Flat Reflector Research Articles

Design consideration of a filled layer U-pipe evacuated tubular solar collector with flat diffuse reflector: energy and exergy analysis

A lack of research about critical design factors, notably the center-to-center tube spacing-to-tube diameter ratio (C/D) and the relationship between length and diameter, is conspicuously evident in the context of U-pipe evacuated tubular solar collectors (ETSCs) employing the filled-layer approach. Furthermore, using a U-pipe configuration in ETSCs coupled with a flat diffuse reflector (FDR) remains conspicuously absent from the scientific literature as a potential enhancement strategy. This study evaluates the influence of collector tube length, diameter and the C/D on output parameters, including T out , η En and η Ex . The findings reveal that while η En experiences a decrease with increasing C/D, the η Ex does not reach its minimum value when C/D was three due to the corresponding increase in outlet temperature. Furthermore, introducing the FDR into the filled U-pipe evacuated tubular solar collector enhances daily η En and η Ex by 12.91% and 0.65%, respectively. Moreover, a suggestion of the length and diameters of a filled type boosted with FDR is L = 2000 mm for Dg/Dp = 47/37 mm and L = 1800 mm when Dg/Dp = 58/47 mm, which has the maximum η Ex per day of 2.87% and 1.87%, respectively. However, if the objective is to maximise η En per day, lengths of L = 1450 mm for Dg/Dp = 47/37 mm or L = 1200 mm for Dg/Dp = 58/47 mm would be preferable. Abbreviations: ESC: evacuated solar collector; ETC: evacuated tubular collector; DUFET: filled-type evacuated tube with double U-tubes; ETSC: evacuated tubular solar collector; FDR: flat diffuse reflector; C/D: center-to-center tube spacing to the collector's tube diameter (cover tube); Dg/Dp : diameter of cover tube and diameter of absorber tube

Converted wave tomography based on inverse level set and adjoint formulation

SUMMARY Shear wave velocity (Vs) is a fundamental property of elastic media whose estimation from PS converted waves is challenging and requires modelling the boundary where P to S conversion occurs. This paper presents a PS tomography where seismic wave conversion/reflection points correspond to reflectors modelled with the level-set function set to zero [ϕ(x, z) = 0]. The proposed method aims for stable Vs inversion in a seismic acquisition setting using multicomponent receivers. Synthetic models simulating true Vs, Vp and the location of the geological reflector are used in the study. The inversion starts by locating a flat reflector, ϕ(x, z) = 0, which defines the zone Ω1 between the surface and the reflector, where the initial Vs and Vp fields are also set. To calculate the traveltimes of incident PT (P wave that propagates in Ω1 from source to the reflector), converted PS and reflected PP waves, for both observed and modelled data (forward problem), the methodology proposed by Rawlinson and Sambridge is adopted. This method uses the arrival times of the P waves, Tpt, from the seismic source at each reflector point as secondary sources generating the times Tps and Tpp. These times are calculated as a solution to the eikonal equation by using the Fast Marching method. The PS and PP residual times are minimized by updating Vs, Vp and ϕ(x, z) = 0 through adjoint variables designed from a formulation using Lagrange Multipliers in a variational context. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated for models with synclinal, sinusoidal and monoclinal reflector geometries using numerical tests considering the inversion of: (1) ϕ, given the true values of Vs and Vp; (2) ϕ and Vs, given the true value of Vp; (3) ϕ and Vp, given the true value of Vs and (4) the three parameters ϕ, Vs and Vp, simultaneously. Good results are obtained by inverting Vs and ϕ, given the true value of Vp. The simultaneous inversion of the three parameters exhibits promising results, despite the illumination problems caused by the different distribution of the PS, PP and PT time gradients due to the geometry of the reflectors and the acquisition setting (sources–receivers in the same plane). The proposed tomography estimates Vs and reflector positions which could help in statics corrections and improve the lithological characterization of near surface.

