Flame Atomic Emission Research Articles

Risks and benefits associated with the consumption of three species of fish native to the Brazilian Amazon

In the Brazilian Amazon, fish is part of the diet and culture of the native population. With industrialization and the pollution of rivers, the number of cases of people contaminated by toxic pollutants present in fish has grown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze three species of fish from the Amazon, the curimatã, pescada-gó, and piramutaba, to investigate the risks and benefits associated with the consumption of their muscles and livers in different seasonal periods. The amino acid and fatty acid profiles were investigated by liquid and gas chromatography, respectively. The essential elements (Cu, Fe, Mg, Na, and Zn) were quantified by flame atomic emission spectrometry, and the contaminants lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) by flame atomic emission spectrometry and graphite furnace. Significant amounts of unsaturated fatty acids were found in muscle and liver. The polyunsaturated acids were more present in the pescada-gó and the monounsaturated in the curimatã. Contaminants (Pb and Hg) were found at levels higher than the limit allowed by Brazilian legislation. The curimatã species contributed more than 131.79% of the Hg, exceeding the tolerable weekly limit, and is considered unfit for consumption. The study demonstrated that constant biomonitoring of species traded in the region is necessary to ensure food security.

Electrical impedance spectroscopy for potassium content analysis and botanical origin identification of honey

Minerals are reported to dominate the electrical properties of honey and indicate its botanical and geographical origins. In this study, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was used to assess the relation between mineral elements, electrical properties and botanical origin using three honey varieties - Citrus sp., Eucalyptus sp., and Erica sp. These varieties are identified through pollen analysis and market labelling. Flame atomic absorption and emission spectroscopies were used to quantify the concentrations of eight elements (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, and iron). Among all the mineral elements, potassium showed a consistent correlation with impedance. The potassium estimation in honey and standard solutions (calibration curve) had similar sensitivities of 153.43 nF/mM and 132.68 nF/mM, respectively. Additionally, the analysis revealed that potassium dominates the mineral composition, with the other species present in minimal quantities. The EIS technique showed high sensitivity to potassium and other ionisable species, making it possible to classify the botanical origin of these three honey types. The EIS technique proved to be both time and cost effective, yielding a classification rate higher than that achieved by analysing mineral composition.

Modern instrumentation and practical application of flame atomic emission spectrometry

The modern instrumentation for flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES) is overviewed: the main technical (composition of the fuel gas used, dispersing element, number of analytical channels, reference channel, detecting element, sampling method) and analytical (determined elements, range of determined concentrations, limits and the accuracy of their determination, the duration of a single measurement, the equired amount of the analyzed sample) characteristics of flame photometers for industrial and clinical use as well as spectrophotometers currently made by various manufacturers such as Sherwood Scientific Ltd., BWB Technologies UK Ltd., Labtron Equipment Ltd., Labnics Equipment Ltd. and JENWAY Ltd (UK); A.KRÜSS Optronic (Germany); Cole Parmer Instrument Company and Labfon Equipment Inc. (USA); Inesa Analytical Instrument Co., Ltd (China); OJSC Zagorsk Optical and Mechanical Plant, Unico-SIS LLC and VMK-Optoelectronics LLC (Russia); Manti Lab Solutions, Labtronics, Systonic, Globe Instruments, Electronics India, Lasany (India). The main areas of application of FAES are presented – bioenergy, agriculture (analysis of plants, soil extracts and fertilizers), mineral raw materials (geology), clinical medicine and pharmaceuticals, food industry, environmental control (analysis of drinking, technical and waste water), nuclear energy, metallurgy and chemical industry, as well as some features and problems associated with the preparation of samples for analysis by the FAES method. The review includes references to works on the practical application of FAES, published mainly from 1998 to 2023.

