Flake-like Shape Research Articles

Evolution of Morphology, Particle Size and Oxidation Resistance of Recycled Ti-6Al-4V Powders Prepared by Planetary Ball Milling

AbstractPlanetary ball milling is a high-energy ball milling technique that is widely used for the synthesis of alloy and composite powders with micrometer or nanometer particle sizes. The effect of process control agent (PCA) content (wt%) and milling time on the morphology, particle size and distribution, crystallite structure, apparent density and oxidation resistance of recycled T-6Al-4V alloy powders from lathe chips is investigated in this study. To investigate the effect of the PCA on the properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy particles, methanol is used as the PCA in various amounts of 0.5, 1 and 2 wt%. The milling is carried out using 20:1 of ball-to-powder ratio (BPR) and 400 rpm of milling speed. A morphological change from scrap form to flake-like shape, from flake-like morphology to irregular and semispherical shape and finally from semispherical form to spherical morphology is observed with increase in milling time for all PCA ratios. The results showed that the average particle sizes (D50) are 20, 18.1 and 21.8 μm after milling of 360 min with 0.5 wt%, 1 wt% and 2 wt% PCA, respectively. Results show that the most suitable recycled Ti-6Al-4V powders for powder-based manufacturing techniques are produced between 180 and 360 min of milling with 2 wt% PCA.

Anisotropic creep property related to non-spherical shape of mechanically alloyed powder of oxide dispersion strengthened F82H

Nanometric oxide particles dispersed within the matrix play an important role in improving the creep property of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels. Conventional studies have primarily focused on investigating the distribution of the particles to control the creep property of ODS steels. However, achieving complete control over the creep property still poses challenges, as there are potentially other microstructural features like different matrices, micrometric precipitates, and inclusions derived from powder metallurgical processes that can influence it.In our previous research, we examined one such microstructural feature known as prior particle boundary (PPB). PPB refers to the surface of mechanically alloyed (MA) powder before consolidation. We revealed that the ODS steel with fine PPBs produced from smaller MA powder, exhibited shorter creep rupture times, compared to that with coarse PPBs produced from larger MA powder. This result was attributed to the increased formation of creep cavities on the PPBs in the ODS steel produced from smaller MA powder. Therefore, the size of MA powder affected the formation of creep cavity and had an impact on the creep property.In this study, we shifted our focus to the shape of MA powder with non-spherical shapes containing flake-like shape. Such shapes have the potential to induce anisotropy in the formation of creep cavities and/or the creep crack initiation and growth along anisotropic prior particle boundaries (PPBs), ultimately leading to anisotropic creep behavior.We conducted small punch creep tests on specimens with two different orientations to study the possible anisotropy. The results revealed that the creep rupture times varied depending on the orientation of specimen, thus indicating anisotropic creep property. This anisotropic creep property was related to the non-spherical shape of MA powder. This research highlighted the significance of managing the shape of MA powder in controlling the creep property of ODS steels.

Functional properties, structural characteristics, and anti-complementary activities of two degraded polysaccharides from strawberry fruits

Two low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (DPSP50 and DPSP70) were obtained using hydrogen peroxide-vitamin C (H2O2-Vc) treatment at 50 °C and 70 °C, respectively. Both DPSP50 and DPSP70 comprised the same six monosaccharides in different ratios, and their molecular weights (Mws) were 640 kDa and 346 kDa, respectively. Functional properties analyses demonstrated that DPSP50 and DPSP70 each had an excellent water holding capacity, oil absorption capacity, and emulsion properties, as well as shear-thinning characteristics and viscoelastic properties. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic assays confirmed the existence of α-, β-pyranose rings and the same six sugar residues in DPSP50 and DPSP70. The results of Congo red test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that DPSP50 and DPSP70 did not contain triple-helix conformations, but were amorphous aggregates with flake-like shape and rough surface. Additionally, both DPSP50 and DPSP70 showed strong anti-complementary activities through the classical pathway and the alternative pathway. The results support the potential utility of these degraded polysaccharides from strawberry fruits in functional foods and medicines.

