Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Research Articles

Green Surfactant Assisted-Solidified Floating Organic Drop Micro-Extraction (SA-SFODME) for the Preconcentration of Trace Lead with Determination by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS)

Determination of trace lead from environmental samples was carried out by solidified floating organic drop microextraction for preconcentration before analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The determination of lead from environmental samples, even at trace levels, was possible with an ordinary flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). The lead formed a hydrophobic complex with the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), and this hydrophobic complex was extracted into the 1-dodecanol drop. Parameters affecting analytical performance have been studied. The optimum pH value was 3.5. The optimum sample volume, SDBS concentration, and extraction solvent volume were 75 mL, 50 mM in dodecanol, and 75 µL, respectively. The optimum extraction time was determined as 30 min, the optimum extraction temperature was 45 °C, the optimum mixing speed was 650 rpm and the ideal extraction phase volume was 0.50 mL. Methanol has been shown to be effective when used as a diluent. Using the optimum conditions, the enhancement factor was 106, and the limit of detection (3s) and precision were 3.3 ng/mL and 2.3% (n = 9,15 ng/mL), respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) (10s) was 10 ng/mL and the linear working range was 15-100 ng/mL. The accuracy was evaluated by certified reference material analysis. The optimized method was applied to the determination of Pb(II) from environmental water samples. This method follows the principles of green analytical chemistry.

Effect of domestic heat processing techniques on the trace metals concentration in imported frozen fish products in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, and health risk assessment

IntroductionTrace metals in fish play different important roles, both for the fish itself and humans who consume them. However, some of these metals are toxic at low concentrations, and are considered as health hazards. In this study, the concentration of six trace metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Mn and Zn) were determined in imported frozen fish species available in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The effect of domestic heat processing techniques (cooking, frying and smoking) on the trace metals concentration, and the potential risk due to consumption of these metals in fish were also evaluated. MethodsFive different species of imported frozen fish species were purchased from wholesale and retail outlets, and were prepared as raw, cooked, fried and smoked samples. A mixture of acids was used for digestion of fish samples, while Flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used for quantification of metals. The hazard index was employed for evaluating the non-carcinogenic risk of metals in fish. ResultsThe average trace metals concentration in the raw fish samples followed the order: Zn > Cu > Cd > Ni > Mn. Pb was undetected in all fish samples. The concentration of the detected trace metals ranged as follows - Cd: 3.45-9.40 mg/kg, Ni: <0.001-13.13 mg/kg, Cu: 6.10-9.95 mg/kg, Mn: <0.001-1.05 mg/kg, and Zn: 14.50-43.65 mg/kg. The Cd concentration in all raw fish species greatly exceeded its permissible limits. The effect of domestic heat processing techniques on trace metals concentration in fish did not follow any regular pattern, and only Cd concentrations exceeded its permissible limit in all heat processed fish samples. The hazard quotient (HQ) values showed that only Cd had HQ values >1 for both child and adult exposure scenarios. ConclusionThe results suggest trace metal contamination of fish samples by Cd, with significant potential non-carcinogenic risk. Since Cd is toxic, continuous screening of imported fish products is necessary, in order to safeguard public health.

Heavy metal levels and human health risk implications associated with fish consumption from the lower Omo river (Lotic) and Omo delta lake (Lentic), Ethiopia.

This study is the first to determine the levels of heavy metals in commercially important fish species, namely Lates niloticus and Oreochromis niloticus and the potential human health risks associated with their consumption. A total of 120 fish samples were collected from the lower Omo river and Omo delta, with 60 samples from each water source. The fish tissue samples (liver and muscle) were analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer for nine heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). The human health risk assessment tools used were the target hazard quotient (THQ), the hazard index (HI), and the target cancer risk (TCR). The mean levels of heavy metals detected in the liver and muscle of L. niloticus from the lower Omo river generally occurred in the order Fe > Zn > Pb> Cu > Mn> Cr > Co > Ni and Pb > Cu > Mn > Co > Ni, respectively. The mean levels of metals in the muscle and liver tissues of O. niloticus were in the order Fe > Pb > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Co > Ni and Pb > Zn > Mn > Fe > Cu > Co > Ni, respectively. Similarly, the mean levels of heavy metals detected in the liver and muscle of L. niloticus from Omo delta occurred in the order Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Cr > Co > Ni and Fe > Pb > Zn > Mn > Cu > Co > Cr > Ni, respectively. The mean levels in the muscle and liver tissues of O. niloticus from the Omo delta were in the order Fe > Pb > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Co > Ni and Pb > Fe > Zn > Mn > Co > Cu > Ni, respectively. The study revealed that the THQ values were below 1, indicating that consumption of L. niloticus and O. niloticus from the studied sites does not pose a potential non-carcinogenic health risk. Although the TCR values for Pb in this study were within the tolerable range, it's mean concentration in the muscle and liver tissues of both fish species from the two water bodies exceeded the permissible limit established by FAO/WHO. This is a warning sign for early intervention, and it emphasizes the need for regular monitoring of freshwater fish. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the pollution levels and human health risks of heavy metals in fish tissues from lower Omo river and Omo delta for environmental and public health concerns.

