Flat Areas Research Articles

Exploration of the application of solar energy technology in the field of new energy vehicles

Due to the harsh effects of fossil fuels on the world, researchers are paying more attention to the application of new energy sources. This paper explores the possibility to support electric vehicles with solar energy by demonstrating the design of a solar cooling system and a solar parking lot in a large flat area and workspace. The use of solar energy in electric vehicles can help control some systems such as cooling systems. Solar panels are used in some large flat parking area to collect and invert solar energy for parking electric vehicles’ charging. Solar panels are able to help charge electric vehicles during the workday by setting them on the surface of working area. However, due to the limitations of solar energy, solar panels are very much in need of good weather and direct sunlight. Therefore, solar energy cannot be the only source to support other powered vehicles. In the future, developments in other areas such as inverters and converters, solar panels, and nanotechnology may make the use of solar energy in green energy vehicles possible.

Batik Marunda as Cultural Heritageand Role in Sustainable Development

Batik Marunda is a batik producer in Jakarta that has a role in supporting one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as empowering relocation communities in three flats in the North Jakarta area. The study analyzes how Batik Marunda's role in the cultural preservation program while still contributing to economic empowerment, waste management to batik and batik materials. Methods of research are field studies, interviews with batik producers, the concept of collaboration in three flats and their governance. The findings show that Batik Marunda empowers especially women in the three flats area, through various skills training that has an impact on increasing skills, insights and economic levels for local residents, to waste management to reduce textile waste and support one of the SDG goals, namely responsible production and consumption. The three flats collaboration in the North Jakarta area is expected to strengthen the creative, environmentally friendly economic network and improve the quality of empowerment in the surrounding community. In summary, this research sees the important role of governance integration between cultural preservation programs, community empowerment, innovation and governance to support the SDGs agenda in the aspects of decent work, economic growth, climate change in sustainable development efforts.

A novel flood conditioning factor based on topography for flood susceptibility modeling

Flood is one of the most devastating natural hazards. Employing machine learning models to construct flood susceptibility maps has become a pivotal step for decision-makers in disaster prevention and management. Existing flood conditioning factors inadequately account for regional characteristics of flood in the depiction of topography, potentially leading to an overestimation of flood susceptibility in flat areas. Addressing this gap, this study proposes a novel flood conditioning factor, local convexity factor (LCF), to enhance the accuracy of flood susceptibility modeling. Initially, LCF is computed based on a standard normal Gaussian surface to highlight elevation variations in local terrain. Subsequently, LCF is applied to flood susceptibility modeling using seven machine learning models across four distinct basins. Comparative analysis is conducted between flood susceptibility maps with and without the application of LCF to evaluate its impact on flood susceptibility modeling. The results demonstrate that the proposed LCF can enhance the accuracy of flood susceptibility modeling to varying degrees, across the four basins investigated. The Fujiang basin exhibited the most substantial improvement, with its AUC improved from 0.861 to 0.886, Producer’s Agreement improved from 0.869 to 0.899, and Overall Agreement improved from 0.778 to 0.811. Comparation with hydrodynamic inundation maps shows that particularly in relatively flat terrain areas, flood susceptibility maps incorporating LCF offer more precise delineation between flood-prone and non-flood-prone zones. This research holds potential for widespread application in the prediction of flood susceptibility using machine learning models, providing a novel perspective for enhancing their accuracy

Enhancing hydrologic LiDAR digital elevation models: Bridging hydrographic gaps at fine scales

AbstractHigh‐resolution digital elevation models (HRDEMs), derived from LiDAR, are widely used for mapping hydrographic details in flat terrains. However, artificial flow barriers, particularly from roads, elevate terrain and prematurely end flowlines. Drainage barrier processing (DBP), such as HRDEM excavation, is employed to address this issue. However, there is a gap in quantitatively assessing the impact of DBP on HRDEM‐derived flowlines, especially at finer scales. This study fills that gap by quantitatively assessing how DBP improves flowline quality at finer scales. We evaluated HRDEM‐derived flowlines that were generated using different flow direction algorithms, developing a framework to measure the effects of flow barrier removal. The results show that the primary factor influencing flowline quality is the presence of flow accumulation artifacts. Quality issues also stem from differences between natural and artificial flow paths, unrealistic flowlines in flat areas, complex canal networks, and ephemeral drainage ways. Notably, the improvement achieved by DBP is demonstrated to be more than 6%, showcasing its efficacy in reducing the impact of flow barriers on hydrologic connectivity.