Structural and opto-electrical properties of Y2O3 nanopowders synthesized by co-precipitation method

The synthesis-dependent structural-optical characteristics of nanomaterials have induced the critical optimization of parameters for nanoparticle synthesis. Considering the potential applications of yttria (Y2O3) in high-temperature IR windows and electro-optic devices, the present study describes the preparation of yttria nanopowders (YNPs) through co-precipitation method. Some special morphological and opto-electrical properties have been observed with a change in the precipitating agent concentration (R = NH5CO3/Y3+ = 1.5–5.5) without using any surfactant. Rietveld refinement confirmed the body-centered cubic (Ia-3 space group) structure of YNPs. Surface functionalities have been determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Electron microscopy results confirmed the formation of agglomerated YNPs with R-dependent morphological modifications from flake-like shape to pseudo-spherical and rod-like particles. UV–visible and fluorescence (FL) spectroscopy confirmed the R-dependent optical absorption and emission (indigo, blue and green) characteristics. The dielectric measurement also confirmed the R-dependent variation in the dielectric constant values in the lower frequency range.

Phyto-assisted synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using mango (Mangifera indica) fruit peel extract and their antibacterial activity

A facile and eco-friendly procedure was developed to fabricate zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using an aqueous extract of mango fruit peel (MFP), a by-product of agroindustry. The ZnO NPs were fabricated using zinc acetate as a precursor and MFP extract as a reducing and capping agent in a neutral environment (pH 7). The UV-visible spectrum supported the formation of ZnO NPs, showing a distinctive absorption peak at 368 nm. The presence of a ZnO crystalline phase was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) evaluation demonstrated that the biomolecules present in the MFP extract actively contributed to zinc ion reduction. According to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image, the surface morphology of ZnO NPs showed a mixture of spherical and flake-like shapes with particle sizes ranging from ~20 to ~90 nm. Based on antibacterial analysis using the agar diffusion method, the biosynthesized ZnO NPs at 3% w/v were active against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus with diameter inhibitions of 8, 19, and 10 mm, respectively. In summary, this present work highlights that ZnO NPs can be synthesized using a by-product of agroindustry. More importantly, the biosynthesized ZnO NPs can be applied as an antibacterial agent.

Constructing stretchable, tough, and stiff fluoroelastomer via tannic acid self-assembly

Fluoroelastomer possesses substantial usages in energetic polymer composites owing to its numerous merits. However, fluoroelastomer suffers from inadequate mechanical properties without ability to satisfy practical application requirements. In this study, stretchable, tough, and stiff fluoroelastomer was successfully fabricated by introducing hydrogen bonds with the assistance of tannic acid (TA) self-assembly. The resultant fluoroelastomer/TA composites exhibited evenly distributed TA particles derived from the self-assembly of TA molecules. By adjusting TA contents, diverse morphologies of TA particles were acquired from spherical shape to flake-like shape. Moreover, interfacial hydrogen bonds were found to appear between fluoroelastomer and TA particles. Such interfacial hydrogen bonds acting as sacrificial bonds allowed preferential rupture to dissipate energy. As a consequence, the optimal elongation at break, toughness, and Young’s modulus of composites in comparison to pristine fluoroelastomer increased by 171%, 195%, and 114%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the proposed approach offers a feasible tactic to construct high-performance fluoroelastomer for energetic polymer composites.

Investigation on the dielectric and magnetic properties of perovskite-spinel (KNbO3-NiFe2O4) composites

In this work, (1-x)KNbO3-(x)NiFe2O4 (x=0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mol.%) composites were synthesized using solid-state reaction method and their physical properties were described. X-ray diffraction, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the prepared composites have mixed phases of orthorhombic KNbO3 (KNO) and cubic NiFe2O4 (NFO). The surface morphology of the prepared samples significantly changed from a rod-like shape to agglomerated flake-like shape. The chemical state and the existence of K, Nb, Ni, Fe, and O elements in (1-x)KNO-(x)NFO samples were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analyses, respectively. The 0.25 KNO-0.75 NFO has a relatively higher dielectric constant (3.5 × 105) than that of individual KNO (1.45 × 103) and NFO (1.58 × 105) samples. The vibrating sample magnetometer results revealed that the saturation magnetization (Ms) varies between 0.22 and 32 emu g−1. A relatively large value of coercivity (Hc=325 Oe) was observed for the 0.75 KNO-0.25 NFO sample.