Lead concentration in different trophic levels: experimental analysis

This study aimed to experimentally evaluate the capacity of lead (Pb) accumulation and passage at different trophic levels. To do so, the aquatic macrophyte M. linifera, grasshoppers of the T. surinama species, and Theraphosa sp. spiders were collected and subjected to experiments 1, 2, and 3 with 1 g.L-1, 0.1 g.L-1 of Pb, and without lead, respectively. After analyzing the results using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer, the presence of Pb was detected in the analyzed trophic levels. The highest concentration of Pb was found in the aninga root in experiment 2 (219,705.6 mg.Kg-1), and the lowest concentration was found in the leaf of experiment 1 (79.4 mg.Kg-1). The grasshoppers in experiment 1 and 2 did not show traces of Pb, only in their feces, the highest being 201.98 mg.Kg-1 and the lowest being 8.74 mg.Kg-1.Traces of Pb were also found in the spiders, with the highest concentration detected in experiment 1 (7.42 mg.Kg-1). The study revealed an increase in Pb concentration in the experimental food chain across the three trophic levels. T. surinama acted as a lead desconcentrator in the food chain, returning the ingested lead to the environment, creating a cycle in the aquatic environment where lead can be reabsorbed by the plant.

Appraisal of trace metals toxicity and human health risk using a novel approach in wastewater of four gas fields, Bangladesh

The objective of this study is to assess the toxicity of trace metals (TMs) and associated environmental, ecological and health risks in the gas fields located in the Sylhet region of Bangladesh. Gas well-produced water, gas field discharge water, and drinking water surrounding the gas fields were collected for analysis. This study analyzed carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic TMs such as Cr, As, Co, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Zn, and Pb, as well as physical parameters pH and EC in the collected samples using various instruments. The TMs were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS), Flame AAS and physical parameters were evaluated using portable water multiparameter. The Fe and EC concentrations in produced and discharged water samples were incredibly high. The average concentrations of TMs in produced water samples during the summer and rainy seasons were found to be Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Co > Cu > Cr > Pb > As > Cd. The observed metal concentration in discharge water was higher during the summer than in the rainy season. Most samples met national and international standards for trace elements, while a few samples exceeded the threshold value.The Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HMEI) results indicate that most produced water is highly polluted, while discharge and drinking water are moderate to lightly polluted. The Environmental Pollution Index (EPI) indicates environmental pollution for some produced water samples, while it indicates a moderate to low risk for discharge and drinking water samples. The source of trace metals (TMs) was determined using positive matrix factorization. However, all water samples have an ecological risk index of less than 150, indicating lower risk. Furthermore, the Heavy Metals Toxicity Load (HMTL) was below the allowable toxicity load for all water samples, indicating minimal contamination in the studied water. The non-cancer hazard score (HI) of the studied HMs is more significant for children and females than males. The cancer risk from Ni is a concern, while the cancer risk from Cd and Cr is also a matter of concern. In the end, policymakers can utilize this study's findings to monitor, and control produced water contamination.

Speciation of Chromium by Magnetic Solid Phase Microextraction Using an Activated Charcoal-Molybdenum (IV) Selenide-Magnetite Composite with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric (FAAS) Detection

A simple and sensitive magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) method was developed for the separation-preconcentration and speciation of Cr in water samples. The system is based on the adsorption of Cr (VI)-ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) complex on the activated charcoal@MoSe2@Fe3O4 composite. Total chromium has also been determined after the conversion of Cr (III) to Cr (VI) by oxidation with KMnO4. Cr (III) was determined as the difference between the total content of the Cr and Cr (VI). For quantitative recoveries, the effects of solution pH, adsorbent amount, volume of the sample, ligand volume, eluent type, and volume and effect of foreign ions were investigated. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for Cr was 0.36 ng mL−1 and 1.19 ng mL−1, respectively. The procedure was applied for the determination and speciation of chromium in water samples.