Reflective vortex focusing for acoustic contact-free object rotation

The use of acoustic vortex waves with angular momentum is a promising means of transferring mechanical torque to an object without making any physical contact. However, the existing passive-conversion vortex lenses are unable to produce strong acoustic radiation torque. To address this issue, we propose a flat reflector sculpted by spiral grooves. It reflects and converts incident waves into vortex-focusing waves that generate radiation torque. Compared with a transmission-type lens, a reflection-type vortex focusing plate exhibits superior functionality in converging sound waves and creating a stronger circular intensity flow. In this work, we analyze the vortex-focusing sound by Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral theory and boundary element simulation, confirmed by experiments. The number, depth and direction of spiral grooves determine the topological charge, focusing intensity and torque direction, respectively. We evaluate the local and total acoustic radiation forces and torques, acting on small and large fixed spherical targets in the vortex-focusing beam. As a result, spinning a centimeter-size origami pinwheel several times larger than the wavelength at 40 kHz is realized without direct contact, by utilizing the enhanced acoustic radiation torque converged by the reflector. This technology enables efficient convergence of acoustic waves and simultaneous contactless transfer of mechanical torque to an object, thereby presenting potential applications in sound energy harvesting and wireless power supplies.

Microstructured Organic Cavities with High‐Reflective Flat Reflectors Fabricated by Using a Nanoimprint‐Bonding Process

AbstractThe integration of photonic microstructure into organic microcavities represents an effective strategy for manipulating eigenstates of cavity or polariton modes. However, well‐established fabrication processes for microstructured organic microcavities are still lacking. This study proposes a nanoimprint‐bonding process as a novel fabrication method for microstructured organic microcavities. This process relies on a UV nanoimprint technique utilizing two different photopolymer resins, enabling the independent fabrication of highly reflective reflectors and photonic microstructures without compromising the accuracy of each. The resulting organic microcavities demonstrate spatially localized photonic modes within dot structures and their nonlinear responses on the pumping fluence. Furthermore, a highly precise photonic band is confirmed within a honeycomb lattice structure, which is owing to the high quality factor of the cavity achievable with the nanoimprint‐bonding process. Additionally, a topological edge state is also observable within a zigzag lattice structure. These results highlight the significant potential of the fabrication method for advancing organic‐based photonic devices, including lasers and polariton devices.

Enhancing solar still performance through innovative modeling, integration with reflectors, and semi-transparent solar cells: A 3E analysis and multi-objective optimization

An innovative single-slope solar still desalination system is presented, featuring a groundbreaking enhancement in the modelling methodology. The proposed system is evaluated through energy, exergy, and economic points of view. An attempt has been made to produce more distillation water by introducing the concept of critical pressure at the basin of the solar still system. Besides, in the proposed system, the flat reflectors to increase the received energy from the sun and a semi-transparent module to power production are applied. An investigation is conducted to achieve the main results of the system while operating in Boushehr, Lisboa, Riyadh, and Tripoli cities, and a parametric evaluation is carried out to perceive the system's behaviour in various situations. In addition, an integration of an arithmetic optimization algorithm and TOPSIS decision-maker is employed to determine the most optimum condition for each city through four scenarios. The results depicted the values of 14.9, 11.15, 15.58, and 13.48 kg/day for produced distilled water in Boushehr, Lisboa, Riyadh, and Tripoli cities, respectively.

Experimental determination for optimal position of reflector in solar water heater

An experimental investigation was carried out on novel solar water heater that utilizes a flat reflector positioned underneath the absorber tubes. Experiments were conducted at National Institute of Technology Patna, India, having latitude 25.61°N and longitude 85.14° E and constant insolation of 1000 The experimental data were collected for different reflector positions i.e. δ = 0 mm, 15 mm, 30 mm, 45 mm, and 60 mm and six mass flow rates of working fluid i.e. 0.0056 kg s−1, 0.0097 kg s−1, 0.0138 kg s−1, 0.0207 kg s−1, 0.0277 kg s−1, and 0.0346 kg−1s. The obtained experimental results exhibited that the location of the reflector relative to the absorber tubes significantly affects the thermal performance of the system. The effect of the mass flow rate on the outlet temperature, thermal performance, and overall performance has also been studied. For the present system under energy and exergy analysis, the optimal position of the reflector was found of δ = 30 mm. The results showed that the solar water heater with an optimally positioned reflector has a 23% increase in thermal efficiency compared to the solar water heater without a reflector. The novelty of using a flat reflector underneath absorber tube is to provide heat to rear side of the absorber tubes after reflecting the insolation falling on the reflector and hence improvement in the thermal performance of the solar water heater. The scope of present system includes providing an eco-friendly and energy-efficient solution for residential and commercial hot water needs. Limitations of the present study are requirement of sufficient roof space and direct sunlight. The use of reflectors has implications for energy savings, more efficient system designs, and enhanced thermal performance.

