Flat Space-time Theory Of Gravitation Research Articles

Gravitation in Flat Space-Time and Black Holes

Static, spherically symmetric bodies are studied by the use of flat space-time theory of gravitation. In empty space a singularity at a Euclidean distance from the centre can exist. But the radius of this singular sphere is smaller than the radius of the body. Hence, there is no event horizon, i.e. black holes do not exist. Escape of energy and information is possible. Flat space-time theory of gravitation and quantum mechanics do not contradict to one another.

Gravitation in Flat Space-Time and General Relativity

A covariant theory of gravitation in flat space-time is stated and compared with general relativity. The results of the theory of gravitation in flat space-time and of general relativity agree for weak gravitational fields to low approximations. For strong fields the results of the two theories deviate from one another. Flat space-time theory of gravitation gives under some natural assumptions non-singular cosmological models with a flat space. The universe contracts to a positive minimum and then it expands for all times. Shortly, after the minimum is reached, the cosmological models of two theories approximately agree with one another if models in general relativity with zero curvature are considered. A flat space is proved by experiments.

Cosmology with Bounce by Flat Space-Time Theory of Gravitation and a New Interpretation

General relativity predicts a singularity in the beginning of the universe being called big bang. Recent developments in loop quantum cosmology avoid the singularity and the big bang is replaced by a big bounce. A classical theory of gravitation in flat space-time also avoids the singularity under natural conditions on the density parameters. The universe contracts to a positive minimum and then it expands during all times. It is not symmetric with regard to its minimum implying a finite age measured with proper time of the universe. The space of the universe is flat and the total energy is conserved. Under the assumption that the sum of the density parameters is a little bit bigger than one the universe is very hot in early times. Later on, the cosmological model agrees with the one of general relativity. A new interpretation of a non-expanding universe may be given by virtue of flat space-time theory of gravitation.

Further Results of Flat Space-time Theory of Gravitation

Abstract The anomalous acceleration of spacecrafts in the solar system is explained. An explanation of the observed superluminal velocities of jets at extragalactic objects is given. The extension of quasars can be larger as generally assumed, i. e. quasars must not be very compact objects. An explanation of the high energy loss per unit time of quasars is given. The relation between the velocity of an object in the universe and its redshift is stated. All these results are received from cosmological models studied by flat space-time theory of gravitation and the post-Newtonian approximation of perfect fluid in these cosmological models where clocks at earlier times are going faster than at present.

Cosmological Post-Newtonian Approximation in Flat Space-Time Theory of Gravitation

The 1-post-Newtonian approximation of perfect fluid in cosmological models of the theory of gravitation in flat space-time is studied. The equations of motion are given in evolution form. At high redshifts the terms of post-Newtonian approximation are important in studying the development of inhomogeneities on scales smaller than galaxies but at present time these terms only take effect on very large scales.

On the Hubble Law in a Nonexpanding Nonstationary Universe with Cosmological Constant

A nonsingular, homogeneous, isotropic cosmological model with cosmological constant in flat space-time theory of gravitation is studied. The second law of thermodynamics yields a nonexpanding (nonstationary) universe without entropy production. At the beginning of the universe radiation, matter and vacuum energy given by the cosmological constant are zero and then emerge from gravitational energy. In the course of time the energy of radiation and matter decrease whereas the vacuum energy increases forever. Light emitted from a distant galaxy loses energy on his way to the observer producing the observed redshift. The velocity of light in the past is greater than the present one. This may explain superluminal velocities but only for large redshifts. The sum of the density parameters of matter, radiation and vacuum energy is a little greater than one. All the matter can be baryonic. There is no age problem of the universe.

Spherically symmetric cosmological perturbations in flat space-time theory of gravitation

The previously developed equations for the propagation of perturbations in a homogeneous, isotropic cosmological model are studied. At the beginning of the universe spherically symmetric inhomogeneities can arise. In the dust dominated universe the growth of spherically symmetric perturbations is given in form of infinite series. The increase of the inhomogeneity is faster than in general relativity.

Motion of a test particle in a nonstationary spherically symmetric gravitational field in flat space-time theory of gravitation

The previously studied 2-post-Newtonian approximation of the gravitational field of a nonstationary spherically symmetric star in flat space-time theory of gravitation is applied to the motion of a test particle in the orbit of the star. The orbit is different from the one of Einstein's general theory of relativity. A general formula for the deviation of the orbit from a circle is given. In the special case of a radially oscillating star, being homogeneous to Newtonian accuracy, the orbit of the test particle also oscillates radially with small amplitude about a fixed orbit (circle).

