Flame Atomic Absorption Method Research Articles

Application of Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis in the detection of heavy metal element content

The method of food safety testing is usually to use different testing methods to determine the various elements contained in the food to obtain whether its content meets human health standards compared with international standards. At the same time, it can be judged its origin by the content of elements detected in the food, and analyze the impact of environment pollution on its growth. Commonly used methods for detecting heavy metals in food include ICP-AES/MS, flame atomic absorption method, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and so on. The introduction of physical rapid detection methods into the field of food safety detection can greatly reduce the time required for food detection. Among them, EDXRF is a non-destructive analysis method, which can simplify the analysis process while achieving detection accuracy, and does not require chemical steps to make it more than traditional detection methods. For the purpose of environmental protection, so this article will use EDXRF to detect the content of K and other trace elements in the sample.

Determination of atmospheric sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid traces by indirect flame atomic absorption method

A new indirect method has been developed for the determination of sulphuric acid and sulphur dioxide by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, thereby extending the range of application of AAS to some non-metallic substances. Under certain atomization conditions in air-acetylene flame, the absorbance signal of some alkali earth metal salts, such as magnesium shows significant dependence from the anions present. For instance, Mg(ClO4)2 produces almost ten times higher absorbance than MgSO4 in the same concentration, and this phenomenon is due to the thermal differences of these alkali earth salts. When sulphuric acid is added to Mg(ClO4)2 solutions, a continuously decreasing FAAS calibration series is obtained. Using this method unknown sulphuric acid concentration can be determined in samples. The presence of other acids - except phosphoric acid - does not interfere, since they are evaporated during the dry aerosol formation in the flame.The limit of detection for sulphuric acid and sulphur dioxide is 22 µg/m3 and 14 µg/m3. The limit of detection for the obtained solution is 0.11 mg/L and 0.07 mg/L for sulphuric acid and sulphur dioxide using 50 min sampling time at 1 L/min air suction rate into 10 ml appropriate liquid, respectively (enrichment factor = 5000 with respect to volume). The linear range is 0.5 – 5.0 mg/L.The recovery of spiked samples are 98%. The SO2 and SO32− salts can be similarly determined by this method based on the quantitative absorption of SO2 in H2O2, which yields sulphuric acid. The sulphate content of the solutions was determined by turbidimetric and ion chromatographic methods and the results were in good agreement with the developed method.

The distinctive characteristics of the nutrient composition of reindeer meat from the Vorkuta district determined by the conditions of the region of origin

Reindeer meat is an important source of crucial nutrients (protein, fat, minerals) in nutrition of Arctic indigenous people. The authentic meat properties are formed under the influence of many factors, the main of which are the lifetime factors including the region of production and peculiarities of keeping. The regional peculiarities of the reindeer meat composition are quite poorly reflected in the reference books on the chemical composition of food products and in the scientific publications. The aim of the work was to evaluate nutritional value, the level of amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and trace elements of reindeer meat from the Vorkuta district. Material and methods. The objects of the research were the samples of reindeer meat (m. longissimus dorsi) from the Vorkuta district obtained from the highly productive semi-domesticated young reindeers of the Nenets breed. The samples were taken from free-ranging male animals at the age of 8-10 month. The amino acid composition was analyzed by the chromatographic method, the mass fraction of tryptophan by the spectrofluorometrically method, oxyproline by the spectrophotometric method. The content of minerals and trace elements was detected by the flame atomic absorption method. The lipid extraction from the average sample was carried out by the extraction with chloroform/ methanol by the Folch method, the purity of the extracted lipids was controlled by the method of thin layer chromatography. The fatty acid composition was determined the gas chromatographic method. Results and discussions. The indicators of the chemical composition of reindeer meat from the Vorkuta district were established. The content of protein was 23.0%, the content of fat 1.2%. The high content of tryptophan (0.628 g/100 g of the product) was characteristic for this prodact. The ratio of tryptophan to oxyproline was 11.8, which exceeded the values in pork and chicken. The low level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (17.8% of total lipids), in particular linoleic acid (6.9%), was assigned to the special features of the composition of meat under investigation. With that, quite high content of saturated fatty acids (48.6% of total lipids) was observed, which explained increased meat stability to oxidative spoilage during long-term storage and processing. The content of calcium in the reindeer meat from the Vorkuta district was 72.25 mg/kg, potassium - 33.3 g/kg, magnesium - 310.25 mg/kg, iron - 55.54 mg/kg, zinc - 41.89 mg/kg, copper - 4.0 mg/kg. The level of iron, magnesium and copper in this type of meat was significantly higher than the data on reindeer meat presented in the reference literature. Conclusion. The obtained data on the chemical composition of reindeer meat from the Vorkuta district can be a basis for the development of the indicators of its authenticity and in the future can be used for identification in case of the need to confirm species and a region of origin of meat, as well as for solving tasks of formation and promotion of regional brands.

Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial Evaluation for mixed-ligand Complexes of Nickle (II), Manganese(II), Cop-per(II),Cobalt(II) and Mercury(II) with Tetradentate Schiff base and 1,10-phenanthroline

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, Schiff base ligand (L) was prepared by the reaction of 4-aminantipyrine with o-phenylenediamine, the prepared ligand characterized by Micro elemental Analysis, FT. IR, UV-Vis, and 1H,13C-NMR spectroscopy.complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Hg(II) with Schiff base and 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) have been in-vestigated in aqueous ethanol with (1:1:1) (M:L:Phen). The prepared complexes were character-ized using flame atomic absorption, (C. H. N) Analysis, FT. IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic meth-ods as well as magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. From the obtained data the octahedral structure was suggested for all complexes. The biological screening effects of the in-vestigated compounds were tested against the bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus), (Esche-richia coli), (Bacillus) and (Pseudomonas) by the good diffusion method.

Determination of Elemental Composition of Precipitates Formed During Use of Petroleum Products by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

The results of studies on the development of the flame atomic absorption method for determining the elemental composition of precipitates formed during use of petroleum products are reported. The feasibility of applying this method to determine the elemental composition of pollutants removed from the fuel and oil feed systems of the equipment and determination of the nature and causes of formation of these pollutants is demonstrated.

Effect of Roasting Conditions on Concentration in Elements of Vietnam Robusta Coffee

Abstract Vietnam Robusta Coffee was roasted at different roasting degree and roasting temperature and 9 element concentrations (K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Pb) of roasted coffee were analyzed by Flame atomic absorption method (FAAS) in this study. The results showed that the concentrations were ranged in 1447.97 ~ 1342.10 (mg/100g), 768.22 ~ 1259.44 (μg/g),10.35 ~ 13.15 (μg/g), and 17.38 ~ 20.97 (μg/g) for element of K, Ca, Cu and Mn in green and roasted coffee beans, respectively. All determined elements were the smallest value in green coffee, then increased with increasing roasting level and reached the highest value in Spain roast (roasting temperature of 250°C). Mg concentration ranged in 682.70 ~ 3647.73 (μg/g); Fe concentration ranged in 37.20 ~ 53.44 (μg/g); Zn concentration ranged in 5.97 ~ 6.89 (μg/g) and Pb concentration ranged in 2.18 ~ 15.04 (μg/100g). Concentrations of all determined elements didn’t change with the increased roasting process.

Research on Detecting Aluminum in Jellyfish by Flame Atomic Absorption Method

The flame atomic absorption method was applied to determine aluminum in jellyfish. The optimum detecting conditions were determined through many experiments. It established a nitric oxide-acetylene flame atomic absorption method to detect aluminum content in jellyfish that a good linear relationship is obtained in concentration range and correlation coefficient r2=0.9996. There are no significant differences in results after jellyfish samples were digested by three pretreatment methods. The detection limit of this method is 3.5 mg/L, the relative standard deviations are less than 5%, and the recovery is in the range of 88.50~104.20%. The test shows that: both the precision and accuracy accord with the demands, so this instrument analytical method could apply to research on quantitative detection of aluminum in jellyfish.

Changes During a Century in Trace Element and Macronutrient Concentrations of an Agricultural Soil