Analysis of Sodium Levels in Different Brands of Edible Salts by Flame Photometer

Sodium is a key element for all living things, mainly animals, some plant species, and humans. In animals, sodium ions are necessary for the regulation of blood and body fluids, the transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. Sodium is the chief cation in the extracellular compartment of an animal body. Sodium plays a vital role not only in the human body but also in various food types. Salt, also known as sodium chloride, is about 40% sodium and 60% chloride. It flavors food and is used as a binder and stabilizer. The sodium content in different brands of edible salts can be analyzed using flame photometry. Flame photometry, also called flame atomic emission spectrometry, is a branch of atomic spectroscopy in which the species examined in the spectrometer are in the form of atoms. The samples used for analysis are junk foods, which have become a common trend among all generations. A total of 13 brands were analyzed for iodine content. From that, two commonly used brands were selected and analyzed for estimating the sodium and potassium contents in them by flame photometry. The analysis helps in creating awareness among all generations to reduce the sodium intake in order to prevent problems like hypertension, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, and associated medical complications in the future.

Determination of Caffeine and Few Metals in Halabja Tea and Comparing with Various Tea Samples in Erbil Markets

This paper deals with two main parts: part (I) performed the caffeine levels evaluation in three commercial tea leaves (black, green, and herbal tea) in Erbil markets and Halabja city. The caffeine was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction using dichloromethane and chloroform solvents. The extracted caffeine was purified, and then identified by melting point (M.P), ultraviolet (UV) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy that provides spectra identical to the standard caffeine crystals. The level of caffeine in black tea was found greater than in green tea, presumably because black tea are made of older tea leaves, in contrast, there is no caffeine obtained from Halabja tea. Part (II) mentioned the determination of metal ions (lithium, sodium, potassium, and calcium) in 5 brands of black and green tea (leaves and bags) in addition to Halabja tea; using flame atomic emission (FAES) and flame atomic absorption (FAAS) spectroscopy. The tea beverages were prepared by three different methods: (chemically, infusion, and continuous infusion). There was a moderate quantity of sodium, potassium, and calcium was determined in the 5 brands of tea, while lithium found in the trace. Halabja tea was free from caffeine while lithium, sodium, potassium, and calcium elements of the Halabja herbal tea are all higher than all the other types of tea leaves and bags

Examination of the transfer of certain elements that are of importance to human health and wine quality in bentonite-model solution system

This scientific research includes sixteen of the most common bentonites on Bulgarian market, which are used by Bulgarian wine cellars in order to achieve colloidal stability of wines. There are bentonites with different composition: sodium, calcium, sodium-calcium, activated calcium, as well as mixtures between natural calcium and activated calcium. Their capacity to transfer elements from and to a model solution with wine parameters have been investigated. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) techniques have been used. The selected elements, which are subject to this study, are important for human health as well as for the stability of wine clarity.

The choice of methods for lithium and boron determination in lithium-boron alloys

A lithium-boron alloy (LBA) with a high lithium content (up to 70%) is used as an anode material for molten salt batteries in chemical sources of current. We present a complex of developed techniques for determining mass fractions of free lithium, total lithium, and total boron in lithium-boron alloys containing lithium mass fractions no more than 70%, boron mass fractions — no less than 26%. Optimal conditions for preparation of LBA samples and subsequent free lithium extraction from them are determined. The developed techniques are intended for i) extraction-titrimetric determination of free lithium in a content range of 20 - 50% (the relative total error no more than 1.1%); ii) determination of the total lithium content using flame atomic emission spectrometry in a content range of 59.0 - 96.0% (the relative overall error no more than 2.7%; iii) determination of the total boron content by two methods, i.e., potentiometric titration within a content range of 5 - 40% (the relative total error no more than 1.3%) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry within a content range of 4.9-50.7% (the relative total error no more than 4.9%). The results of analysis of full-scale LBA samples for the content of free lithium, total lithium and total boron are presented. It is shown that the application of two techniques for the determination of total boron content in lithium-boron alloys makes it possible to get the convergent results within the limits of measurement errors. The developed techniques are certified by the metrological service of the enterprise and can be used for the incoming and process control of the LBA production.