Vapor-stimuli shape transformation cycles of assembled dipeptide film

Stimuli-responsive peptide assembly has an excellent ability to change morphology, property or functions through response to appropriate external stimuli owing to the existence of noncovalent connections between their building blocks. However, study on vapor-responsive dipeptide assembly is still desirable for the development of peptide structure formation and regulation. Here, we reported the reversible cycles of vapor-responsive shape transformation based on diphenylalanine (FF) film. We prepared an amorphous FF film via dip-coating approach. With different vapor-stimuli (HCl, NH3 or H2O), this amorphous film could transform to different morphology, such as grain-like, flake-like shape, or fibers with time increasing·H2O vapor can change hydrophobic /hydrogen-bonding interactions, while HCl and NH3 vapor can change the proton/deproton behavior of FF molecules and all of them may participant the arrangement of molecular packing, inducing the shape transformation. The shape transformation cycle may offer a concise and easy-controllable strategy for peptide-based assemble materials. In addition, the vapor-stimuli shape transition also changed the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the film surfaces, which may have potential applications in the area of hydrophobic coatings in further research.

On the function of lead (Pb) in machining brass alloys

Lead has traditionally been added to brass alloys to achieve high machinability, but the exact mechanisms at work are still debated. Lead-free brass alternatives could be developed if these mechanisms were better understood. Accordingly, machinability characteristics were investigated for two brass alloys with similar mechanical properties and phase composition, but with very different machining characteristics because one has 3 wt.% lead (CuZn38Pb3) while the other has only 0.1 wt.% (CuZn42). The effect of the lead was investigated using infrared temperature measurement, electron microscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, quick-stop methods, and high-speed filming. Neither melting of lead nor its deposition on the tool rake surface takes place during machining thus confirming its limited lubrication and tribological effects. Instead, the main role of lead is to promote discontinuous chip formation. Lead deforms to flake-like shapes that act as crack initiation points when the workpiece material passes through the primary deformation zone. This effect prevents the development of stable tool–chip contact, thus lowering cutting forces, friction, and process temperature.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mo-Ta-W refractory multi-principal element alloy thin films for hard protective coatings

Refractory multi-principal element alloys (RMPEAs) have become one of the most promising candidates for high-temperature structural and hard protective coating materials due to their high strength and thermal stability. In present work, Mo-Ta-W RMPEA thin hard films were successfully fabricated via direct current (DC) multi-target magnetron co-sputtering technology. The phase structure, microstructure, surface roughness and mechanical properties of the Mo-Ta-W RMPEA thin films were investigated. The as-deposited Mo-Ta-W RMPEA thin films with a wide range of compositions presented a single body-centered cubic (BCC) solid solution structure. Nanocrystalline with average grain size of 10– 15 nm (estimated according to the Scherrer equation) was formed in these films. The surface morphology of the films exhibited the flake-like shape with small roughness value of Ra = 4– 8 nm, and cross-sectional structure revealed columnar dendrite. The Mo-Ta-W RMPEA thin films displayed superior mechanical properties with the hardness of ~20 GPa and the elastic modulus of beyond 270 GPa. The Mo-Ta-W alloy thin films had the high H/E and H3/E2 values, indicating that the alloy thin films should have excellent wear resistance. Hence, these Mo-Ta-W RMPEA thin films can be considered as candidates for hard protective coating applications.