Theory of linear cosmological perturbations in flat space-time theory of gravitation

Covariant linear cosmological perturbations are considered in flat space-time theory of gravitation. The background metric is not altered. The perturbed energy-momentum is given. The basic equations for the propagation of the perturbations are presented. The perturbed equations for a homogeneous, isotropic universe are stated.

Nonsingular cosmological model with background field in flat space-time theory of gravitation

A previously studied theory of gravitation in flat space-time is applied to homogeneous, isotropic cosmological models. In addition to radiation a two-component fluid model consisting of dust and of a background field is studied. This universe starts from a nonsingular state and expands for ever. The energy of radiation, of dust and of the background are emerged from the gravitational energy. Entropy is produced. The age of the universe is infinite measured in units of absolute time whereas the proper-time of the universe is finite. The sum of the density parameters of dust, of radiation and of the background field is about one. There is no flatness and no monopole problem.

Post-newtonian approximation of a nonstationary spherically symmetric star in flat space-time theory of gravitation

Post-newtonian approximation of a nonstationary spherically symmetric star in flat space-time theory of gravitation

2-post-Newtonian approximation of a nonstationary spherically symmetric star in flat space-time theory of gravitation

Starting from a previously stated theory of gravitation in flat space-time the 2-post-Newtonian approximation of a nonstationary spherically symmetric star is derived. The theory forces retarded effects for one part of the solutions of the 2-post-Newtonian approximation. The equations of motion and the conserved total energy of a nonstationary star are given up to 2-post-Newtonian order. The solution in the exterior of the body is studied to this accuracy. Birkhoff's theorem is violated. For the special case of a static spherically symmetric star we get deviations of the exterior solution in the 2-post-Newtonian approximation relative to Einstein's theory.

Post-newtonian gravitational radiation from binary systems in flat space-time theory of gravitation

For a previously studied theory of gravitation in flat space-time a general formula of the gravitational radiation at large distances from a system of bodies is derived. The calculations are carried out through post-Newtonian order within this theory of gravitation. A more explicit formula is given for a binary system. It agrees with the result of general relativity.

Relativistic Newtonian gravity: an improved version

In view of a serious error found in a recent article by Biswas (1988) an improved version of the author's flat spacetime theory of gravitation has been presented. Twofold modifications to Biswas' theory (BT) have been suggested. Firstly, to obtain particle trajectories, instead of using Biswas' noncovariant Hamiltonian formulation, a covariant Lagrangian formulation has been developed to obtain the equation of motion of test objects. Secondly, the nongeneral-relativistic field equations of BT have also been modified. It has been shown that with these changes the present theory when applied to a matter-free spherically symmetric situation, produces correct values for the advance of the perihelion of Mercury's orbit and bending of light near the Sun. The energy integral for a particle trajectory has been calculated. This has been used to obtain the general red shift formula. A brief survey of some other flat spacetime theories of gravitation is also presented, to demonstrate how in spite of its error, BT stands out in sharp contrast in its ability to provide a direction along which a viable relativistic theory of gravitation can be obtained.

Angular momentum and gyroscope in flat space-time theory of gravitation

The study of a previously proposed theory of gravitation in flat space-time (Petry, 1981a) is continued. A conservation law for the angular momentum is derived. Additional to the usual form, there must be added a term coming from the spin of the gravitational field. The equations of motion and of spin angular momentum for a spinning test particle in a gravitational field are given. An approximation of the equations of the spin angular momentum in the rest frame of the test particle is studied. For a gyroscope in an orbit of a rotating massive body (e.g., the Earth) the precession of the spin axis agrees with the result of Einstein's general theory of relativity.

On the Interactions of Birkhoff's Gravitational Field with the Electromagnetic and Pair Fields

The flat space-time theory of gravitation proposed by G. D. Birkhoff is discussed from the standpoint of a field theory and, in particular, the interaction of Birkhoff's field with other fields is developed. This interaction is shown to take place through the interaction Lagrangian function ${h}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$, and when applied to the electromagnetic and pair fields, it leads to a modification of the Maxwell and Dirac equations. These modified equations determine a change in the index of refraction and a shift of the energy levels of the atom, which account for the bending of light and the red shift in gravitational phenomena. Furthermore, they predict a gravitational correction to the magnetic moment associated with the spin and orbital motion of the electron.