Nuts as a Dietary Enrichment with Selected Minerals—Content Assessment Supported by Chemometric Analysis

Nuts used as a snack and meal accompaniment supply plant protein and fatty acids that are beneficial for human health; however, they can also provide minerals. The aim of this study was to determine the content of selected elements that are often deficient in the diet (calcium, potassium, magnesium, selenium, and zinc) in nuts and determine whether they can be used to supplement deficiencies in the diet. In this study, we analyzed 10 types of nuts (n = 120 samples) that are consumed and available for sale in Poland. The content of calcium, magnesium, selenium, and zinc was determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry method, and flame atomic emission spectrometry was used for determination of potassium contents. The highest median calcium content was found in almonds (2825.8 mg/kg), the highest potassium content in pistachio nuts (15,730.5 mg/kg), the highest magnesium and selenium contents in Brazil nuts (10,509.2 mg/kg and 4348.7 μg/kg, respectively), and the highest zinc content in pine nuts (72.4 mg/kg). All the tested nuts are a source of magnesium, eight types of tested nuts are a source of potassium, six nut types are a source of zinc, and four nut types are a source of selenium; however, among the tested nuts, only almonds can be considered a source of calcium. Moreover, we found that selected chemometric methods can be useful in the classification of nuts. The studied nuts are valuable products that can be used to supplement the diet with selected minerals and can therefore be labelled as functional products crucial for disease prevention.

Calcium release from eggshell by nutrient-solubilizing bacteria

Eggshell is a nutrient-rich residue and can be used as a soil amendment and fertilizer. However, it has a slow release, making its use unfeasible, but microorganisms can accelerate the process of nutrient release. Based on this, the objective was to evaluate the solubilization of the eggshell in the culture medium and in the soil by bacterial strains. Two experiments were installed in a completely randomized design, which consisted of 13 treatments, 12 bacterial strains and a control experiment without inoculation. The first experiment was carried out in a 13 x 2 factorial scheme with minimal medium containing eggshell or CaCl2 with four replications. The media were incubated at 28 °C and after three and seven days the growth, the pH of the medium and the concentration of soluble Ca2+ were evaluated by flame atomic emission spectrometry. The second experiment was carried out in plastic flasks in which 175 g of soil and 0.75 g of eggshell were inserted. After incubation, the pH in CaCl2, the potential acidity (H + Al) and the concentration of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were evaluated. In the final analysis, the bacterial strains did not change the pH and Ca2+ values ​​of the culture medium in the in vitro experiment. In the soil experiment, strains 100-40 and 100-5 showed the ability to solubilize eggshell calcium.

Nutrient composition and physical properties of citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L.H. Bailey) Mansf. ex Greb.) seeds are related to seed coat visual appearance

Roasted citron watermelon seeds are eaten as snacks based on maturity indices. Association between coat colour, nutrient composition and physical properties is unknown. Therefore, seed coat thickness (SCT), hardness and popping yield (PY) may influence roasting quality and chewability. Understanding seed nutrient composition, physical properties, and coat colour associations allows selection for desirable traits. Forty accessions were analysed for mineral elements using flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES) for K and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for Mg, Cu, Mn, and Zn. Physical properties such as (seed thickness (ST), weight required to crack seed (WRCS), SCT, and PY were analysed. Data was subjected to correlation and Principal Component Analysis. Significant differences were observed for mineral elements and physical properties (P < 0.05). Dark and red seeds had high ST and SCT but low WRCS, Cu and Zn compared to brown seeds. Significantly lower PY and high Ca content were recorded for dark seeds. Dark seeds had high hemicellulose (19.58%), cellulose (39.17%) and lignin (30.08%). Popping yield was positively correlated with lightness (r = 0.72; P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with Ca (r = -0.77; P < 0.001). Seeds with lighter colours had higher popping yield and less Ca, implying that coat colour influences palatability, nutrient composition and physical properties. Study findings will guide breeding strategies to enhance the nutritive value of seeds.

