Flat Ridges Research Articles

Impact of Crop Establishment Methods on the Growth and Yield Performance of Maize Varieties in the Kharif Season

A field trial was carried out in Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, during the Kharif season to evaluate the performance of maize varieties using various planting methods. The study included five distinct planting techniques: Flat, Bed, Ridgetop, Ridge mid-slope and Broad Ridge mid-slope both sides. Two maize varieties were tested: the composite PSM-1 and the hybrid DKC 9144. Results showed that the Broad Ridge mid-slope on both sides method led to the highest growth parameters, including; plant height, stem girth and dry matter accumulation per plant. During both the years, the Broad Ridge mid-slope planting method led to notable increase in plant height (7% and 6.1%), stem girth (5.25 & 4.67 cm) and dry matter accumulation (13.6% & 20.7%) respectively when compared to the flat planting method. Among the varieties, the hybrid DKC 9144 exhibited greater height, stem girth, more dry matter accumulation, grain and stover yields compared to the composite PSM-1. The findings suggest that the broad ridge mid-slope planting method, and hybrid variety DKC 9144, was the most effective and viable strategy for Kharif maize production in tarai region.

Effect of Raised Flat Bed and Ridge Planting on Wheat Crop Growth and Yield under Varying Soil Moisture Depletions

Crop yields remain significantly low in underdeveloped countries, such as Pakistan, primarily due to the prevalent use of traditional farming methods by most farmers. Resource-saving strategies, like ridge and raised flat bed systems, could boost water use efficiency and production per acre. However, further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of these methods, along with different levels of soil moisture depletion (SMD), on wheat development in the climatic conditions of Sindh Province. Thus, field trials were undertaken at Sindh Agriculture University’s Tandojam for two years (2022 and 2023) during the wheat growing seasons. The experiment included six treatments, viz., T1 (raised flat bed method under 40% depletion), T2 (ridge method under 40% depletion), T3 (raised flat bed method under 50% depletion), T4 (ridge method under 50% depletion), T5 (raised flat bed method under 60% depletion), and T6 (ridge method under 60% depletion). The bed planter was employed to make raised flat beds, and the ridges were prepared using a ridge planter. Wheat variety (TJ-83) was sown. Under all treatments, the plant population, plant height, and seed index were statistically significant (p < 0.05), although spike length, grain spikes−1, and grain weight spikes−1 were non-significant at different SMD levels. To compute water saving through the ridge and raised flat methods, the recommended delta value for wheat crops under the traditional method was used as a benchmark. Both irrigation technologies conserve water compared to traditional irrigation methods. The T5 treatment conserved the most water, followed by T6. Under a 60% depletion level, the ridge approach produced the highest yield of 2175 kg ha−1, compared to 601 kg ha−1 with the raised flat bed method. The best crop water productivity (CWP) of 1.34 kg m−3 was achieved under T6, whereas raised flat beds attained the lowest CWP of 0.27 kg m−3 under T1. In terms of wheat grain production and CWP, the ridge furrow method outperformed the raised flat bed furrow method. Based on the results, it is recommended that farmers should use the ridge furrow method and allow a 60% depletion of soil moisture to obtain a high yield of wheat crops.

Effect of Planting Methods and Weed Control Treatments on Weed Dynamics, Yield and Economics of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.)

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.), during the 2019 kharif season to investigate the effects of different planting methods and weed control treatments on the weeds, growth, yield, and economics of green gram. The field experiment followed a split-plot design with three planting methods as main plot treatments (broadcasting on a flat bed, line sowing on a flat bed, and ridge and furrow) and five weed management practices as sub-plot treatments (Pendimethalin 1000 g/ha, Diclosulam 26 g/ha, Imazethapyr 75 g/ha, hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS and weedy check), replicated thrice. The experimental field was primarily infested with narrow-leaved weeds such as Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa spp., and Dactyloctenium aegyptium, and broad-leaved weeds like Digera arvensis, Celosia argentea, Commelina benghalensis, and Phyllanthus niruri. Among the herbicidal treatments, Imazethapyr at 75 g/ha effectively controlled both narrow-leaved and broad-leaved weeds, resulting in the lowest weed index. The ridge and furrow planting method recorded the highest values in growth parameters, yield attributes, and seed yield, proving to be more remunerative compared to other methods. These findings indicate that the combination of ridge and furrow planting with effective weed management, particularly using Imazethapyr, optimizes green gram productivity and economic returns.