Surface soil and subsoil samples collected in 2012 from a long-term agronomic experimental field at Cornell University were digested in concentrated nitric-perchloric acid and analyzed for macro- nutrient and trace element concentrations by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) and ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). Archived soil samples, taken from the same field nearly a century earlier (1913), were simultaneously analyzed by the same methods to determine any temporal trends in acid- soluble soil elemental composition that might have resulted from agri- cultural practices and amendments or from diffuse pollution at this semirural site. Modest increases in surface soil concentrations of several macronutrients (P, Ca, Mg, K) were observed between 1913 and 2012, probably attributable to fertilizer and lime amendments. Most trace ele- ments showed either no significant concentration increase (Zn, Ba, Mn) or a small increase (Ni, Cr) in the surface soil. The greatest relative in- crease in surface soil trace metal concentrations was for arsenic (81%), followed by lead (40%) and cadmium (33%), although acid-soluble concentrations of these toxic metals in 2012 remained in the range con- sidered typical for background levels in uncontaminated agricultural soils of this region. Cadmium measured in acid digests by ICP-OES was shown to overestimate total soil Cd at these low near-background con- centrations, with both ICP-MS and a flame atomic absorption method using a preconcentration step for Cd in extracts providing results more consistent with known total soil Cd concentrations of certified standards.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF 4-(4-NITRO-BENZENEAZO)-3-AMINOBENZOIC ACID COMPLEXES WITH Y(III) AND La(III) IONS

Coupling reaction of 4-nitroaniline with 3-aminobenzoic acid provided the corresponding bidentate azo ligand. The prepared ligand was identified by Microelemental Analysis, 1 H-NMR, FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques. Treatment of the prepared ligand with Y(III) and La(III) metal ions in 1:3 M:L ratio in aqueous ethanol at optimum pH yielded a series of neutral complexes with the general formula of [M(L) 3 ]. The prepared complexes were characterized by flame atomic absorption, Elemental Analysis (C, H, N), FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopic methods, as well as conductivity measurements. The nature of the complexes formed were studied following the mole ratio and continuous variation methods; Beer's law obeyed over a concentration range of 1·10 –4 – 3·10 –4 M. High molar absorbtivity of the complex solutions were observed. In addition, the dyeing performance of the prepared ligand and their complexes were investigated on cotton fabric. The dyes were tested for light and detergent fastness. Biological activity of the ligand and complexes against three selected types of bacteria were also examined. Some of the complexes exhibited good bacterial activities.

Determination of Cesium in Foods by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Based on Background-correction Using Zeeman Splitted Spectrum

The demand to measure the concentration of cesium is increasing. This is because such R&D as an adsorbent or a resin for removing radioactive cesium, and a shift of cesium to food is flourishing. The measurement conditions of cesium with atomic absorption spectrometry based on background-correction using Zeeman splitted spectrum has been optimized. In flame atomic absorption method, the addition of potassium nitrate (5000 mg L−1 as potassium) as an ionization inhibitor improved the sensitivity because the ionization of cesium was controlled. The detection limit (3σ) of cesium by this method was 0.04 mg L−1. In electrothermal atomic absorption method, 1000 mg L−1 potassium tungstate as a matrix modifier improved the linearity of the calibration curve and the sensitivity of cesium. The detection limit (3σ) of cesium by this method was 0.18 μg L−1. The proposed method was applied to the determination of cesium in food reference materials. The analytical results were in good agreement with certified values.

Synthesis and Characterization of New Azo Dye Complexes with Selected Metal Ions

Coupling reaction of 2-amino benzoic acid with phenol gave the new bidentate azo ligand. The prepared ligand was identified by Microelemental Analysis, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic technique. Treatment of the prepared ligand with the following metal ions (CoII, NiII, CuII and ZnII) in aqueous ethanol with a 1:2 M:L ratio and at optimum pH, yielded a series of neutral complexes of the general formula [M(L)2]. The prepared complexes were characterized using flame atomic absorption, (C.H.N) Analysis, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic methods as well as magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. The nature of the complexes formed were studied following the mole ratio and continuous variation methods, Beer's law obeyed over a concentration range (1× 10-4 - 3 × 10-4 M). High molar absorbtivity of the complex solutions were observed. The stability constant of the complexes have also been studied. Azo-dyes, azo-aromatic ligand, synthesis, azo complexes

Assessment of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd and Fe) in the groundwater wells in the vicinity of Nyanza Municipal Solid waste in Kigali City- Rwanda