FLAME PHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ION PRESENT IN SAMPLE OF COW, BUFFALO, SHEEP AND GOAT URINE

Background: In Charaka samhitha eight types urine (Go, Mahisha, Aja, Avi, Ostra, Hasti, Khara, HayaMutra) has been told for therapeutic usage to treat various disease. All mutra are rich in sodium, potassium, hence a study has been taken to estimation of Na, K, in Go, Mahisha, Aja, Avimutra which is feasible to collect. Aim &amp; Objectives: To assess the Na, K, in Go, Mahisha, Aja, Avimutra through flame photometer. Study Setting: ACRL SJGAMC&amp;H Koppal. Flame Photometry also known as flame atomic emission spectrometry is a branch of analytical science that examined the species in form of atom, mostly it works on principle of ionization of alkali metal salt drawn into a non-luminous flame. Alkali metal salt absorb energy from flame and emit the light of characteristic wavelength which is observed by change in intensity of color, the energy absorb was enough to vaporize alkali metal salt. Results: The concentration of Na, K in Present samples were Na in Cow 101.3, Buffalo 73.9, Sheep 72.8 Meq/L. K in Cow 14.3, Buffalo 29.2, Sheep 20.6, Goat 15.9Meq/L. Na is absent in goat in Urine. Conclusion: This study will help in understanding the quantification of presence of Na, K in Urine before using therapeutically. This type of the study first time reported.

Multivariate optimization of a goat meat alkaline solubilization procedure using tetramethylammonium hydroxide for metals determination using FAAS

In the present work, multivariate designs were used to optimize an alkaline dissolution, assisted by ultrasound energy, procedure of goat meat using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) aiming to determine Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na and Zn by flame atomic absorption (FAAS) and emission (FAES) spectrometry. The optimal conditions found for the dissolution were in the following ranges: 0.4–0.5 g for the sample mass, 12–15 min of sonication and using 700–1000 µL of 25% TMAH at a temperature of 50 °C. The obtained limits of quantification varied between 0.221 (Mg) and 7.60 (Ca) μg g−1. Accuracy was assessed by comparing the results obtained by applying the proposed method with the digestion in an acid medium using a digesting block and by analyzing bovine liver certified reference material. The application of a t-test revealed that, at a 95% confidence level, there were no significant differences between the values obtained.

Spectrometers with MAES analyzers based on new photodetector arrays

Multichannel analyzers of emission spectra (MAES) are operated as part of more than six hundred systems for atomic emission spectral analysis at enterprises in Russia, the CIS countries, and others. Until recently, MAES analyzers used only BLPP-369M1 photodetector arrays, whose performance is sufficient for integral atomic emission spectrometry applications using bright sources of spectral excitation based, for example, on an arc or spark electric discharge. To solve problems where high temporal spatial resolution and high sensitivity are required, high-speed MAES analyzers have been developed based on two new photodetector arrays—BLPP-2000 and BLPP-4000. A number of optical spectrometers based on these arrays have been developed and put into production by the VMK-Optoelektronika company: Atomic emission spectrometers: Grand Globula and Ekspress arc and spark spectrometers for the direct analysis of powders by evaporation from the channel of a graphite electrode and for the analysis of metals; Grand-Potok arc spectrometers for the rapid analysis of powders by the spill-injection method; Grand-Ekspert and Favorit argon-spark vacuum spectrometers for the rapid analysis of metals and alloys; Grand-SVCh microwave-induced nitrogen plasma spectrometers and Grand-ISP inductively-coupled argon plasma spectrometers for the analysis of liquids; Kolibri-SVCh microwave-induced air plasma spectrometers and Pavlin flame atomic emission spectrometers for the determination of alkaline and alkaline earth elements in solutions. Grand-AAS high-resolution continuous-source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometers for the simultaneous determination of elements in liquids.

Results accuracy of the simultaneous Na, K, Li, Rb and Cs determination in geochemical objects using the flame atomic emission spectrometry