EFFECTS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING PRACTICES ON BIOMASS YIELD AND MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS OF SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) IN SEMI-ARID KITUI COUNTY, KENYA

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Sorghum is an important source of fodder in the semi-arid areas of Kenya. However, its biomass yield has remained low due to the low soil moisture content which is associated with low rainfall. <strong> Objective:</strong> To evaluate the synergistic effects of combining rainwater harvesting practices on biomass yield and the morphometric traits of sorghum in semi-arid Kitui County. <strong>Methodology</strong>: The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design under rainfed conditions between March and August 2021 at the Research Farm of South Eastern Kenya University. It had twelve treatments, including three farming systems (conventional flat planting, ridge and furrow, and zai pits) with three soil mulching types (transparent plastic film mulch, black plastic film mulch, and grass mulch). The farming systems without mulching were used as control treatments. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated using Fisher’s protected Least Significant Difference test at 0.05 %. <strong>Results:</strong> The zai pits with black plastic film mulch and flat planting with grass mulch had the highest and lowest moisture content of 68.65% and 52.5% respectively compared to flat planting. The highest biomass yield was observed in ridge-furrow with black plastic film mulch (3283.33kg ha-<sup>1</sup>) and ridge–furrow with transparent plastic film mulch (3266.03) and was not significantly different. The lowest biomass yield was recorded in conventional flat planting and zai pits and was not significantly different. In all treatments, there was a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in morphometric traits. <strong>Implications: </strong>The farming system and the type of soil mulching determined the increase of soil moisture content, biomass yield, and morphometric traits. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Combining ridge-furrow and black plastic mulch is recommended to improve the biomass yield of sorghum in semi-arid Kitui County, and other areas with similar agroecological conditions.</p>

The Multi‐Scale Response of the Eddy Kinetic Energy and Transport to Strengthened Westerlies in an Idealized Antarctic Circumpolar Current

AbstractThe Southern Ocean's eddy response to changing climate remains unclear, with observations suggesting non‐monotonic changes in eddy kinetic energy (EKE) across scales. Here simulations reappear that smaller‐mesoscale EKE is suppressed while larger‐mesoscale EKE increases with strengthened winds. This change was linked to scale‐wise changes in the kinetic energy cycle, where a sensitive balance between the dominant mesoscale energy sinks—inverse KE cascade, and source—baroclinic energization. Such balance induced a strong (weak) mesoscale suppression in the flat (ridge) channel. Mechanistically, this mesoscale suppression is attributed to stronger zonal jets weakening smaller mesoscale eddies and promoting larger‐scale waves. These EKE multiscale changes lead to multiscale changes in meridional and vertical eddy transport, which can be parameterized using a scale‐dependent diffusivity linked to the EKE spectrum. This multiscale eddy response may have significant implications for understanding and modeling the Southern Ocean eddy activity and transport under a changing climate.

Ecological and agricultural assessment of the state of forage lands of boreal river floodplains in the oil-producing region (case study in the floodplain of the Kolva River, Usinsky district, Komi Republic)

Floodplain forage lands of the Pechora basin (Usinsky district of the Komi Republic) are experiencing a complex anthropogenic impact associated with both agricultural activity and pollution with petroleum products coming with flood waters. An ecological and agricultural assessment of the soil-vegetation cover of the Kolva floodplain used as hayfield (right-bank part) and pasture (left-bank part) was carried out. Soil combinations of the main part of the surveyed floodplain include alluvial sod, sod-meadow and meadow soils. Morphological signs of gley formation in meadow soils are observed in the lower part of the soil profile and are expressed moderately. Soils are characterized generally by favorable agrochemical and morphological properties, with the exception of areas subjected to pasture digression. The vegetation cover of the central and near-river part of the floodplain massif of the right bank is mainly represented by legume-cereal-grass communities formed both in inter-ridge depressions and on flat ridges. On the high floodplain of the left bank, legume-cereal-grass meadows, grass-clover and tufted hairgrass meadows are common, horsetail–butterbur, clover-cereal and cereal communities are common in the near-river part of the left bank. Despite the relatively high productivity and the presence of valuable forage species of cereals and legumes, the qualitative characteristics of hay deviate from optimal ones due to the participation of low-nutritious, unattractive, weedy and poisonous species in the herbage. On the pasture, as a result of pasture digression, there is a decrease in species diversity with the dominance of tufted hairgrass and low-value species of various grasses. In the most disturbed areas, the total projective vegetation coverage is reduced to 50%. The soil cover of the studied territory of the Kolva floodplain is currently not contaminated with hydrocarbons, with the exception of a few spots of petroleum products with a total area of 6 m2. The effect of oil pollution on the vegetation cover of the Kolva floodplain is not manifested. Background values of the content of petroleum products in soils are slightly higher in the left-bank part compared to the right-bank part.