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) of Ni(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions using pyromellitic dianhydride functionalized silica gel prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination

In this work, a novel pyromellitic dianhydride modified silica gel (PMDA-SG) was firstly fabricated for column solid-phase extraction (SPE) of Ni(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions at trace levels from aqueous solutions, aiming to determine their trace level using flame atomic absorption spectrometer. PMDA-SG was confirmed by FT-IR and C,H,N elemental analysis. Optimization of the SPE column for Ni(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions using the PMDA-SG loaded column involved a comprehensive investigation of the key factors. The optimum conditions were found as follows: a sample solution pH of 7.0, a sample flow rate of 5 mL/min, a maximum solution volume of 500 mL, and an eluent consisting of 5 mL of 1.0 mol L−1 HNO3 solution. To validate the developed SPE method, a certified reference material of Ontario Lake water (NWTMDA-54.4) was employed, and a good fit was observed in the obtained data. The SPE method demonstrated good precision in the determination of Ni(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) at 20 ng mL−1 (n = 5), yielding relative standard deviation values lower than 5%. Trace levels of Ni(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) in environmental water samples form laboratory tap, Sapanca Lake, Çark Stream and Sakarya River were successfully quantified by FAAS after preconcentration using PMDA-SG filled column.

Assessment of Health Risks in Wheat Crop Irrigated by Manka Canal, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan

Background. Manka canal’s metal concentration rises from human activities’ garbage. Untreated water from the canal is used by farmers for local crop irrigation. Immediate action is crucial to assess heavy metal levels and ensure soil suitability for agriculture as metal pollution persists. Purpose. The current study was conducted to assess the health risks associated with metal pollution at Manka Canal, Dera Ghazi Khan. Methods. A total of eighty-four wastewater, soil, and wheat samples were collected from study areas. The collected samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). Results. The significant findings of the study revealed that the concentration of heavy metals in most of the collected samples of soil, water, and wheat was above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. The mean concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were at relatively higher concentrations, i.e., 4.88, 22.03, 38.2, 89.2, 19.62, and 67.9 mg/kg, respectively, in collected wheat samples. The soil and irrigation water quality metrics had values that exceeded the acceptable thresholds, rendering them unfit for agricultural use. The local community faces an elevated health risk index for both children and adults due to the consumption of wheat crop as HRI is greater than 1 for nonessential elements like Cd and Pb. Conclusion. The study suggested that wastewater irrigation leads to the accumulation of heavy metals in foodstuffs, causing potential health risks to consumers. The gradual accumulation of these contaminants in biological systems finally gives rise to severe health-related issues. Therefore, it is crucial to implement robust wastewater treatment processes and stringent quality control measures to minimize health risks associated with the consumption of crops grown using reclaimed water. Prior to irrigating crops like wheat and vegetables, it is strongly advised to treat municipal wastewater to prevent soil and dietary toxicity from heavy metals.

Bioaccumulation of some Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Copper and Zinc) in Three Tissues of the Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L. Collected from a Mud Culture

The current study was conducted to find out the bioaccumulation of the three elements cadmium, copper and zinc, in tissues of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L., they were gills, muscles and viscera. Cultivated in three mud ponds in Thi Qar Governorate - Nasiriyah city, Shatrah district, in the village of Al-Ajjah Al-Buhan, near Al-Ghamouqa Valley, it is 55 km away from the center of Al-Nasiriyah. The fish were distributed to the lakes with uniform densities for the period from 5/11/2022 to 5/4/2023, by 1000 fish/m3 were used, it was divided into three lakes equally, with an average weight of 20 gm. A standard local diet was used to feed the fish, standard methods were used to estimate the concentrations of heavy metals in tissues, by a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Results were recorded in tissues for cadmium in gills, muscles and viscera. The highest values were in the autumn season for gills and muscles, respectively (12.13-12.77 μg/gm dry weight). The highest concentration recorded in spring for tissues was (8.3 μg/gm dry weight). Copper recorded the highest value in gills, muscles and viscera, in the spring season (222.14, 334.77 and 110.65μg/gm dry weight), respectively. Zinc recorded high concentrations in the gills, viscera, and muscles, i In autumn (350.34, 259.17 and 303.34 μg/g dry weight), respectively. The results showed that the accumulation of elements; Heavy was in the following order: Zinc > copper > cadmium. Cadmium: gills > viscera > muscles. Copper: gills > muscles > viscera. Zinc: gills > viscera > muscles.