The Influence of Compounding Parameters on the Electrical Conductivity of LDPE/Cu Conductive Polymer Composites (CPCs)

Low-linear density (LDPE) and copper (Cu) were used as main polymer matrix and conductive filler in order to produce electrically conductive polymer composites (CPC). The selection of the matrix and conductive filler were based on their due to its excellence properties, resistance to corrosion, low cost and electrically conductive. This research works is aimed to establish the effect of compounding parameter on the electrical conductivity of LDPE/Cu composites utilising the design of experiments (DOE). The CPCs was compounded using an internal mixer where all formulations were designed by statistical software. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) revealed that the Cu conductive filler had a flake-like shape, and the electrical conductivity was found to be increased with increasing filler loading as measured using the four-point probe technique. The conductivity data obtained were then analysed by using the statistical software to establish the relationship between the compounding parameters and electrical conductivity where it was found based that the compounding parameters have had an effect on the conductivity of the CPC.

Evaluation of Starch-Biopolymer Synthesized from Chaffs of Common Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris)

The resilience and resistance of plastics to decomposition have led to the imperative need to develop biodegradable plastics as a viable solution. Starch biodegradable films have been synthesized recently as a sustainable replacement for synthetic plastics. Acid hydrolysis was used to synthesize starch nanoparticles from the chaffs of Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) which was mixed with varying percentages of Low-Density Polyethene (LDPE: C-S; 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20) by the heating process. Characterization of the starch nanoparticles was done using the FTIR, TEM, and EDX while the physicochemical properties (Compression, Hardness, and Biodegradation) of the produced biopolymers (LDPE-Starch) were also studied. Starch spectrum was observed at 3436cm-1 and other functional groups such as Carbonyl group, Sulphones, and Acetylenic groups were also revealed by Fourier Transmission Infra-Red Spectroscopy. The starch nanoparticles were observed to be flake-like shapes with a size of 50nm as shown by the TEM analysis. Of all the varying compositions of starch biopolymer synthesized, 90:10LDPE/B-S had the best hardness properties with 40.78HD and constant degradation was observed within weeks 3 and 4 in 95:5 (LDPE-B.S) with a peak value of 0.7705%. The study revealed the economical and sustainable production of starch nanoparticles from the chaffs of Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and its use for the improvement of biodegradable plastic films.

Synchrotron SAXS/WAXS and TEM studies of zinc doped natural hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and their evaluation on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles were prepared from natural bone and doped with zinc (Zn-HA) by solid state reaction method. Structural characteristics of both samples were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, synchrotron small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering techniques, which showed flake-like shape for HA and Zn-HA nanoparticles with an average diameter of 82 nm, and hexagonal crystal structure whose crystallinity increased with Zn doping. The osteogenic differentiation impact of nanoparticles was investigated on mesenchymal stem cells using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining (ARS) and real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. The alkaline phosphatase activity of the stem cells in the presence of HA and Zn-HA nanoparticles in culture media increased by 2.6 and 4.3 times after two weeks, respectively. The results of ARS analysis demonstrated a significant increase in calcification of the culture media due to Zn doping. The results of gene expression from RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of ALP, RUNX2, OPN, and OCN increased due to the presence of the nanoparticles, especially for the Zn-HA nanoparticles. The cellular analysis clearly revealed that the stem cell osteogenic differentiation of HA nanoparticles substantially increased by Zn doping. In particular, the Zn-HA nanoparticles significantly improved the osteogenic differentiation, making it a viable option for bone tissue engineering.

Clays as Inhibitors of Polyurethane Foams' Flammability.

Polyurethanes are a very important group of polymers with an extensive range of applications in different branches of industry. In the form of foams, they are mainly used in bedding, furniture, building, construction, and automotive sectors. Due to human safety reasons, these applications require an appropriate level of flame retardance, often required by various law regulations. Nevertheless, without the proper modifications, polyurethane foams are easily ignitable, highly flammable, and generate an enormous amount of smoke during combustion. Therefore, proper modifications or additives should be introduced to reduce their flammability. Except for the most popular phosphorus-, halogen-, or nitrogen-containing flame retardants, promising results were noted for the application of clays. Due to their small particle size and flake-like shape, they induce a “labyrinth effect” inside the foam, resulting in the delay of decomposition onset, reduction of smoke generation, and inhibition of heat, gas, and mass transfer. Moreover, clays can be easily modified with different organic compounds or used along with conventional flame retardants. Such an approach may often result in the synergy effect, which provides the exceptional reduction of foams’ flammability. This paper summarizes the literature reports related to the applications of clays in the reduction of polyurethane foams’ flammability, either by their incorporation as a nanofiller or by preparation of coatings.