High-quality germanium growth on (111)-faceted V-groove silicon by molecular beam epitaxy

High-quality and low-defect-density germanium (Ge) buffer layers on silicon (Si) substrates have long been developed for group IV and III–V devices by suppressing defect propagation during epitaxial growth. This is a crucial step for the development of highly efficient photonic devices on Si substrates. Patterned silicon substrates have increasingly been employed for their ability to restrict and hinder the motion of defects. In this work, we demonstrate the effectiveness of an optimised two-step growth recipe structure on a (111)-faceted V-groove silicon substrate with a 350 nm flat ridge. This strategy successfully reduces the threading dislocation (TD) density while growing a 1 μm Ge buffer layer via molecular beam epitaxy. As a result, a high-quality buffer is produced with a low TD density on the order of 107 cm−2 and a surface roughness below 1 nm.

Comparative Analysis of Morphological and Biochemical Traits in Fragaria × ananassa (Cv. Chandler) under Varied Cultivation Systems

The present research was carried out at Khalsa college Amritsar during 2018-19 to investigate the effect of different cultivation systems on the morphological and biochemical attributes of strawberry cv. Chandler under subtropical conditions of Punjab. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block design by using eight treatments, each comprising three replications. The different planting systems including flat beds, raised beds, ridges, soilless media, polythene bags, cement pots, plastic crates and low poly tunnels were employed during this research. The runners of strawberry collected from Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, were utilized for the experiment. The morphological parameters such as fruit size, weight, number of achenes and biochemical parameters like Total soluble solids, acidity, sugars and ascorbic acid content were analyzed. The results of this present study revealed that maximum fruit length, breath, number of achenes were observed underlow poly tunnels. Similarly, the maximum TSS, total sugar content, ascorbic acid and minimum acidity level was recorded under low under poly tunnels. These outcomes strongly suggest the superiority of utilizing low poly tunnels for strawberry cultivation, emphasizing their potential to enhance both morphological traits and biochemical compositions compared to the other employed planting systems.

Macroscopic and Microscopic Anatomical Characteristics of Six Korean Oak Species

The macroscopic and microscopic anatomical characteristics of wood impact its utilization. This study investigated and compared the anatomical characteristics of six Korean oak wood species: Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica, Quercus dentata, Quercus aliena, and Quercus acutissima. Microscopic anatomical characteristics were evaluated according to the International Association of Wood Anatomists’ list for hardwood identification. Q. variabilis had a corky bark texture, with a color similar to that of Q. serrata. Flat ridges and shallow-fissured barks were observed in Q. serrata and Q. mongolica. The heartwood color was darker than that of sapwood in all species, with color variations. Q. variabilis had heartwood–sapwood colors similar to those of Q. acutissima, while Q. mongolica and Q. aliena presented similar heartwood–sapwood colors. Concerning microscopic features, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima exhibited similar latewood vessel arrangements, featuring diagonal and/or radial patterns. In contrast, dendritic-to-diagonal patterns of vessels with angular outlines were observed in Q. serrata, Q. mongolica, Q. dentata, and Q. aliena. Additionally, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima had vasicentric, confluent, and unilateral paratracheal axial parenchyma in the latewood. In summary, bark morphology, bark color, wood color, and latewood vessel characteristics can be used as identification keys for Korean oak species.