Study of the Heavy Metals Concentration Level in the Water and Sediment and some Tissues of the Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella V. Cultured in Cages in the Euphrates River

The current study was conducted in Thi Qar Governorate, Nasiriyah city on one of the private farms, grass carp were cultured, to determine the effect of some heavy elements (cadmium, copper and zinc) in the water and sediments of the Euphrates River, measuring the concentration of elements in some parts (gills, muscles and viscera) of grass carp fish. Water, sediment and fish samples were collected monthly from 11/8/2022 to 4/8/2023. The study also included field tests such as air and water temperature measurements, the air temperature ranged between 11-29 C, and the water temperature ranged between 9-25 C. Heavy metals were measured in water, sediment and fish tissues by flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The results showed the highest total concentration of cadmium in the water during April and copper in February and April, as for zinc, it recorded the highest concentration during April. The highest concentration of cadmium was recorded in the gills and muscles during April. The highest concentration of cadmium in the guts was recorded in the winter. Copper had the highest concentration in the gills and muscles during April. Zinc recorded high concentrations in the viscera, muscles and gills. As for the sediments, the values of cadmium ranged from 0.104-0.223 μg/L. Copper recorded values ranging between 5.07-13.2 μg/L. Zinc values ranged between 29.87-59.2 μg/L. The results showed that the accumulation of heavy elements was as follows: Concentrations in the water of zinc>cadmium>copper. Concentrations in the sediments of zinc> copper>cadmium. In tissues: Cadmium viscera>gills>muscle. gillscopper>viscera>muscles. Viscera>gills>muscles.

Lithium and zinc levels along with oxidative status in myocardial infarction: A case-control study

BackgroundCoronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) are the most prevalent diseases globally. While several risk factors for MI are well assessed, the influence of trace elements on MI has not been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to evaluate lithium (Li) and zinc (Zn) levels in MI patients and healthy control and assess their relationship with oxidative stress (OS) parameters, such as nitric oxide (NO) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). MethodsThis case-control study was performed on 182 patients with MI and 83 healthy subjects at Shafa Hospital in Kerman, Iran. MI patients were divided into two groups based on the angiography results: those with coronary artery block above 50 % (CAB >50 %, n = 92) and those with coronary artery block below 50 % (CAB <50 %, n = 90). A flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used to detect Li and Zn levels, and biochemical indices were measured by an autoanalyzer. Also, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and the Griess method were used to measure the amounts of NO and TAC. ResultsThe levels of TAC and Li were significantly higher in the control group than in the patient groups (in both CAB >50 % and CAB <50 % groups). Furthermore, in the CAB <50 % group, TAC and Li levels were significantly higher than in the CAB >50 % group. In the Zn levels evaluation, higher concentration was seen in the CAB >50 % group compared to the CAB <50 % group (P < 0.05). Moreover, Zn and NO levels were significantly higher in both CAB groups compared to controls. In continue, Li levels had a positive association with TAC and ejection fraction percentage (EF%) as well as a negative association with NO levels and Zn levels had a significant positive association with NO and a negative association with TAC. In logistic regression analysis, Li, TAC, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol significantly decreased the odds ratio (OR) of MI, whereas Zn, NO, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) significantly increased the OR of MI. Furthermore, the area under the curve (AUC) analysis indicated that Li had the highest AUC for the diagnosis of CAB >50 % (Li < 167 ng/mL), and Zn ≥ 1810 μg/mL increased disease severity. ConclusionOur investigation revealed that Li had a protective effect against CAD by decreasing OS and increasing EF%. However, Zn at concentrations higher than 1810 μg/mL was found to be cytotoxic and increased the risk of MI through increased OS. Taken togather, it could be concluded that Li supplementation may decrease the risk of CAD.

