd of jugs gathering in the near distance. * There is a story about the first time my grandmother tried to elope--how she waited at the balcony for my grandfather to wedge nísperos and paper in the recessed niche of her house's dry-stone fence. Whenever my family tells the story of the night she left, they like to insist on the predictable monastery that followed, though I would rather linger on her desire; dark hands breaking a wall of loquat skin, or tending to something with crickets' feet, intent on disrobing its scales. * My grandmother's courage lets me picture it otherwise: two women with goblets around a flat stone in the desert. Whenever they're together it invites the barefoot funnels and the landlocked vessels with their gills. Everything that wants it can have a bat's wing or a letter in its beak. The trees are bringing all their usual gifts; my body still hatching wants to take hold of hers, and lift off with a flock of carp and feathered caravels. [End Page 89] Proof Cali, 1966 We call it la foto de las tres reinas magas— my aunt, my mother, and a friend with legs side-saddle at the stone-edge of a pool. Behind my mother's head a canna lily fans out like a crown, long leafed and exorbitant; of these three queens she'd been the one to offer gold—sure magic for walking through walls. But it's her sister who brings the gift: her line of sight crosses my mother to fall on the friend, pleasure dawning on my aunt's face as if she'd caught the scent of balsam, sweet and aromatic. When all that's left of my aunt's body is lightI want to offer up this photograph as proof through generations in which eyes alone had room to want to reach into the shaded triangle above a woman's thigh. Maybe my aunt had to journey this far to touchthe body desired, to taste its sap, bitter where it slits, but satisfying like a tincture you take because it's good for you, [End Page 90] because it moves the blood or salves the ache of a persistent wound. [End Page 91] Catalina Ocampo Londoño Catalina Ocampo Londoño is a queer writer, educator, and translator, born and raised in Bogotá, Colombia. She holds an MFA in Creative Writing from Queens University of Charlotte and a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from Brown University. Her poems, translations, and scholarly work have appeared in Review Magazine, Revista Iberoamericana, and Pterodáctilo, among other publications. She is a Member of the Faculty at the Evergreen State College where she teaches writing, Latin American studies, and Spanish. She currently lives with her sons and partner in Tacoma, WA. Copyright © 2022 Pleiades and Pleiades Press

Ещё одно изображение лошади с финальнопалеолитической стоянки Гройч у Г. Айленбурга (округ Северная Саксония)

The Kapellenberg east of Groitzsch near Eilenburg has been known as a site from the late Magdalenian for over 70 years. In 1958, a small, engraved slab of slate was found from there, which showed a total of three figures of horses (two on front side, one on back side). A recent review of the artifacts excavated in 1958 “discovered” another horse engraving on a similarly sized, rectangular, flat stone slab (tuffite), which was not recognized at the time. The archaeologist at the time called the small stone slab a “sketch sheet” because he noticed scratched lines but did not recognize them as a depiction of a horse (in the publication of the excavations on the Kapellenberg, the stone was shown upside down, the horse's head is there below, see H. Hanitzsch 1972, Table 76, No. 4). In contrast to the well-known stone engraving with the three horses, the image that has now been discovered follows the usual canon of depictions of horses from the late Magdalenian period, as the horse has a typical standing mane and the usual beard. The strongly marked back line and the slightly weaker chest-belly line are clearly visible to the naked eye. Equally recognizable are the long, standing mane and the beard, which is roughly executed with six to seven strokes. The incised lines of the belly and the back are clearly visible in the broken edge of the small stone slab. Whether the entire horse was depicted on a larger tuffite slab at the time the horse was made is a difficult question to answer. The head and body of the newly discovered horse have a special look, the whole depicted body is elongated and narrow. This type of depiction is more common in Paleolithic depictions of horses in Central Germany. The relatively large number of horse depictions within the art mobilier in Central Germany reflects the intensive occupation of people at the end of the Ice Age with their primary hunting prey, the horse.