Novel Design of X-Shaped Slot Antenna Backed by a Flat Reflector for 5G Sub-6 GHz Band

Novel Design of X-Shaped Slot Antenna Backed by a Flat Reflector for 5G Sub-6 GHz Band

Optical efficiency of parabolic troughs with a secondary flat reflector; effects of non-ideal primary mirrors

Secondary flat receivers enhance concentration of parabolic trough collectors with cylindrical receivers. An increase of 70 % was possible for commercial primary mirrors while allowing the optical efficiency to be less sensitive to misalignments. Including the secondary flat reflector close to a parabolic-trough receiver may, however, reduce the optical efficiency of the trough due to the shadow projected. In this work ray-tracing simulations were conducted to compare the optical efficiency and the misalignment sensitivity of the standard absorber and its secondary flat reflector variation. In some cases, the required dimensions for the secondary flat reflector would make it a non-realistic solution due to the impossibility of encapsulating it within a glass cover. To overcome this issue, a truncated version of the secondary mirror is proposed and evaluated. A truncated secondary flat reflector will decrease the deleterious effects of the shading, enhancing concentration further but changing the tolerance to misalignments of the troughs. Analysis of two benchmark primary mirrors shows a worst-case scenario of optical efficiency reductions less than 3.5 and 2 %, with concentration increases of 20 and 80 % respectively. The reduction on absorber size offsets the lower optical efficiency by the reduction of radiation losses, especially for high-temperature applications.

Theoretical and experimental investigations of inclined solar still using secondary reflectors on east-west for enhanced distillate yield

An experimental study is conducted to observe the effect of flat secondary reflectors over inclined solar still with partitions. The inclined solar still prototype considered for the present study consists of 10 partitions with a total capacity of 35 kg feedwater and an aperture area of 1.32 m2. The authors have also developed an inhouse optical and mathematical models to determine non-uniform ray concentration and productivity from unit and validated the same with experimental investigations. The performance analysis is carried out for the ambient conditions and varying solar irradiation of Chennai (12.99°N, 80.24°E), India. The conditions of concentration, shadowing and neither concentration nor shadowing using reflectors for varying reflector angles and sun path are determined and considered. The thermal efficiency of the unit is observed as 39.81% for non-concentrating still, whereas 30.49%, 26.39%, 23.22% and 21.34% for concentrating still with 110°, 120°, 130°, 140° reflector angles. The determined optimum reflector angles for east–west reflectors from modelling are θm,E = 130° and θm,W = 130° respectively which were consistent with experimental findings in February. By integrating these reflectors to solar still in optimum angles, the distillate productivity has enhanced from 5.80 kg/day to 6.39 kg/day which is about 10.17% increment. The annual total radiation over still is determined as 8149.02 MJ and cumulative distillate yield is 1547.85 kg when operated for 300 clear days. Thus, the findings of this study provide strong evidence to support the practical implementation of concentrated solar stills as a viable solution for water treatment meeting demands.

Characterization and performance enhancement of radiative cooling on circular surfaces

The performance of radiative cooling depends on the view factor between the cooling surface and the sky. To maximize cooling power, horizontal radiative cooling surfaces are usually adopted. However, non-horizontal surfaces that have only partial access to the sky are ubiquitous in the world, for example, tilted roofs, walls, and pipes, which hinder the penetration of radiative cooling technology to a wider range of applications. In recent years, some radiative cooling structures using infrared reflectors have been investigated. Nevertheless, the absence of study on the radiative cooling power in relation to the parameters of reflectors causes difficulty in designing and optimizing infrared reflectors for non-horizontal surfaces. Herein, we built a comprehensive model to characterize the angular distribution of cooling power on a circular radiative cooling surface. The key factors that affect the cooling power, e.g., reflectors’ geometry and spectral characteristics, are investigated. The model is then validated by experimental data. Furthermore, we proposed a method to design and optimize the dimensions and positions of the cooling surface and reflector. Results show that compared to the baseline condition without infrared reflectors, the total radiative cooling power of the circular surface has increased by 68.3% and 112.5% for flat reflectors and parabolic reflectors, respectively.