Investigation of local soil properties of Erzurum province (Eastern Türkiye) by Horizontal/Vertical Spectral ratio method

Erzurum province is a basin developed under the effect of strike-slip faults in the Eastern Anatolia region. Erzurum province is generally influenced by the left strike-slip Erzurum Fault Zone, the left- strike-slip Aşkale fault, and the Başköy-Kandilli reverse fault. It is also located approximately 80 km from the Karlıova joint, which is the intersection of the North Anatolian and East Anatolian Faults. When the earthquakes of the instrumental and historical periods are analyzed, it is seen that many damaging earthquakes of medium to large magnitude have occurred in Erzurum province. Erzurum basin is generally covered with old alluvium at the edges of the plains, while the flat areas in the central parts are covered with new alluvium. Determination of local soil properties in regions with high earthquake hazard plays an important role in reducing earthquake risks. For this purpose, single station microtremor measurements were applied at 25 sites in Palandöken and Yakutiye districts of Erzurum province. The measurements were taken for at least 30 minutes and evaluated according to the Horizontal/Vertical Spectral Ratio method. As a result of the analysis, the dominant period, H/V ratio and vulnerability index (Kg) values of the measurement points were calculated. The period values obtained vary between 0.15 s and 3.7 s, while the H/V ratios vary between 2.2 and 8.5. The Kg value obtained using these parameters is defined as the vulnerability of the soil. It is concluded that high period, high H/V and high Kg values are obtained in areas with recent alluvium and multidisciplinary analyses should be performed in soil investigations in these regions.

A mechanized assembly for erecting soil-cement barriers to protect agricultural lands from low-active waste during flood

The object of this study is the process of constructing a waterproof underground barrier from local soil using loess loam and medium-sized sand as an example. The values of waterproofing of soil cements on different types of soil and the norms of net labor consumption corresponding to them were obtained. The research solves the task of protecting agricultural lands in the areas of geological burials of low-level radioactive waste. Configuration of a mechanized drilling mixing assembly for installing a waterproof barrier in the field has been proposed. Waterproofness of soil cement on clay and sandy soils was determined experimentally. The corresponding norms of the net consumption of time for manufacturing the barrier in these soils have been determined. Units of the mechanized assembly are repairable, utilize widely available materials, parts, and mechanisms. As a result of studies on the labor intensity of the installation of soil cement, a net labor rate was established, which varies from 35 to 52 min/m3 depending on the type of soil. The corresponding values of waterproofness, which ranged from W6 to W14, were determined, which substantiates the possibility of effective functioning of soil-cement underground barriers. Options for the structural solution for impenetrable barriers have been offered. The values of the obtained net time rates are explained by the high degree of mechanization of the technological process and the use of local materials. A distinctive feature of the results is the emphasis on the data collection on the time consumption of machines and mechanisms, the characteristics of local soils under production conditions, and the use of local materials. The assembly implies using affordable and repairable units that can be serviced right in the field. Given this, the manufacturability of the proposed process was defined, confirmed by time-keeping studies. The realm of practical application of the reported results are sites within flat areas with sandy or loess bases. Barrier solutions are designed exclusively for geological waste storage facilities under the conditions of a high level of groundwater and the presence of a waterproof layer at the base

Traversable wormhole solutions utilizing the Karmarkar condition in f(R,G) gravity

The main objective of this paper is to reveal the evolving traversable wormhole solutions in the context of modified f(R,G) gravity, which affects the gravitational interaction. These results are derived by applying the Karmarkar condition, which creates wormhole geometry that meets the necessary conditions and connects two asymptotically flat areas of spacetime. The proposed study’s main goal is to construct the wormhole structures by splitting the f(R,G) gravity model into two forms Firstly, we split the model into an exponential-like f(R) gravity model and a power law f(G) gravity model, and secondly, we consider the Starobinsky f(R) gravity model along with a power law f(G) gravity model. Besides, we address the feasibility of shape functions and the structural analysis of wormhole structures for specific models. These models are then confined to be compatible with current experimental evidence. Further, the energy conditions of the wormhole are geometrically probed, and it is proven that they adhere to the null energy conditions in areas close to the throat. Moreover, the fascinating aspect of this study involves conducting an examination and comparison of evolving wormhole geometries in the vicinity of the throat in our chosen models, utilizing two- and three-dimensional graphical representations. We observe that our shape function acquired through the Karmarkar technique yields validated wormhole configurations with even less exotic matter, correlating to the proper choice of f(R,G) gravity models and acceptable free parameter values. In summary, we conclude that our findings meet all the criteria for the existence of wormholes, affirming the viability and consistency of our study.