On the uniqueness of the Dongal type sites

To solve a number of problems in the ancient history of not only Kazakhstan, but also the adjacent regions, it is extremely important to study the sites of the period of transition from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. The range of such sites includes the settlement of Dongal, located 208 km southeast of the city of Karaganda (Karkaralinsky district, Karaganda region), which was explored by an archaeological expedition of the Karagandy University of the name academician E.A. Buketov. Excavations have revealed the preserved lower parts of the walls of the dwellings, formed by horizontal laying of flat stones. Due to this, it was established that the dwellings had a rectangular shape, the walls were lined with stone slabs from the inside. In the center of each building was a hearth, which was a pit surrounded by stone blocks along the perimeter. Utility and pillar pits were located on the floor. The entrances to the dwellings were in the form of an L-shaped corridor. The discovered inventory includes various stone (pestles, graters, polishers, scrapers), bone (scutchers) and bronze (rivets, a fragment of a knife) tools. An archaeozoological analysis of the found animal bones showed that horse breeding was the leading branch of the economy of the inhabitants of the settlement. In the second place was the breeding of cattle, in the third — sheep breeding. Ceramics and the inventory of the settlement have analogies in the settlements of the Sargary-Alekseevsk culture of the Late Bronze Age. At the same time, the essential distinctive features of housebuilding and the ceramic complex allowed the author to single out sites like Dongal into a special type related to the common steppe cultures during the transition from the Final Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. It is possible that it is on the basis of this community thatthe cultures of the Scythian-Saka world develop.

Petrological Properties of Flat Stones from the Obongsan Mountain Quarry Used for Flooring in Ondol

The purpose of this study is to scientifically analyze the rocks of the Obongsan Mountain in Boseong, Jeollanam-do, which contains the largest extant quarry of Gudlejang (flat stone for heating) in Korea, and to scientifically determine the petrological characteristics of the area and the reasons for its use as a quarry. The rocks in the quarry are composed of light-green lapilli tuff, containing various types of lithic fragments and crystalline fragments in a vitreous matrix consisting of the fine feldspar crystals. The main constituent minerals were identified as quartz, plagioclase, mica, chlorite and opaque minerals. When the major element compositions were plotted on a Na2O+K2O versus SiO2 diagram, all samples were situated in the same compositional area as rhyolite. In addition, the result of magnetic susceptibility measurement also showed a similar range of values, of 1.30 ∼ 4.85 (×10<sup>-3</sup> SI), indicating that samples were fractionated from the same magma. Both rock types showed similar apparent specific gravity values of 2.32 ~ 2.60. In particular, plate-shaped joints are well developed in the Obongsan Mountain area, and many areas exhibit talus terrain. In conclusion, the rocks of this area is interpreted to used for a site of Gudlejang quarrying, because the rocks were easily obtainable due to the terrain characteristics, and their petrological properties made them suitable for use as Gudlejang stone.

Enterolithiasis in a 15 Year Old Dongola Breed Stallion

Equine enteroliths are mineral accumulations of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate (struvite) around a foreign object that form round, triangular, or flat stones inside the bowel usually over the course of multiple years. They form in the large colon of horses where they can remain for some time until they move and cause an obstruction in the large or small colon, resulting in colic. A 15year old Dongola stallion was presented with a bout of colic, history revealed that the horse repeatedly had been having recurrent bouts of colic. The animal was not responding to treatment rather it was getting worse. The horse died before surgical intervention could be carried out. At post mortem twenty enteroliths were discovered in the colon.