Topography-driven differences in soil N transformation constrain N availability in karst ecosystems

Fragile karst ecosystems are characterized by complex topographic landscapes associated with high variations in vegetation restoration. Identifying the characteristics and driving factors of nitrogen (N) availability across the topographic gradient is essential to guide vegetation restoration in karst regions. In this study, we collected soil samples and plant leaves along the topographic gradient (ridge, upper slope, middle slope, and foot slope) of convex slopes in the karst fault basin of southwest China, and determined the indicators reflecting soil N availability, N transformation rates, and their controlling factors. Our results showed that foliar N content and δ15N value, soil inorganic N content and δ15N value, and foliar N:P ratio were substantially lower on the steep hillslopes than on the flat top ridge. Steep slope soils also had a lower enzyme C:N ratio but a higher enzyme N:P ratio than the flat ridge soils. Furthermore, the vector angles calculated by soil extracellular enzyme analysis were below 45o in all studied soils and decreased significantly with increasing slope, indicating that microbial growth was generally limited by N. These results jointly suggest the declines in soil N availability across the topographic gradient, which are further explained by the changes in soil inherent N transformation processes. As the slope became steeper, soil mineralization and autotrophic nitrification (ONH4) rates decreased significantly, while ratio of microbial NH4+ immobilization to ONH4 and NH4+ adsorption rate increased significantly, indicating the decrease in soil inorganic N supply capacity. We further found that deteriorated soil structure, decreased soil organic matter and calcium content, altered microbial abundance, and increased ratios of fungi to bacteria and gram-positive bacteria to gram-negative bacteria were the primary drivers of reduced N transformation rates and N availability across the topographic gradient. Overall, this study highlights the critical role of the topography in controlling soil N availability by regulating N transformation processes in karst regions. The topography should be considered an important factor affecting the functions and services of karst ecosystems.

Effect of Conservation Agriculture Practices on Growth Attributes and Yield of Pigeonpea

A two-year field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichur in 2021 and 2022 was laid out in a Split-Split design with four main, two sub and two sub-sub treatments with three replications to evaluate effect of conservation agricultural practices on growth and yield of pigeonpea. The treatments with flat bed, Compartment bund, Ridge and furrow & Broad bed and furrow were takes on main, treatments with mulching and without mulching an sub treatment and FYM and RDF & FYM an sub-sub treatment. Among them ridges and furrow (M3) method along with mulching FYM and RDF was found to have positive influence of growth parameters viz., plant height, number of primary branches and total dry matter production at harvest stage. Adopting the ridge and furrow method can be an effective strategy for optimizing the grain yield (1555 kg ha-1 and 1599 kg ha-1) in 2021 and 2022 in pigeonpea crop respectively.

Soil Organic Carbon Turnover Response to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Additions in Eastern China: Evidence from Stable Carbon Isotopes

Anthropogenic activities have drastically increased nitrogen (N) deposition, resulting in increased N availability. The continuous increase of N availability may exacerbate phosphorus (P) deficiency, which would limit forest productivity in subtropical forests. Effects of long-time N and N + P additions on SOC turnover in subtropical forests is therefore crucial for understanding the global carbon (C) cycle. The argument of whether N and N + P addition accelerates or slows SOC turnover has been under debate, particularly in P-limited subtropical forests. This study mainly aims to confirm this argument. A ten-year field experiment was conducted in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in southern Anhui, China. We measured the soil δ13CSOC contents and physicochemical properties under N (100 kg N·ha−1·a−1), N + P (100 kg N ha−1·a−1 + 50 kg P ha−1·a−1) additions, and the control (CK, no N and P additions). We also estimated the β value, which represents the soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover rate, from the slope of the regression between the log10-transformed SOC content and δ13CSOC in soil depth profiles. Our findings revealed that N addition significantly affected soil δ13CSOC compared to CK on both mid-slope and flat ridge sites. The β values responded differently to various treatments and sites. On the mid-slope, the β values did not show significant change with N and N + P additions. On the flat ridge, however, the β value decreased significantly in N and N + P additions, implying an increased SOC turnover rate. In addition, analysis of soil C–N–P stoichiometric ratios and physicochemical properties showed that N and N + P additions could affect β values by modifying soil nutrient content and composition. In general, our findings indicate that N and N + P additions could accelerate the SOC turnover in subtropical forest ecosystems, albeit with close dependence on site-specific factors.