The Subglacial Lake That Wasn't There: Improved Interpretation From Seismic Data Reveals a Sediment Bedform at Isunnguata Sermia

AbstractRadio Echo Sounding (RES) surveys conducted in May 2010 and April 2011 revealed a 2 km2 flat area with increased bed reflectivity at the base of Isunnguata Sermia at the western margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet. This flat reflector was located within a localized subglacial hydraulic potential (hydropotential) minimum, as part of a complex and elongated trough system. By analogy with comparable features in Antarctica, the initial interpretation of such a feature was a potential subglacial lake. In September 2013 a co‐located seismic survey revealed a 1,750 m by 540 and 37 m thick stratified lens‐shaped bedform at the base of a subglacial trough system. Amplitude Versus Angle (AVA) analysis yields a derived reflection coefficient R = 0.09 ± 0.14 indicative of consolidated sediments possibly overlain by dilatant till. The bed and flank on the northern side of the trough consist of unconsolidated, possibly water‐bearing sediments with R = −0.10 ± 0.08, whereas on the southern side it consists of more consolidated material. We interpret the trough as a key component of the wider subglacial drainage network, for which the sediments on its northern side act as a localized water‐storage reservoir. Given the observation of seasonally forming and rapidly draining supraglacial meltwater lakes in this area, we interpret the lens‐shaped bedform as deposited by episodically ponding meltwater within the subglacial trough system. Our results highlight the importance of transient subglacial hydrological and sedimentological processes such as drainage events for the interaction of ice sheets and their substrates, to understand ice dynamics in a warming climate.

Clutter Effect Investigation on Co-Polarized Chipless RFID Tags and Mitigation Using Cross-Polarized Tags, Analytical Model, Simulation, and Measurement.

Chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is expected to replace barcode technology due to its ability to read in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) situations, long reading range, and low cost. Currently, there is extensive research being conducted on frequency-coded (FC) co-polarized radar cross-section (RCS)-based tags, which are widely used. However, detecting co-polarized chipless RFID tags in cluttered environments is still a challenge, as confirmed by measuring two co-polarized tags in front of a perfect metal reflector (30.5cm×22.5cm). To address this challenge, a realistic mathematical model for a chipless RFID system has been developed that takes into account the characteristics of the reader and the tag, as well as reflections from cluttered objects. This extensive mathematical model developed for linear chipless RFID systems in clutter scenarios holds the potential to greatly assist researchers in their exploration of RCS-based tags. By relying solely on simulations, this model provides a tool to effectively analyze and understand RCS-based tags, ultimately simplifying the process of generating more authentic tag designs. This model has been simulated and verified with measurement results by placing a single flat metal reflector behind two co-polarized one-bit designs: a dipole array tag and a square patch tag. The results showed that the interfering signal completely overlaps the ID of the co-polarized tag, severely limiting its detectability. To solve this issue, the proposed solution involves reading the tag in cross-polarization mode by etching a diagonal slot in the square patch tag. This proposed tag provides high immunity to the environment and can be detected in front of both dielectric and metallic objects.

Reflector Design for Simulating Varying Heat Flux on Nose Cap of a Re-entry Module

For thermo-structural tests of a nose cap for a re-entry module accurate simulation of time and space varying heat flux is essential for generating the actual temperature gradients as expected in flight. Temperature gradient simulations along with simulated structural loads are essential for testing the structural integrity of the C-C nose cap.
 Contoured reflectors are essential for obtaining spatial distribution of incident heat flux. For realizing the reflector for thermo-structural testing, it is important to design radiation reflectors that will generate required heat flux envelope along the nose cap geometry. Reflector design for simulating varying heat flux on re-entry nose cap has been carried out by estimating view factor between nose cap and for different geometries of reflector.
 Design could be accomplished by making use of view factor algebra. Elemental heat flux values were validated with literature data and methodology for reflector heat flux design was validated against test data. With single flat reflectors and multiple flat reflectors, the required spatial variation of incident radiative heat flux could be realized efficiently. View factor variation is compared with heat flux variation along the nose cap. It is recommended practice to have multiple reflectors for simulating required varying heat flux on the nose cap due to better flexibility.