Tracking the impact of typhoons on maize growth and recovery using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data: A case study of Northeast China

The increasing frequency of typhoon events, attributed to global climate change, has significantly affected agricultural production, predominantly resulting in substantial negative consequences. Accurate and timely assessment of crop damage is crucial for understanding economic implications, devising effective agricultural strategies, and enhancing resilience amid mounting climate uncertainties. This study investigates the utility of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) data in tracking maize damage severity following typhoon events. By employing continuous field sampling techniques and conducting visual interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing imagery, sample sets representing a spectrum of maize damage severity were systematically established. The application of time series analysis on Sentinel data enables a comprehensive exploration of spectral and polarization responses, providing insights into the correlation with maize damage severity. Segmentation of the maize damage timeline into pre-disaster, disaster, and recovery periods, coupled with optimization of relevant feature parameters, was undertaken to bolster monitoring precision. Leveraging the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, a Random Forest algorithm was used to develop a model for monitoring maize damage severity across different post-typhoon periods, yielding maps delineating the distribution and magnitude of maize damage in Northeast China. Results indicate that integrating spectral indices from the pre-disaster phase with backscatter variations of polarization bands during various post-typhoon periods enhances maize damage assessment. Maize damage severity is notably elevated during the disaster period, achieving an overall accuracy of 87.22 %. While mitigated during the recovery phase, localized exacerbation occurs in severely affected regions, yielding an overall accuracy of 88.54 %. Analysis incorporating terrain and meteorological data reveals that post-typhoon maize disasters predominantly occur in low-lying and flat areas, with meteorological factors, particularly maximum wind speed and daily cumulative precipitation, exerting significant influence on damage severity. This study underscores the critical role of SAR and optical data fusion in elucidating typhoon-induced crop damage dynamics, thereby providing essential insights for proactive mitigation strategies against future agricultural losses.

A combined data assimilation and deep learning approach for continuous spatio-temporal SWE reconstruction from sparse ground tracks

Our understanding of the impact of climate change on water availability and natural hazards in high-mountain regions is limited due to the spatial and temporal scarcity of ground observations of precipitation and snow. Freely available, satellite-based information about the snowpack is currently mainly limited to indirect measurements of snow-covered area or very coarse-scale snow water equivalent (SWE), but only for flat areas in lowlands without vegetation cover. Novel space-based laser altimeters, such as ICESat-2, have the potential to provide high-resolution snow depth data in worldwide mountain regions where no ground observations exist. However, these space-based laser altimeters come with spatial gaps between ground tracks, obtained without repetition at a give location. To overcome these drawbacks, here, we present a combined probabilistic data assimilation and deep learning approach to reconstruct spatio-temporal SWE from observations of snow depth along ground tracks, imitating ICESat-2 tracks in view of a potential future global application.Our approach is based on assimilating SWE and snow cover information in a degree-day model with an iterative ensemble smoother (IES) which allows temporally reconstructing SWE along hypothetical ground tracks separated by 3 km. As input, the degree-day model uses daily precipitation and downscaled air temperature from the ERA5 reanalysis. A feedforward neural network (FNN) is then used for spatial propagation of the daily mean and standard deviation of the updated SWE ensemble members obtained from the IES. The combined IES-FNN approach provides uncertainty-aware spatio-temporally continuous estimates of SWE.We tested our approach in the alpine Dischma valley (Switzerland) using high-resolution snow depth maps obtained from photogrammetric techniques mounted on airplanes and unmanned aerial system observations. Our results show that the IES-FNN model provides reliable estimates at a resolution of approximately 100 m. Even assimilating only one SWE observation during the year (combined with satellite-based melt-out date estimates) produces satisfying results when evaluating the IES-FNN SWE reconstructions on independent dates and smaller (<4 km2) areas: mean absolute error of 86 mm (78 mm) at Schürlialp (Latschüelfurgga) for average SWE of 180 mm (254 mm), and average spatial linear correlation with the reference SWE of 0.51 (0.48). However, the assimilated SWE observation must not be too early in the accumulation season or too late in the melt season when the snowpack is starting or ending to accumulate or melt, respectively. Smaller distances between ground tracks (1500 m and 500 m) show improved performance of the IES-FNN approach in space, with no significant improvement in terms of temporal reconstruction.Applying the IES-FNN approach to e.g., real ICESat-2 data, remains challenging due to the higher uncertainties associated with these data. However, the approach we propose remains potentially very helpful in addressing the problem of scarcity of ground observations of precipitation and snow in high-mountain regions.