Comprehensive approach for highly resorbed mandibular ridge with complete denture

A 66-years-old female patient was referred to Dental Hospital of Hasanuddin University with a fractured lower den-ture that impaired patient’s masticatory ability. Clinical examination showed full edentulous in both maxilla and man-dible with flat mandibular ridge, absence of inflammatory signs, flabby tissues, and bone prominences as well. The treatment plan was fabrication of complete denture with semi-adjustable articulator and modification in impression technique in order to produce retentive dentures. Preliminary impression and fabrication of anatomic cast followed by bolder molding and physiological impression. Two-dots method was used to determine the maxillomandibular re-lation and measure vertical dimension. Position of the maxilla was transferred using facebow, which attached to the centric tray followed by mounting the cast on a semi-adjustable articulator with guidance from centric tray. Artificial teeth were arranged in lingualized occlusion scheme on wax-pattern and try-in was done. After processing, remount-ing and selective grinding were performed followed by finishing and polishing, and lastly with insertion of both den-tures. It is concluded that impression technique is one of the primary factors in management of flat mandibular ridge in order to utilize surrounding tissues to have both active and passive retention in dentures.

A Novel Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis Method Based on BLS and CNN with Attention Mechanism

In actual industrial application scenarios, noise pollution makes it difficult to extract fault features accurately via conventional methods. A novel method for rolling bearing fault diagnosis combining a convolutional neural network (CNN), an attention mechanism for a squeeze-and-excitation network (SENet) module and a broad learning system (BLS) is proposed (SECNN–BLS). The one-dimensional bearing vibration signal is processed by using multiple short-time Fourier transforms (STFT); the two-dimensional image in the time-frequency domain is used as the model input. In the CNN fault feature extraction process, SENet is introduced to replace the CNN convolution layer, and global information is obtained through the squeeze operation. Excitation operation captures the importance of image channels, assigns weights adaptively to improve the attention on important information and eliminates the interference of irrelevant features without increasing the spatial and temporal complexity. The weighted feature representation is then transferred to the BLS input. The BLS has the characteristics of a flat structure and ridge regression to quickly solve the weights; as a fault classifier, it can save more computing resources and improve the accuracy of the fault classification. The SECNN–BLS fault diagnosis has achieved more than 98% accuracy on the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT) dataset. We also demonstrate the excellent performance of SECNN–BLS in a noisy environment.

Efficient land configurations and nutrient management in Bt cotton (Gossypium herbaceum)

Field experiments were conducted during rainy (kharif) season, 2015 and 2016 to assess the impact of land configurations and nutrient management on Bt cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.) at College Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor JayashankarTelangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana. Treatments consisted of four land configurations, viz. flat bed sowing, ridge and furrow, broad bed and furrow (BBF) and BBF laid with poly mulch as main plots and five nutrient management treatments in sub plots, viz. farmer’s practice, 100% RDF-150:60:60 NPK kg/ha, 125% RDF, 100% RDF along with 25% N through farmyard manure and 100% RDF along with 25% N through pressmud laid out in triplicated strip plot design. Results revealed that yield attributes (bolls per plant and boll weight), seed cotton yield and field water use efficiency were significantly higher with BBF with poly mulch along with application of 100% RDF + 25% RDN through organics (pressmud or FYM) comparable to BBF laid with poly mulch and application of 125% RDF through inorganics. Soil moisture extraction by crop was higher from 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm depth in poly mulch + BBF over other land configurations.

Псаммофитная растительность долины реки Худан (Республика Бурятия)

Псаммофитная растительность долины реки Худан (Республика Бурятия)

Effect of land configuration and irrigation scheduling on productivity and water use of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) under south-eastern ecologies of Rajasthan