CONTENT OF ELEMENTS IN AYURVEDIC MEDICINAL PLANTS ANALYZED BY USING FAAS INSTRUMENTS

In this present study total four different family medicinal plants namely Azadirachta indica, Cascabela thevetia, Ficus benghalensis and Cassia angustifolia leaves parts collected from the different places of Bidar, Kalaburagi &amp; Yadgir districts. By using standard ratio of FAAS instruments, the solution samples for analysis of elements were prepared. Further analysis of the total 7 essential elements like Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As and Pb were done respectively. The Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (FAAS) is analytical, or radiation source instrument and it is useful for the quantitative analysis of any materials. The average concentration of elements varied between 0.01 mg/L to 1.7 mg/L in all 4 studied Ayurvedic medicinal plants. Here Mg and Pb concentration found to be in higher range, compared to the other elements. Further all studied elemental content were found to be under the permissible limits of WHO. Results could be useful in study of metabolic, enzymatic and physical activity of the samples and also useful for the new modern medicinal preparations. The variations of elemental concentrations in environmental samples were dependents on earth geological soil formation.

Study of the concentration level of heavy metals in water and some tissues of common carp, Carpinus carpio L. which is cultured in cages in the Euphrates River

The current study included measuring some chemical and physical properties of the water of the study area and estimating the concentration of three heavy elements (lead, copper, and zinc) in the tissues of the common carp (Gills, muscles, and viscera) of Cyprinus carpio L. Samples were collected from one of the private farms that raise fish in floating cages on the Euphrates River from 11/18/2022 to 4/18/2023. The study also included measuring water temperature, air, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH And dissolved oxygen samples taken from the water were analyzed as well as samples taken from fish tissues on a monthly basis. The results of the study showed that the air temperature ranged between(6.8-10.2)C. Water temperature (17_33), turbidity (6.8_10.2), electrical conductivity (1.04_2.13), total dissolved solids (7752_18730) mg/l, and pH value (7.2_7.82) between neutral to lightly basic. The dissolved oxygen value ranged between (6.78 - 7.92) mg/l during the months of the experiment. The standard methods were used to estimate the concentration of heavy metals in water and tissues by flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The results showed that the highest total concentration of lead, copper and zinc was recorded in the water during the winter season (1.533, 2.300, 6.700) µg/L. Recorded in tissues for lead in the gills and viscera, the highest values were in spring (9.533, 6.500) µg/L, respectively. Copper recorded the highest value in the gills and viscera, respectively, and the concentrations were high in the autumn season (16.793, 18.723) µg/g dry weight, respectively. g dry weight respectively, the results showed that the accumulation of heavy elements was in the following order . &#x0D; Concentrations in the water are zinc &lt; copper &lt; lead&#x0D; And in the tissue as follows &#x0D; Gills &lt; muscle &lt; viscera lead &#x0D; gills &lt; viscera &lt; muscle copper &#x0D; Zinc gills &lt; muscle &lt; viscera&#x0D; Different densities were also studied to obtain the best culture density. Three densities (21_25_28 fish / m3) were used, with 500 fish for the first treatment, 900 fish for the second treatment, and 1100 fish for the third treatment, with an average weight of (120_140) g. Diet of Iranian origin was used for the three treatments. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences during the months of the study, where the highest rate was in the month of March.

Ultrasound-assisted dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction using toner powder for the separation and preconcentration of cobalt in water and food samples and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometer

In this study, ultrasound-assisted dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction using toner powder (inexpensive and accessible magnetic sorbent) combined with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry has been developed for the analysis of cobalt (II) in water and food samples. The influence of parameters (amount of toner powder, sample pH, the concentration of the complexing agent, eluent type and volume, and adsorption time) were studied as a function of the extraction recovery. The proposed method, which has been analytically characterized under its optimum operating conditions, allows the detection of cobalt (II) in the samples with method detection limits of 0.7 μg L−1. The method repeatability, expressed as the relative standard deviation (n = 10, Co2+= 50.0 μg L−1), was 3.1%, while the preconcentration factor was 50. Cobalt(II) was determined in water samples (tap water, river water, mineral water, seawater) and food samples (cabbage and cucumber) with good recoveries (96.0–104.0%) using the proposed method.