The role of SiO2 buffer layer in the molecular beam epitaxy growth of CsPbBr3 perovskite on Si(111)

Here we present the growth of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) CsPbBr3 perovskite films in the orthorhombic crystal structure, with unique structural and morphological properties. CsPbBr3 MBE perovskite films, with thickness ranging from a few nm to 300 nm, were grown in ultra-high vacuum on a Si(111)7 × 7 reconstructed surface, and after the formation of about 2 nm of SiO2, obtained exposing the clean reconstructed Si surface to molecular oxygen that serves to decouple the film from substrate. X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopies, such as scanning electron microscopy and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy measurements showed remarkable structural, as well as morphological features, indicating extremely high crystallinity over a large area and across the bulk of the perovskite film. Through the X-ray diffraction patterns we found very narrow (002) and (110) reflections of CsPbBr3 in pure orthorhombic phase, exhibiting a full width at half maximum of only 0.035°, value similar to a bulk Si single crystals, and a surface morphology composed of flat areas up to micrometres in lateral size. Our results shed new light both on preparation of high crystal quality perovskite films, and on the intrinsic properties of this striking fully-inorganic materials, which are exploitable for potential applications in electronic/optoelectronic devices and next generation photovoltaic solar cells.

Assessment of the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Suitable Habitats for Typical Halophytic Vegetation in China Based on Maxent Model and Landscape Ecology Theory

The widespread and complex formation of saline soils in China significantly affects the sustainable development of regional ecosystems. Intense climate changes and regional land use further exacerbate the uncertainties faced by ecosystems in saline areas. Therefore, studying the distribution characteristics of typical halophytic vegetation under the influence of climate change and human activities, and exploring their potential distribution areas, is crucial for maintaining ecological security in saline regions. This study focuses on Tamarix chinensis, Tamarix austromongolica, and Tamarix leptostachya, integrating geographic information systems, remote sensing, species distribution models, and landscape ecological risk (LER) theories and technologies. An optimized MaxEnt model was established using the ENMeval package, incorporating 143, 173, and 213 distribution records and 13 selected environmental variables to simulate the potential suitable habitats of these three Tamarix species. A quantitative assessment of the spatial characteristics and the area of their potential geographical distribution was conducted. Additionally, a landscape ecological risk assessment (LERA) of the highly suitable habitats of these three Tamarix species was performed using land use data from 1980 to 2020, and the results of the LERA were quantified using the Landscape Risk Index (LERI). The results showed that the suitable areas of Tamarix chinensis, Tamarix austromongolica, and Tamarix leptostachya were 9.09 × 105 km2, 6.03 × 105 km2, and 5.20 × 105 km2, respectively, and that the highly suitable habitats for the three species were concentrated in flat areas such as plains and basins. Tamarix austromongolica faced increasing ecological risk in 27.22% of its highly suitable habitat, concentrated in the northern region, followed by Tamarix chinensis in 16.70% of its area with increasing ecological risk, concentrated in the western and northern highly suitable habitats; Tamarix chinensis was the least affected, with an increase in ecological risk in only 1.38% of its area. This study provides valuable insights for the protection of halophytic vegetation, represented by Tamarix, in the context of China’s national land development.