RESEARCH OF THE DONGAL SETTLEMENT IN THE KARAGANDA REGION

The Dongal settlement is located 208 km southeast of the city of Karaganda, in the Kent mountains, on the left bank of the river Kyzylkenysh, a tributary of the river Taldy. The author carried out excavations of several dwellings of the settlement, thanks to which the structure of their walls and the features of the internal interior were established. The dwellings were rectangular in plan, corridor-shaped entrances and pentagonal hearths of stone slabs placed on the edge. The walls were furnished from the inside with flat stone slabs and were filled with ash. Tools made of stone and bone, a bronze rivet, and a fragment of a bronze knife were found in and around the dwellings. Based on the essential features of ornamentation and forms of clay vessels of the Dongal settlement, its architecture, the author singled out the Dongal type of sites dated from the time of the transition from the Final Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. At the same time, the ornament and the technology of making ceramics have a certain similarity with the ceramic complex of the Sargary-Alekseevsk culture (the Late Bronze Age), which indicates their genetic relationship.

The density of Siasia (Sipunculus nodus) population based on the differences in the substrate of the sea grasses beds on the waters of Saparua Island

Sipuncula, a marine biota which is commonly called a peanut worm, is a marine biota that is a little "controversial". Some literature also refers to these animals as "unsegmented marine worms" or unsegmented marine worms. Siasia (Sipunculus nodus) usually lives in coastal areas, especially around seagrass beds, mangrove forests, and coral reefs. These biotas tend to inhabit the bottom of the waters, especially in the substrate, so they are categorized as infauna benthic organisms. Siasia (S. nodus) can inhabit soft and hard substrate areas. Based on its ecological function, seagrass forms associations with various kinds of marine life as food providers, shelters, and places to live, causing high diversity of marine life. The basic substrate in the form of flat stones and gravel is a good living environment for macrozoobenthos because it is rich in organic compounds so it has a big population density and diversity.The bottom of the waters in the form of sand and fine sediment is not a good living environment for benthic animals. Factors affecting density and diversity are environmental conditions, habitat, and diet. The same factors also affect the nutritional content of Siasia (S. nodus). So, it is feared that when the population density of Siasia (S. nodus) becomes high in the water there will be competition for food which will have a direct impact on the nutritional content of Siasia (S. nodus). The population density of each water is different, so it is necessary to research the population density of Siasia (S. nodus) based on differences in the substrate of the seagrass area in the waters of Saparua Island, Maluku Province, Central Maluku Regency. The highest population density value of Siasia (Sipunculus nodus) in Saparua Island waters is found in Siri-sori State and the lowest is in Paperu Country.

The reachable regions construction for the inelastic anisotropic billiards

Modern methods of the ballistic design of space flights (entry of a spacecraft with non-zero aerodynamic quality into the planet’s atmosphere, carrying out gravity assist maneuvers around planets) are associated with the need to calculate a lot of trajectories (i.e. of the phase beams). For their effective use and determination of dynamically admissible reachability regions, it is necessary to identify and study the structure of accompanying singularities of the phase parameters and to construct the corresponding adequate and adaptive models. In this sense, the analogy of the motion of these systems with the singular motion of billiard systems turns out to be very fruitful. First of all, we are talking about anisotropic billiards with dissipation taken into account. In this work, we set and described the model problems about the flat stones skipping on the surface of the water (the ricochets) and an inelastic ball analogue which is bouncing or rolling on an imperfect surface in the presence of a side deviation effect. The main indicatrices types classification for the singular reflection from the plane surface is carried out. Model problems of the ricocheting pebble on the surface of the water surface and the inelastic ball bouncing or rolling on an imperfect surface in the presence of a side bouncing effect also the attainability region problem of the atmospheric entry are posed and described. The configurations of their maximum reachable regions are described

Stone grave in Sangihe Islands, North Sulawesi

Sangihe Island is one of the leading island in North Sulawesi, from the northern side this island borders Philippines. There are various types of archeological sites found here, including megalithic sites of stone grave. Local people call it lebbing, four-square box shaped by flat stone, some boxes used cover, but some not. The stone graves distributed in many areas, can be found in the southern side of Sangihe Island and also in the smaller islands around. The results show there are two types of stone grave with various variants, the stone grave used andesite stone slabs that shaped by sheeting joint materials that found from the same island area in Tanjung Tatonaha. The finding of many large stone grave in this area can be the evidence of leadership character with mutual cooperation.