One of the most important challenges in the simultaneous determination of the five alkaline elements is that their abundance differs thousands of times in natural samples. Therefore, usually the analysis of the same samples is performed using several analytical methods or techniques. An atomic emission spectrometry is the most selective method for the determination of alkaline elements in wide ranges of their contents. The reliable and correct simultaneous determination of major and trace elements contents by one method is economically attractive for classifying rocks, reconstructing the conditions of their formation, etc. The atomic emission spectrometry technique of the simultaneous determination of the five alkaline elements was developed with the use of the modern equipment. The accuracy and trueness of the developed technique results were evaluated in the current study. The technique features were the preparation and the analysis of the high-salt solutions of the geochemical samples, and the use of a low-temperature propane-butane flame and multichannel photoelectric recording of the spectra for the simultaneous determination of alkali metals contents. A specific data processing ensured accounting for the spectral background and minimizing the interferences when calibrating by CRMs with various compositions and genesis. The determined concentrations ranges of alkaline elements in natural and man-made environments had been expanded by improving the detection limits and using several analytical lines of Na, K and Rb with different spectral features. FAES results were compared with the results of XRF, ICP-MS, the standard addition and dilution methods, and its accuracy and trueness were found to be satisfactory for the requirements of geological and geochemical studies.

GC-MS Analysis, Metal Analysis and Antimicrobial Investigation of Sterculia diversifolia

Plants of Sterculia genus contain various types of bioactive compounds which bears therapeutic potential. The current research was planned to perform gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and metal analysis, and to test the antimicrobial activity of various extracted samples of Sterculia diversifolia G. Don specie. Screening of S. diversifolia for chemical constituents was carried out using various qualitative procedures, which confirmed the existence of a number of bioactive compounds. Gas chromatography followed by GC-MS is a significant analytical tool for the assessment of composition of fixed oils or oily fractions. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for the determination of micronutrients, while atomic emission flame photometer for the analysis of macronutrients. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were investigated by well diffusion and tube dilution techniques respectively. The n-hexane fractions of both the stem bark and leaves of S. diversifolia were analyzed with the help of GC-MS, resulting in the identification of 32 and 62 compounds, respectively. Various micronutrients and macronutrients shown reasonable quantities in stem bark and leaves extracts. The n-hexane and dichloromethane fractions of S. diversifolia stem bark, leaves and seeds showed mild to moderate range of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and no antifungal activity against any fungal strain. Our findings support the use of S. diversifolia in traditional medicine.

Sodium and potassium content in sports supplements based on whey protein

Diferentes marcas de três tipos de suplementos esportivos à base de proteína de soro de leite foram avaliadas: 15 do tipo à base de proteína de soro de leite, 4 "hipercalóricos" e 7 barras de proteína. Um procedimento de preparo de amostras foi estudado empregando digestão ácida assistida por micro-ondas para determinar os teores de sódio e potássio usando Espectrometria de Emissão Atômica com Chama (Fotometria de Chama). As concentrações de sódio obtidas variaram na faixa de: 0,30 a 5,9 mg/g, de 0,52 a 2,8 mg/g e de 2,3 a 5,0 mg/g para suplementos a base de proteínas do soro de leite, suplementos hipercalóricos e suplementos em barra de proteína, respectivamente. Enquanto as concentrações de potássio, variaram de: 1,3 a 13 mg/g, de 0,47 a 5,4 mg/g e de 1,7 a 12 mg/g para as mesmas amostras, respectivamente. A razão entre os níveis de sódio e potássio, um parâmetro associado à hipertensão incidente, foi calculada e mostrou que, para algumas amostras, os valores excederam a recomendação da Organização Mundial de Saúde. O método desenvolvido apresentou alta frequência analítica, com boa exatidão e precisão sendo adequado para aplicação em rotinas de controle de qualidade.

Analytical methods assessment for exchangeable cations analysis in soil: MIP OES appraisement

ABSTRACT Soil monitoring and research often requires a comparison of laboratory data generated by diverse instruments and in different laboratories to demonstrate the reliability and accuracy of the results. The outcomes of this work highlight a performance comparison among different analytical methods for the determination of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and potassium (K), in soil. Five soil samples were used for analytical methods comparison, corresponding to an argentine agricultural soil interlaboratory, and four soil samples from the Pampa region of Argentina were used for analytical application of the instrumental methods. The results obtained with flame atomic absorption and emission spectrometry (FAAS-FAES) and microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES) were compared to those obtained by conventional analytical methods as complexometric titration and flame photometry. As there were no significant differences between classical methods with instrumental ones, FAAS-FAES and MIP OES were validated following criteria based on international guidelines. Accuracy, precision, linearity, limits of detection and quantification, sensitivity, analytical sensitivity, and working range were evaluated. The results established the satisfactory performance of FAAS-FAES and MIP OES for exchangeable cations. MIP OES is an efficient alternative to FAAS-FAES, with wide linear dynamic range, which is advantageous concerning to the concentrations in which these exchangeable cations are found in soils, avoiding sample dilutions. The most remarkable advantage of MIP OES is the low running costs as it does not use flammable and toxic gases. Due to its benefits MIP OES could be recommended as the main analytical method for exchangeable cations determination.