Perbandingan Nilai Daya Luaran Panel Surya Kapasitas 50Wp Terhadap Posisi Reflektor Cermin Datar

Solar panel systems are widely used to meet energy needs at this time. Solar panels have optimal power for 4 hours, namely 10:00 to 14:00. but this is still said to be not optimal if the angle of the static solar panels does not follow the movement of the sun. This can also be caused by weather factors that are covered in clouds. Previous research conducted by Tri Wahyu Ardianto used mirror reflectors but was not equipped with sensors and data storage. Based on this, to optimize solar panel energy, a flat mirror reflector design for solar panels has been made, equipped with four flat mirror reflectors on each side to form a large square. The solar panel is placed in the middle between the four flat mirrors. In this study, the measurement of electric power was carried out by carrying 3 variable angles for reflector positions, namely 0°, 60°, and 70°. The decision of the three reflector positions is made to find out the ratio of the maximum output power values. This system is also equipped with current, voltage, and light intensity sensors. The results show that the maximum output power of solar panels is shown at the reflector position of 60° with an average power output of 19.70 Watt followed by a reflector position of 70° with an average output power of 19.18 Watt and finally the reflector position is 0° with an average output power value of 14.87 Watt.

Reflector design for the optimization of photoactivated processes in tubular reactors for water treatment

Photoactivated advanced oxidation processes have excellent performance in removing recalcitrant pollutants from water. However, the high operating cost associated with the energy consumption of UV lamps is a big drawback. In this work, the design and optimization of the reflector in a tube-in-tube membrane photoreactor were carried out using a ray tracing methodology to maximize the light deployed to the reactor. Simulations were carried out using different lamps/reactor arrangements with 1, 2 and 3-sided flat reflectors and with circular and parabolic geometries. Results showed that direct radiation is maximized when the distance reactor-lamps is minimized, increasing optical efficiency. On the other hand, it was observed that for the flat reflectors, the closer the furthest point of the reflector to the center of the reactor, the higher optical efficiency is achieved due to the reduction in the number of bouncing rays in the reflector. In the case of parabolic geometries, some additional considerations are necessary, since not only the distance at which the reflector is placed matters, but also its geometrical focus. The best performance is achieved for those in which the distance from the furthest point of the reflector to the center of the reactor was lower and the lamps placed near the focus of the parabola. For the studied reflector geometries, the calculated optical efficiencies when using anodized aluminum were 46.1%, 56.5%, 60.0%, 41.8%, and 65.9% for reflectors of 1, 2, and 3 sides, cylinder, and parabola, respectively. Model predictions were successfully validated using experimental ferrioxalate actinometry data, confirming the huge potential of this simple simulation methodology for photoreactor design purposes.

Energy recovery from the enclosures between the glassing covers in a compact photovoltaic thermal collector

The awareness of bearing the cost due to the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere encourages people and governments to reduce their carbon emissions through the optimization of energy production devices. This research was performed for this purpose. Compact (Integrated) solar water heater (CSWH) is the most cost-effective collector due to its simple design. The use of two glass covers along with flat reflectors has increased the efficiency of this collector. In such system, energy recovery from the enclosures between the glassing covers was not reported. In this paper, the simulation for an enhanced compact photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system in EES software is conducted. The collector is a triple production in the form of hot water (stored in water storage tank), hot air (stored in multistage phase change materials (PCMs) due to energy released from the collector two air enclosures), and electricity (generated by a-Si semi-transparent module as an absorber plate). Simulation results show a 3.4% increase in the thermal efficiency of the proposed system compared to the previous passive systems. The minimum required masses for PCMs inside two cascade tanks were obtained 8.6 (kg) of BioPCMQ23 type, and 18.7 (kg) of Lithium Nitrate Trihydrate type.

Determination of optical and thermal performance of a large-sized flat plate solar reflector unit under azimuthal sun alignment

Determination of optical and thermal performance of a large-sized flat plate solar reflector unit under azimuthal sun alignment

Studi Analitik Penambahan Reflektor Pelat Datar Sudut 60˚ pada Pemanas Air Tenaga Surya

The condition of electrical energy in Indonesia is increasing every year, one of which is used as a water heater. Various methods have been used to increase the efficiency of solar water heaters, including the use of flat plate reflectors. This research was carried out analytically to determine daily solar radiation intensity data on solar collectors with the addition of a 60˚ angle reflector. The results obtained in conditions without reflectors, the daily average solar radiation value produced by solar collectors is 1136 W/m2. Then for the condition of the reflector angle of 60˚, the daily average solar radiation value is recorded at 1386 W/m2. There is a difference of 250 W/m2 between the two conditions. The daily solar radiation intensity value is also calculated using the area method, the result is a daily solar radiation value of 2.542 kWh/m2 in conditions without the reflectors. Furthermore, at a reflector angle of 60˚, the resulting solar radiation value increases by 6% to 2.712 kWh/m2. The addition of a flat plate reflector at an angle of 60˚ is proven to increase the daily solar radiation intensity value that can be received by a solar water heater.