Magnetic Luffa@metal-organic frameworks (MOF-199) nanocomposite for the solid phase microextraction of some metal ions at trace levels from food and water samples

A new adsorbent (magnetic Luffa@MOF-199) was synthesized and used for magnetic solid phase microextraction for separation–preconcentration of Ni(II), Pb(II), Cr(III), and Cd(II) as 2-nitroso-2-naphthol chelates prior to their flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) detection. Analytical parameters that affect the quantitative recoveries of analytes such as pH, adsorbent amount, sample and eluent volumes, adsorption and desorption time, and eluent type were optimized. The impact of foreign ions was investigated. The limits of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.35 μg L-1 for Ni(II), 0.38 μg L-1 for Pb(II), 0.55 μg L1- for Cr(III) and 0.12 μg L-1 for Cd(II). The relative standard deviations (RSD) were in the range of 3.4 – 6.0%. The developed method was validated using certified reference materials (CRMs) (TMDA-64.3 fortified water, GBW07424 (GSS-10) soil and 1573a Tomato Leaves). The method was applied to determination of Ni(II), Pb(II), Cr(III), and Cd(II) contents of some food, tobacco, and wastewater samples.

Assessment of lead, cadmium, and mercury levels in the breast milk in Pakistani women.

The concentrations of potentially toxic metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in healthy lactating mothers of Lahore city were estimated during 2020-2021 with the help of a flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). Seventy samples of breast milk were collected from two different age groups, namely, G-1 (25-30 years) and G-2 (31-40 years). The results showed that Cd contents were below the detection limit of the measuring instrument; however, the Pb and Hg contents were detected with great ease. The mean concentrations of Pb and Hg in the G-1 corresponding to the age between 25 and 30 years were observed to be 1.914 ± 0.493 μg/L and 10.432 ± 3.249 μg/L, respectively. For the G-2 with an age limit between 31 and 40 years, the concentrations of Pb and Hg were estimated to be 2.045 ± 0.502 μg/L and 11.527 ± 3.231 μg/L, respectively. The T-test analysis of concentrations of these toxic metals indicated a significant correlation between the content levels of Pb and Hg (p < 0.05). The observed values of toxic metals were significantly more frequent than those suggested by WHO (World Health Organization). An increase in the concentrations of Pb and Hg is directly associated with the location of the target population. As a result, it is turned out that the majority of the lactating woman with significantly high levels of Pb and Hg belongs to industrial areas of Lahore. To avoid such conditions, residential areas must be at larger distances, in addition, to strictly abiding by the environmental policies of the government.

Synthesis and Characterization Studies of new Heterocyclic Azo Compound 2-[2‾-(4,5-Dimethyl thaizolyl azo]-5-Amino Anilin with some Complexes Metal Ions

This work included the preparation of a new ligand of heterogeneous azo ligands derived from thiazole 2- [2‾-(4,5-Dimethyl thaizolyl azo]-5-Amino Anilin (DMeTAAA) and some of its metallic complexes were diagnosed by means of the infrared spectrum, mass spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance proton spectra, ultraviolet-visible spectrum, thermogravimetric analysis, and in addition to the careful analysis of the elements. Eight metal complexes were prepared by reaction the prepared ligand with Chromium (III), Iron (II), Cobalt (III), Nickel (II), Copper (II), Zinc (II), mercury (II) and silver (I). The effect of the solvent on ligand has been studied and the results have indicated that all the obtained complexes possess high stability. The percentage of metallic ions in the prepared complexes was obtained by the flame atomic absorption spectrometer. A careful analysis of the elements showed a great compatibility between the theoretically calculated and practically obtained ratios. The results of magnetic sensitivity showed that Cr(III),Ni(II) and Cu(II)-complexes possessed magnetic para qualities while the other complexes possessed magnetic dia qualities, as well as the molar conductivity of the prepared complexes was studied and the results showed that all complexes possess the ionic Based on the results obtained, the synthetic formulas of chelated complexes were proposed revealing that the investigated thiazolele azo ligand behaves as a triple ligand.