Selected Toxic Heavy Metals Levels in Vegetables, Soil and Irrigation Water at Awashriver, Ginchi Town, West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia

The levels of selected heavy metals (Cr, Cd and Pb) have been determined in cabbage, onion, soil and Awash river used for irrigation have been investigated. The cabbage, onion, soil and Awash River water samples were collected from the farmlands around Ginchi Town of West Shoa Zone in which the Anmol Ethiopia PLC, a paper industry, were there. The samples were digested using properly optimized wet digestion procedures. The metal contents were analyzed using Flame Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (FAES). However, Cd and Pb were not detected in all samples. Likewise, the highest level in onion samples was, Cr(0.59 mg/L). High concentrations of Cr (71.85 mg/Kg) were detected in soil samples on which the Onion vegetable was gown, while the corresponding values of Cr detected in the Onion sample itself was 59.35 mg/Kg. The levels of selected metals in downstream water (after effluent from Anmol Production Ethiopia PLC is mixed with Awash River) samples used for irrigation. It can be concluded that, Cr in both soil onion and onion exceeded the FAO limit of maximum recommended level vegetable plant, so that the consumption of this Onion might cause hazards with respective to Cr and hence care must be taken. Key phrases : toxic heavy metals, soil, vegetables, irrigation water DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-2-04 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

Infrared enthalpymetric methods: A new, fast and simple alternative for sodium determination in food sauces

This work developed a new technique and an application of an existing approach to determine sodium in food sauces, involving enthalpimetric reactions in the infrared. Infrared Thermometric Titration (TT-IR) was utilized, with simple analyzers and low-cost measurement instruments for the acquisition of the surface temperature generated in the sodium precipitation reaction and development of software for the acquisition and processing of data using Raspberry Pi. The sodium was also quantified by Thermal Infrared Enthalpimetry (TIE), a recently developed technique. The rapid and simple quantification of sodium by the TT-IR and TIE showed the possibility of a selective reaction for sodium, using aluminum nitrate, potassium and ammonium fluoride in an acid medium, with reduction of the reagents and without the digestion step in the sample preparation. The results acquired through TT-IR and TIE corroborated the Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry (FAES) with 96 to 103% and 95 to 102%, respectively.

THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION STUDY OF PLANTS IN THE SIBERIAN FLORA (ALFREDIA CERNUA AND FILI-PENDULA ULMARIA), EXTRACTS AND FRACTIONS TO CREATE DRUGS BASED ON THEM

Using the methods of arc atomic emission spectrometry (AAES), atomic emission flame photometry (AEFP), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the elemental composition of the aerial part of widely used in medical practice Alfredia cernua and Filipendula ulmaria, extracts and fractions obtained from them, is investigated. It was shown that not only biologically active substances, but also mineral elements are extracted by extractants, which may be due both to the formation of complexes with biologically active substances and affinity for extractants. Therefore, the elemental composition must be considered as an important component of plant extracts and medicinal products obtained from them. Simultaneously with biologically active substances in ethanol extracts there is an accumulation of not only biogenic, but also toxic elements, which degree of extraction is often higher. It increases even more during the transition from periodic to countercurrent extraction, which allows to obtain extracts with the highest yield of biologically active substances. Since the enriched extract is directly used to obtain the dosage form, a preliminary elemental analysis is necessary. Analytical control of the content of TM is also necessary when choosing the place of growth of plants raw materials, which are used to create medicinal herbal remedies.