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2019–20, at Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture University, Ummedganj, Kota, Rajasthan, to evaluate the land configuration and irrigation scheduling on yield and water use (water use efficiency and water productivity) of ‘White Type’ quinoa [Chenopodium quinoa C.L. willdenow (Willd.)]. In main plot, 9 treatment combinations of land configuration techniques (flat bed, ridge and furrow and broad bed and furrow technique) were replicated 4 times, with 3 irrigation scheduling [1 irrigation at 20– 25 days after sowing (DAS), 2 irrigation at 20–25 and 55–60 DAS and 3 irrigation at 20–25, 55–60 and 90–95 DAS] in subplot. Amongst the land-configuration techniques, maximum yields, viz. grain, stover and biological yield, obtained under broad bed and furrow techniques, were significantly higher over ridge and furrow and flat bed techniques. Broad bed and furrow technique significantly increased the water-use efficiency (23.40 kg/ha-mm) and water productivity (`106.26/m3 ) over rest of the land-configuration techniques. It also recorded the maximum moisture extracted at lower layers, i.e 30–60 and 60–90 cm depth, but flat-bed technique extracted maximum moisture in upper layer of soil, i.e. 0–30 cm. Application of 3 irrigation level resulted in significantly highest yields, viz. grain, stover and biological yield, compared to rest of irrigation scheduling. With 1 irrigation level, the maximum waterconsumption efficiency (26.77 kg/ha-mm) and water productivity (`112.70/m3 ) were significantly lower than with higher levels of irrigation. The maximum moisture extracted at 0–30 cm depth was recorded at 3 irrigation level (20–25, 55–60 and 90–95 DAS), and the maximum moisture extracted in lower layers of soil (30–60 and 60–90 cm) was recorded at 1 irrigation level (20–25 DAS). In terms of grain yield, biological yield, water-use efficiency and water productivity interactions between land layout strategies and irrigation schedule were also found significant.

Application of refined nursing management in complete denture prosthodontics for elderly patients with low and flat alveolar ridge

Application of refined nursing management in complete denture prosthodontics for elderly patients with low and flat alveolar ridge

Management of a complete denture in the flat mandibular ridge using a semi-adjustable articulator along with an effective suction method

Background: Complete dentures can improve the quality of life of edentulous patients. The selection of a suitable articulator and an impression technique is important to construct a stable and retentive complete denture with good occlusion. The use of a semiadjustable articulator ensures that the dentures can be constructed such that their movement closely resembles the patient’s physiological movements. The effective suction method can ensure the development of the border seal according to the patient’s anatomical condition. The use of a semi-adjustable articulator along with an effective suction method is expected to provide good results in the construction of a complete denture. Purpose: This report aimed to describe the management of individual complete dentures in the flat mandibular ridge using a semi-adjustable articulator along with an effective suction method. Case: A 69-year-old female patient came with a chief complaint of her old dentures being unusable and wanted new dentures made. The patient’s general condition was good, and the last extraction was done three months prior to the patient’s arrival. The mandibular posterior alveolar ridge showed dextral tapering and sinistral flatness. Case Management: A complete denture with an acrylic base was fabricated using a semi-adjustable articulator along with an effective suction method. Conclusion: Flat ridge case management using a semi-adjustable articulator with an effective suction method can improve complete denture retention and stability.

Geomorphological classification of benthic structures of Kaledupa Atoll Wakatobi National Park, Indonesia

Abstract. Setiawan A, Siregar VP, Susilo SB, Mardiastuti A, Agus SB. 2022. Geomorphological classification of benthic structures of Kaledupa Atoll Wakatobi National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 3784-3792. Geomorphological mapping is one solution to understanding the complexity of the seabed pattern. This research aims to map the benthic structure of Kaledupa Atoll using the Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System with the Benthic Terrain Modeler (BTM) extension. The data used is in situ bathymetry data using Mapsounder 585 and Sentinel 2A satellite image data downloaded for free. BTM is a technique for examining benthic habitat and shallow water geomorphology. BTM was used to analyze integrated depth data to determine the bathymetric position index (BPI), slope, and classification of reef geomorphological structures. Thirteen structural classes of habitat geomorphology resulting from this research are Flat plain with the largest area of ??17142.35 ha, and the class with the smallest area is Crevices class, with narrow gullies rock outcrops 1.64 ha. While the other classes in a row are Broad slope 9104.53 ha; Flat ridge tops, upper slopes 4262.67 ha; Current scoured depressions on a slope 3420.98 ha; Narrow depressions at the base of rock outcrops 2348.20 ha; Rock outcrop highs, narrow ridges 1792.45 ha; Local ridges, boulders, pinnacles on slopes 879.29 ha; Scarp, cliff or small local depressions on a slope 703.02 ha; Local ridges, boulders, pinnacles on broad flat 490.17 ha; Local depressions, current scoured on flat 416.39 ha; Local ridges, boulders, pinnacles on broad depressions 16.63 ha; and Steep slopes 2.88 ha.