Analysis, spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface soils, the case of Khorramabad, Iran

ABSTRACT In this study, the contents of potentially toxic elements (Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni and Mn) in urban surface soils collected from city of Khorramabad were determined to assess the soil contamination rates, potential ecological risks and also spatial distribution of the analyzed elements. In so doing, a total of 55 surface soil samples were collected from 11 sampling sites. After acid digestion of samples, the contents of the elements were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Then, the pollution rates and potential ecological risks of the soil samples were assessed using various models including geo-accumulation index (I-geo), potential ecological risk index (RI), enrichment factor (EF) and pollution load index (PLI). The spatial distribution of the analyzed elements was estimated using the kriging interpolation technique. Based on the results, the observed mean I-geo values could be classified as “unpolluted” for all heavy metals in the study area. Besides, the EF values of Fe (1), Zn (340), Cr (445), Cd (1000), Ni (605), Cu (874), Pb (316) and Mn (900) indicated that all the elements had extremely severe enrichment. Moreover, the RI values indicated that the whole study area could be categorized as 'moderate'. The values of PLI indicated that the study area could be considered as 'non-polluted'. The calculated values of the studied indices and their spatial distribution showed that the elements concentration in E (G3T4S1) and I (G6T2S2) sampling sites were more than those in the other sites and that, for managing and controlling the anthropogenic activities in those sites, special care and appropriate interventions are needed. In conclusion, while an increase in soil contamination in the study area is expected in the future, the use of bioaccumulator species for biomonitoring and bioremediation of the contaminated areas with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is recommended.

Assessment of Selected Trace Metals in Commonly Consumed Canned and Raw Food Products in Sindh, Pakistan

The current study uses a flame atomic absorption spectrometer to quantify seven trace elements—Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and Calcium (Ca) in canned and raw food products sold in Sukkur and Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. Current study results were compared to WHO/FAO maximum and minimum limits. Most samples were contaminated with trace elements (likely from anthropogenic activities, local industries, and brick kilns) and exceeded the allowable limits. Food products had varied metal content. In canned food products, Cr was max in peas (6.99 mg/kg) and min in pineapple (3.08 mg/kg), Co was max in pineapple (3.11 mg/kg) and min in honey (1.50 mg/kg), Zn was max in tamarind (5.77 mg/kg) and min in pineapple and mushroom (2.95 mg/kg), Mn was max in ginger (0.39 mg/kg) and min in pineapple and mangoes (0.24 mg/kg), Na was max in ginger (167 mg/kg) and min in honey (76.7 mg/kg), and K was max in tamarind (4942 mg/kg) and min in honey (76.7 mg In raw food products, Cr was highest in carrot (6.21 mg/kg) and lowest in pineapple (3.08 mg/kg), Co was highest in pineapple (3.24 mg/kg) and lowest in carrot (1.14 mg/kg), Zn was highest in carrot (6.33 mg/kg) and lowest in pineapple and honey (2.96 mg/kg), Mn was highest in ginger (0.41 mg/kg) and lowest in honey (0.24 mg/kg), Na was highest in garlic (202 mg/kg) and lowest in strawberries (65.1 mg/kg), and K was highest in tamarind (4963 mg/kg) and lowest in butter. In conclusion, to ensure public safety, these elements must be monitored in canned and raw food products

Assessment of nutritional potential with respect to macroelements in the Tropical fruits from Solomon Islands

The present study reports the contents of macroelements such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium in tropical fruits samples from Solomon Islands. The fruit samples were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The method used was validated by analyzing standard reference material of Blueberry fruit (NIST-SRM3287). The macroelemental concentrations in fruits revealed the highest content of K (480 ± 13 mg/100 g) in breadfruit while the maximum concentrations of Ca (41.9 ± 2.0 mg/100 g) and Mg (150 ± 8 mg/100 g) were found in cutnut. Banana exhibited the highest concentration of Na as 14.7 ± 0.6 mg/100 g. Potassium showed dominance while Na showed the least concentration in the studied fruits except for starfruit which had Ca as the least concentrated element. The estimated recommended dietary allowance (RDA) coverage for macroelements in fruits showed the highest percentage covering for children followed by adolescents and adults, in respective ranges of 0.173 ̶ 188, 0.138 ̶ 71.4 and 0.173 ̶ 48.4% RDA. The individual macroelements RDA coverage for children, adolescents and adults were estimated to be K (3.87 ̶ 16.0, 3.13 ̶ 10.7 and 3.00 ̶ 10.2% RDA), Ca (0.393 ̶ 5.99, 0.302 ̶ 3.22 and 0.330 ̶ 4.19% RDA) and Na (0.173 ̶ 1.47, 0.138 ̶ 0.980 and 0.138 ̶ 1.23% RDA), respectively. Based on the estimated percentage RDA coverage, the studied fruits have been classified as sources and rich sources of different macroelements for children, adolescents and adult diets.