The purpose of this study was to assess the impacts of Nyanza Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) dumping site on groundwater. As many groundwater resources are contaminated by dumping sites that are poorly managed, the equally poorly managed Nyanza MSW dumping site in Kigali could have impact on people depending on groundwater for their daily activities. Leachate samples were taken at the edge of the waste bulk and groundwater samples were collected from the wells located in the vicinity of the dumping site. Sampling was done in dry and wet season using PE bottles. Heavy metals analysis was done using flame atomic absorption method. The analytical results of leachates samples (Pb: 4.5-8.5 mg/L, Cd: 0.20-0.75 mg/L, Cr: 16.8-5.7 mg/L, Cu: 0.8-2.8 mg/L, Fe: 39.2-130.2 mg/L) showed that heavy metals are leached out from the MSW. The analytical results of groundwater from the wells located in the vicinity of Nyanza MSW dumping site (Pb: 0.25- 0.86 mg/L, Cd: 0- 0.02 mg/L, Cr: 0-2.68 mg/L, Cu: 0.02-0.12 mg/L, Fe: 0.12-0.76 mg/L) compared to the groundwater from the Masaka well located far away from the site (Pb: 2.24 mg/L, Cd: 0.00 mg/L, Cr: 0.04 mg/L, Cu: 0.08 mg/L, Fe: 0.14 mg/L), revealed that groundwater from the wells located in the vicinity of Nyanza MSW dumping site requires further physical chemical treatment to ensure their suitability for human consumption as the levels of some water quality parameters exceeded the WHO guidelines for drinking water. Further analysis are needed with inclusion of hydrogeochemical of the area as very low concentration of heavy metals in interest were found in one of the well situated in the vicinity of Nyanza MSW dumping site. Therefore, Nyanza MSW dumping site might not be the only pollutant source for groundwater in this region.

Synthesis and Spectral Studies of ZnII,CdII and HgII Complexes with 5-(2-Benzoic acid azo)-8-hydroxy quinoline Ligand

Coupling reaction of 2-amino benzoic acid with 8-hydroxy quinoline gave bidentate azo ligand. The prepared ligand has been identified by Microelemental Analysis,1HNMR,FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques. Treatment of the prepared ligand with the following metal ions (ZnII,CdII and HgII) in aqueous ethanol with a 1:2 M:L ratio and at optimum pH, yielded a series of neutral complexes of the general formula [M(L)2]. The prepared complexes have been characterized by using flame atomic absorption, (C.H.N) Analysis, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic methods as well as conductivity measurements. The nature of the complexes formed were studied following the mole ratio and continuous variation methods, Beer's law obeyed over a concentration range (1× 10-4- 3 × 10-4 M). High molar absorbtivity of the complex solutions have been observed. The stability constant of the complexes has also been studied.

Synthesis and Spectral Studies of ZnII,CdII and HgII Complexes with 5-(2-Benzoic acid azo)-8-hydroxy quinoline Ligand

Coupling reaction of 2-amino benzoic acid with 8-hydroxy quinoline gave bidentate azo ligand. The prepared ligand has been identified by Microelemental Analysis,1HNMR,FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques. Treatment of the prepared ligand with the following metal ions (ZnII,CdII and HgII) in aqueous ethanol with a 1:2 M:L ratio and at optimum pH, yielded a series of neutral complexes of the general formula [M(L)2]. The prepared complexes have been characterized by using flame atomic absorption, (C.H.N) Analysis, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic methods as well as conductivity measurements. The nature of the complexes formed were studied following the mole ratio and continuous variation methods, Beer's law obeyed over a concentration range (1× 10-4- 3 × 10-4 M). High molar absorbtivity of the complex solutions have been observed. The stability constant of the complexes has also been studied.

Effect of oral administration of glycyrrhetinic acid on six metal elements in rat serum

To determine glycyrrhetinic acid concentration in rat plasma and concentration of calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) in rat serum after oral administration by LC-MS/MS and the flame atomic absorption method, and analyze the effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on the six elements in serum. A similar variation trend between the concentration of glycyrrhetinic acid in plasma and that of Na, Cu elements in serum after oral administration of glycyrrhetinic acid was observed. Glycyrrhetinic acid in plasma at 2 h after administration reached the peak. Meanwhile, the concentration of Na and Cu at 4 h after the administration of glycyrrhetinic acid exhibited a significant increase (P < 0.05). Moreover, an increasing glycyrrhetinic acid dosage could result in the accumulation of Cu and Na in rat serum. Compared with the control group, the concentration of Cu and Na in the the glycyrrhetinic acid administration group with doses of 200 and 400 mg x kg(-1) revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05). However, glycyrrhetinic acid did not exhibit the great impact on the concentration of other elements in serum. This study focuses on the effect of oral administration of glycyrrhetinic acid on six metal elements in rat serum and provides an experimental basis for the adverse effect of glycyrrhetinic acid in clinical-applications.

Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Pollution by Nano-Particles of Noaea Mucronata

Environmental pollution with heavy metals is a common problem in many countries. Great efforts have been made in the last two decades to reduce pollution sources and remedy the polluted soil and water resources. A field study was conducted in a dried waste pool of a Lead mine in Zanjan (Iran) to find the native accumulator plant(s). Concentrations of heavy metals were determined both in the soil and the plants that were grown in a dried waste pool by using flame atomic absorption method. The concentration of total Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni were found to be higher than that natural soil and the toxic levels. The results showed that six dominant vegetation namely Centaurea virgata, Gundelia tournefortii, Scariola orientalis, Rreseda lutea, Noaea mucronata and Eleagnum angustifolia accumulated heavy metals. Based on the results, it was concluded that Noaea mucronata belonging to Chenopodiaceae is the best Pb accumulator and also a good accumulator for Zn, Cu and Ni, but the best Fe accumulator is Reseda lutea and the best one for Cd is Marrobium vulgare. The bioaccumulation ability of nano-particles prepared from N. mucronata was evaluated in experimental water containers. The study showed that the amount of heavy metals in polluted water decreased several times during three days bioremediation. Based on the obtained data, N. mucronata is an effective accumulator plant and its nano-particles are useful for watery media detoxification and bioremediation in critical conditions.

A study of the chemical forms or species of manganese found in coal fly ash and soil

The chemical speciation of manganese of environmental and toxicological interest was undertaken in coal fly ash and soil. Hard coal used in combustion creates considerable quantities of waste ash. The greatest quantities of industrial ashes are stored in the form of waste-heaps, which create a serious problem as the source of inorganic pollution. It is necessary to identify physical and chemical properties of ash, especially when analyzing the pollution of soil by trace metals, which are potentially mobile in environment. In this work, a new analytical method has been developed and used successfully for identification and determination of chemical forms of manganese in coal fly ash and soil. The basic chemical forms of metals contained in the environmental samples (fly ash and soil) can be described by using sequential extraction method. To identify Mn ions, the UV–VIS spectrophotometric method was used by means of comparative analysis of spectrophotometric spectra of appropriate Mn ions in the standard solutions and solutions obtained after extraction. The concentration of manganese in all solutions was determined by the Flame Atomic Absorption method. The experimental approach and analytical method developed in this study appear adequate for this purpose and can therefore be used for similar research.

Adsorption Studies of Ni(II) from Aqueous Solution onto Bentonite

A flame atomic absorption method was employed to study the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solution onto bentonite surface, using the batch equilibrium method. Maximum removal (80%) was achieved from a solution of pH 3.2. Effect of various parameters like concentration, shaking time and temperature were examined to achieve the optimized conditions of maximum recovery of Ni(II) from solution by adsorption method. The effect of various anions and cations on the recovery of Ni(II) was also investigated. The data were investigated in terms of calculating thermodynamic quantities and were found to fit well to Freundlich equation.

Preconcentration and flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination of cadmium in mussels by an on-line continuous precipitation–dissolution flow system

A rapid, sensitive, accurate and precise flame atomic absorption method is described for the determination of cadmium in mussels. The method is based on the continuous precipitation of cadmium as an ion pair between tetraiodocadmate and quinine and dissolution of the precipitate with ethanol. The metal can be preconcentrated 32-fold using 15 ml of sample solution by using a time-based technique at a sampling flow rate of 3.0 ml min −1. The proposed method allows the determination of cadmium in the range 0.25–5.5 μg g −1. The precision (relative standard deviation) obtained for different amounts of cadmium is in the range 1.5–4.7% at the 0.25–5.0 μg g −1 level. The method demonstrates high tolerance to interferences, and the data obtained are in agreement with the certified value of a selected reference material. This procedure was applied to the determination of cadmium in mussel samples from estuaries in Galicia (Spain).

On-line sorption preconcentration and FIA-FAAS determination of palladium and platinum in solution

A flow injection flame atomic absorption method for palladium and platinum determination in solution, including sorption preconcentration, has been developed. Preconcentration of platinum metals as ionic associates with n-octyldiethylenetriamine was carried out on 'reversed phase' styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer SSPS. RSD 0.03-0.08, detection limits 5 and 3 µg l-1 (Pd and Pt) for 1 min of preconcentration and sampling frequency up to 40 h-1 were achieved.