Tectonics of Cauvery basin (India) in onshore and offshore portions

Morphometric studies coupled with geophysical investigations from petroliferous basins provide valuable information about tectonics of the regions. We deduce six morphologic parameters from the River Cauvery's designated (sub)watersheds and perform dendrogram clustering analysis. The main channels of the (sub)watersheds showcase steeper gradient and meandering nature with less concavity. On the other hand, the distributaries portray lesser gradient and straight nature with greater concavity. From the offshore region of the Cauvery basin, we perform gravity modeling. The results show variations in gravity values from low to high, -150 to 50 mGal probably because of the basement ridge-depression features. This anomaly orientation indicates the extension of the sub-basin in the region. A strong NE-SW gravity trend possibly suggests a high-density plug at mid-crust. The low gravity values near the Vedaranyam region indicate low-density rocks within the basement. Places of high gravity anomaly show a decrease in bathymetry depth and vice versa. This indicates isostatic compensation of the Moho geometry, possibly due to crustal thinning in the offshore areas. Isostatic regional gravity fields are manifested by Moho relief and can have implications on the lithospheric mechanical strengths. Bathymetric studies indicate multi-directional slopes. Relatively flat areas can indicate depocenters. E-W trending lineaments mapped on the Precambrian basement from a portion of the study area is presumably a manifestation of Cauvery Shear zone, which also persists in the offshore region.

Numerical study on the thermal performance of space radiator using microencapsulated phase change material slurry as working medium

Microencapsulated phase change material slurry (MPCMS) has good prospects in the field of heat transfer because of its high latent heat and stability. In this research, MPCMS is applied to a space radiator to increase its heat load and temperature stability. The thermal performance of the space radiator is numerically studied by using the two-phase Eulerian (TPE) model and a multi-scale coupling model. The effects of velocity, volume fraction, microcapsule size, and microcapsule size distribution on the thermal performance of the space radiator are studied. Results show that the temperature flat area in the tube increases with the increase in the volume fraction or flow rate of the particle phase in the MPCMS, which means the heat dissipation capacity of the space radiator is also enhanced, and the maximum increase is 14 %. Compared with the use of pure water, the temperature difference between the highest and the lowest temperature of the radiator surface can be reduced by 40 %, and the heat dissipation power can be increased by 5 %. In addition, the large size of microcapsules limits the heat transfer between the two phases, especially when the size is greater than 50 μm. Compared with uniform microcapsule size distribution, the effect of lognormal distribution of variance σ = 0.7 on heat transfer is less than 1 %.

Rectifying Discrepancies Between GB-SAR Images and Terrain Model Caused by Measurement Deviations in Open-Pit Mines

Ground-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GB-InSAR) is a valuable technique for monitoring deformation of landslides. GB-InSAR can construct high-resolution 2D images in a range-doppler plane. However, it is difficult for geo-engineers who are unfamiliar with radar monitoring geometry to interpret the results. Geometric mapping method has been applied to the co-registration of terrain models and radar images for the deformation zonation, but the mismatching correction with GB-InSAR and terrain model is not fully investigated by existing researches. To address this issue, this paper proposes a method exploiting an optimum linear transformation based on ground control points (GCPs). The proposed method was evaluated on simulated data and a field campaign in an open pit mine. The deformation mapping result of the method was verified by a collapse event. The method proposed in this paper has an RMSE value ranging from 0.502 to 0.720[Formula: see text]m (@700[Formula: see text]m average monitoring range) when the average density of the terrain point cloud is 0.5[Formula: see text]m. Although this method cannot accurately evaluate the antenna footprint vector deflection parameters, it can meet the needs of coarse matching calibration in relatively flat slope sub-target areas of open-pit mines for engineering applications.

Riparian restoration in sandy zones with alfalfa as pioneer plant in initial stage of soil and water bioengineering