Evaluation of Convective Heat Transfer and Natural Circulation in an Evacuated Tube Solar Collector

The evacuated tube solar collector ETC is studied intensively and extensively by experimental andtheoretical works, in order to investigate its performance and enhancement of heat transfer, for Baghdad climatefrom April 2011 till the end of March 2012. Experimental work is carried out on a well instrumented collectorconsists of 16 evacuated tubes of aspect ratio 38.6 and thermally insulated tank of volume 112L. The relationbetween convective heat transfer and natural circulation inside the tube is estimated, collector efficiency, effect oftube tilt angles, incidence angle modifier, The solar heating system is investigated under different loads pattern (i.eclosed and open flow) to evaluate the heat loss coefficient from tank and tubes, test the collector with variousaspect ratios (32.9 and 27.2). The enhancement in collector performance is studied by using two reflectors (FlatPlate and Curved Plate) and nanofluid (Water-AL2O3).Theoretical work is run by software (Fluent 6.3), to computethe velocity and temperature profiles within the tube, for different tube diameters, effect of tube junction angle andstagnant region in the bottom of the evacuated tube. The experimental results shows that the heat loss coefficientfor tube is W/m2.K and for tank is W/m2.K, the maximum collector temperature is 79°C in winter and99°C in summer, while that belong to nanofluid collector is 99°C in winter. The best tilted angle (optimum) ofevacuated tube is 41° annually. The collector efficiency increased when using nanofluid of (1, 0.6, 0.3)% volumefraction as(28.4, 6.8, 0.6)% respectively. The efficiency decreases as (33, 62)% when decreasing tube aspect ratiofrom 38.6% to 32.9% and 27.2% respectively. An increase of (16.9 and 7.08)% in collector efficiency is obtainedwhen using curved and flat plate reflectors respectively. From simulation the best junction angle of the tank is22.5°. The stagnant region is influenced with changing heat flux, tilted angle and aspect ratio.

Extracting angle-domain common-image gathers in VTI media using ansiotropic-Helmholtz P/S wave-mode decomposition

Common-image gathers are extensively used in amplitude versus angle (AVA) and migration velocity analysis (MVA). The current state of methods for anisotropic angle gathers extraction use slant-stack, local Fourier transform or low-rank approximation, which requires much computation. Based on an anisotropic-Helmholtz P/S wave-mode decomposition method, we propose a novel and efficient approach to produce angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) in the elastic reverse time migration (ERTM) of VTI media. To start with, we derive an anisotropic-Helmholtz decomposition operator from the Christoffel equation in VTI media, and use this operator to derive the decomposed formulations for anisotropic P/S waves. Second, we employ the first-order Taylor expansion to calculate the normalized term of decomposed formulations and obtain the anisotropic-Helmholtz decomposition method, which generates the separated P/S wavefields with correct amplitudes and phases. Third, we develop a novel way that uses the anisotropic-Helmholtz decomposition operator to define the polarization angles for anisotropic P/S waves and substitute these angles to decomposing formulations. The polarization angles are then calculated directly from the separated vector P- and S-wavefields and converted to the phase angles. The ADCIGs are thusly produced by applying the phase angles to VTI ERTM. In addition, we develop a concise approximate expression of residual moveout (RMO) for PP-reflections of flat reflectors in VTI media, which avoids the complex transformations between the group angles and the phase angles. The approximate RMO curves show a good agreement with the exact solution and can be used as a tool to assess the migration velocity errors. As demonstrated by two selected examples, our ADCIGs not only produce the correct kinematic responses with regards to different velocity pertubatation, but also generate the reliable amplitude responses versus different angle. The final stacking images of ADCIGs data exhibit the identical imaging effect as that of VTI ERTM.