As Nature-Based and Bio-based Solutions, soil and water bioengineering (SWB) provides several benefits to humans and nature. It has been widely used for erosion control, vegetation recovery and ecosystem restoration in riparian zones. Nevertheless, studies on riparian restoration in sandy zones with alfalfa as pioneer plant in initial stage of SWB are still rare, which are important for understanding the role of pioneer plants during the initial stage of SWB and also for choice of the appropriate measures. Here, three commonly applied SWB measures (vegetation geobag / VGB, grass-planting concrete block / GCB, and untreated flat area / NTF) are established in sandy riparian zones to explore the growth characteristics structural mechanics and reinforcement of pioneer plant (alfalfa) root, and also the factors influencing biomechanical properties in initial stage of SBE. Our results show that: (1)NTF demonstrated superior overall growth compared to GCB and VGB, underscoring the limitations that geobags and steep slopes impose on initial SWB vegetation establishment. In all treatments, alfalfa roots were able to penetrate soil layers below 60 cm, with NTF exhibiting the highest root biomass and diameter (NTF > GCB > VGB). GCB's higher root-to-shoot ratio may reflect a drought-resistant strategy. In contrast, VGB showed greater root length, maximum rooting depth, and a smaller crown width, indicating a focus on root growth to overcome geobag constraints (2) Differences in root growth distribution among the three treatments resulted in varying biomechanical impacts. Specifically, NTF exhibited significantly lower soil-root bond strength than GCB, while both NTF and GCB had higher maximum pull-out forces compared to VGB. Root diameter showed a significant negative correlation with Young's modulus and root tensile strength, but a positive correlation with root tensile force (p < 0.05). Although no significant correlations were found between root water content and root tensile strength, root tensile strength was positively correlated with Young's modulus. (3) In the comprehensive evaluation of root reinforcement performance, the scores ranked as VGB > GCB > NTF. Result of this study could provide valuable insights into the practical applications of SWB in sandy riparian restoration. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of pioneer plants in the fragile and critical initial stages of SWB, and also benefit both researchers and practitioners in effectively transitioning from the scientific research to practical solutions for riparian restoration.

A Gecko‐Inspired Robot Using Novel Variable‐Stiffness Adhesive Paw Can Climb on Rough/Smooth Surfaces in Microgravity

Space‐wall‐climbing robots face the challenge of stably attaching to and moving on spacecraft surfaces, which include smooth flat areas and rough intricate surfaces. Although adhesion‐based wall‐climbing robots demonstrate stable climbing on smooth surfaces in outer space, there is scarce research on their stable adhesion on rough surfaces within a microgravity environment. A novel adhesive material is developed inspired by the adhesion mechanism and locomotion of the Gekko gecko. This material exhibits exceptional adhesion across various materials and surface roughness. A variable‐stiffness gecko‐inspired paw is engineered, generating substantial adhesion forces while minimizing detachment forces. Impressively, this paw generates up to 180 N of adhesion force on smooth surfaces and achieves detachment without external forces. By integrating such variable‐stiffness paws with a wall‐climbing robot, a gecko‐inspired robot effectively operating in a microgravity environment is created. The robotic satellite surface climbing experiments and robotic satellite capture experiments are conducted using a simulated microgravity environment and a satellite model. The results unequivocally demonstrate the gecko‐inspired robot's proficiency in executing various functions, including stable motion and capture on both smooth and rough spacecraft surfaces within a microgravity environment. These experiments underscore the potential of adhesion‐based gecko‐inspired robots for in‐orbit services and spacecraft capture and recovery.

Accuracy assessment of UAV-based documentation of archaeological site: Kültepe-Kaneš

High quality 2D/3D metric documentation of archaeological sites is used in many different applications such as archaeological-heritage management, digital archaeological excavation planning, orthophotographic documentation, and ancient Digital Surfaces Models (DSM) research. Structure-from-Motion based photogrammetry (SfM) is an indirect geodesic measurement technique based on multiple view image processing using high-level automation techniques. Using SfM to generate the high accuracy 2D/3D data needed for digital documentation of archaeological cultural heritage is relatively practical, economical, and fast. Factors such as the number of ground control points and their distribution to the study area, the robustness of the camera system model parameters, and the analytical model of the photogrammetric triangulation method used affect the accuracy of the data produced using SfM-photogrammetry. Kültepe-Kaneš, the center of the ancient Kingdom of Kaneš, which is located in central-Anatolia, was an Assyrian Trade Colony active between ca. 2000 BC and 1700 BC. The site, which was the center of the Old Assyrian trade colonies in Anatolia and one of the most important sites in ancient history, has been under excavation for the last 75 years. In this paper, high accuracy digital documentation of the Kültepe-Kaneš archaeological excavation area was made using different SfM methods. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in accuracy between Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and Post-Process Kinematic (PPK) methods for the study area. This suggests that either PPK, RTK, or aerial triangulation with Ground Control Points (GCPs) can be employed to generate orthophotos and DSMs for archaeological sites with relatively flat surface areas, as long as a sufficient number of uniformly distributed GCPs are used.

Community Adaptation to Mitigate the Impact of Flooding in Kaoliaw, Sybounhuengthong and Sysomsuen Vilages, Sykhottabong District, Vientiane Capital

Kaoliaw, Sybounhuengthong and Sysomsuen Vilages, Sykhottabong District, Vientiane Capital is one of the areas have been affected by floods every year. The main reason may be due to the geography and the location is a flat area. The construction of embankment blocked the amount of water in the area unable to be drained out, which resulted of flooding in the area. The flood problem caused people need to adapt themselves to survive. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the various factors that affect the occurrence of flooding and how the people adapt in the flood area. The research method analyzed the annual rainfall and the maximum of flood using Log Pearson Type III. The population sample interview was used in total of 136 families (3 villages), community's flood adaptation data is analyzed using SPSS. Research results found that the amount of annual rainfall and the number of rain days tend to decrease. SPSS illustrated that the main cause of flooding is inefficient drainage system, followed by heavy rain, which accounts for 44.5% and 20.5% of the total sample group, respectively. The maximum duration of flooding is more than 10 days, but most of them are in the range of 4 to 7 days, which accounts for almost 40% of the sample group. For the community's flood adaptation before the flood, they followed the weather news through television and social media, installed water pumping and built waterproof walls around the house; During the flood, many families had to drain the water from their houses and they have to drop their vehicles outside the flood area. After the flood, people improved their house to make it more flood resistant and plan to deal with the next flood. In addition, the study results can be an important database for relevant organizations to analyze and investigations the solution plan to deal with future floods.

Bronze Age to Roman period salt production in the coastal areas of peninsular Italy: Palaeoenvironments, production methods and archaeological evidence

The landscape characteristics and salt production methods along the coasts of peninsular Italy from the Bronze Age to the Roman period are examined, with a focus on the significance of marine salt for Italy's ancient food economy, given the limited availability of rock salt. Two main methods of marine salt production are highlighted. Briquetage involves using clay or pottery containers to evaporate seawater, which requires specific environmental conditions such as clay availability and significant human labour and technological skill. Conversely, salterns consist of creating shallow ponds or pools for seawater evaporation, demanding flat coastal areas, a stable climate, and controlled seawater flow. While this method is less labour-intensive, it requires substantial initial infrastructure.The potential for salt production in Italy's coastal palaeoenvironments using either method has been evaluated. Key factors include coastal geomorphology, climate stability, and access to raw materials. This environmental data supports an analysis of archaeological remains from salt production sites active from the Bronze Age to the Roman period. The assessment focuses on the material evidence such as clay containers from briquetage and structural remains of salterns, aiming to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of these sites.The discussion also explores the geopolitical implications of salt production, examining how the distribution and development of these sites were affected by broader geopolitical shifts in Italy, including the impact of (proto)urbanization on the expansion and adaptation of salt production practices.

Vertical gravity gradient in volcano monitoring – In situ measured or theoretical? (Campi Flegrei study)

We analyse the vertical gravity gradient (VGG) properties at calderas using the Campi Flegrei (CF) site in Italy. In situ observed VGG values can depart significantly from the theoretical (normal) value of −308.6 μGal/m, particularly in areas of rugged relief. It is assumed that in sufficiently flat areas, the effect of geology, i.e., of the subsurface density heterogeneities, on VGG could prevail over the effect of terrain (topography), which can subsequently be neglected. With respect to the CF caldera, which is often considered as ‘reasonably flat area’, according to our findings the effect of topography on VGG is usually underestimated, while the effect of deeper geology is overestimated. We model the effect of the near topography on VGG at CF and subsequently verify the results of modelling by in situ observations to support our predictions. The results show that, in terms of VGG, the topographic relief plays a more significant role than the assumed geological sources even at ‘flat’ calderas such as CF. For a better understanding, in addition to CF, we analyse the effect of deeper geological sources on VGG also in the territory of Slovakia using a detailed gravimetric database of Slovakia. As a result, we question the use of in situ observed VGG values when processing and interpreting observed time-lapse gravity changes in volcanic areas accompanied by surface deformation.