High-performance flake-like mesoporous magnesium oxide prepared by eggshell membrane template for carbon dioxide capture

The utilization of eggshell membrane (ESM) as a template can improve the structural properties of the synthesised adsorbent, further affecting its CO2 uptake capacity. In this study, a flake-like shape mesoporous magnesium oxide (MgO) adsorbent was synthesised via the ESM bio-templating method to form MgO-BT. The prepared adsorbents were characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 physisorption, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and CO2-temperature programmed desorption (CO2-TPD). The flake-like shape MgO-BT possesses an improved surface area of 79 m2/g, which is higher than the MgO adsorbent prepared by the thermal decomposition method (MgO-TD). Also, ESM bio-templating method has resulted in the increase of MgO-BT's basic site which mainly composed of strong-basic attachment site. These improved MgO-BT's structural properties have led to the increased CO2 uptake capacity of 1.55 ​mmol/g, which is 6-times higher than MgO-TD (0.23 ​mmol/g) at ambient temperature and pressure under 100% CO2 flow condition. Moreover, under flue gas conditions, the MgO-BT has demonstrated a slight reduction in CO2 uptake (~15%), however, this value is still tremendously higher than MgO-TD. It can be concluded that the utilization of ESM as a bio-template in the MgO preparation stage has significantly influenced the physicochemical properties of the adsorbent, therefore leading to a high CO2 adsorption performance.

Preparation and Formation Mechanism of l-Valine Spherulites via Evaporation Crystallization

l-Valine crystallizes in a flake-like shape generally; however, compared with the flake-like products, spherulitic l-valine has better filterability, flowability, and bulk density and has potential for wider industrial applications in the future. In this study, l-valine spherulites have been successfully prepared by an evaporative crystallization method in the presence of no more than 0.5% hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). The spheroidization of l-valine proceeds via a layer-by-layer transformation from an initial flake-like shape to a petal-like form, and then it continues to grow into the final sphere-like shape. Molecular dynamics simulations show that HPMC interacts with hydrophilic (001) faces preferentially and promotes the continuous layer growth process. Only the substituent groups of hydroxypropyl and methyl exist simultaneously within a certain spatial distance and, in a viscosity of 40–50 mPa·s, can promote the formation of l-valine spherulites. The particle size increased with the increase in the HPMC dosage and decrease of temperature or evaporation rate. This effect of HPMC promoting the spherical formation provides a method to enrich the design of spherulites and new insights into the fabrication mechanism of spherulitic growth.

Effects of copper ion irradiation on $${\mathbf{C}\mathbf{u}}_{\mathbf{y}}{\mathbf{Z}\mathbf{n}}_{1-2\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{x}}{\mathbf{M}\mathbf{n}}_{\mathbf{y}}/\mathbf{G}\mathbf{O}$$ supercapacitive electrodes

$${\text{Cu}}_{{y}}{\text{Zn}}_{1-2{y}-{x}}{\text{Mn}}_{{y}}/{\text{GO}}$$ (CZMOG) electrodes with y ~ 0.25 and x ~ 0.1 have been fabricated hydrothermally for potential application as a supercapacitive energy-storage electrode. Graphene oxide (GO) is added to the electrodes due to their high surface area and negligible resistance. This synergistic combination of elements of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) with GO to form CZMOG electrode enhances the latter's performance, stability, and life span. Our results show that the synthesized nanocomposites are crystalline with spherical flake-like shapes. The electrode is then bombarded with Cu ions (Cu2+) irradiation at different doses to determine the effect of Cu2+ irradiation on the performance of the electrodes. Performance evaluation of the electrodes shows that the device characteristics are improved with Cu2+ irradiation, with peak performance observed for samples irradiated with 5.0 × 1015 ions cm−2. Beyond this optimal dosage, the electrode gradually loses its crystallinity with significant electrode damage at a threshold irradiation dose of ~ 1.0 × 1016 ions cm−2. Electrochemical evaluations delivered maximum specific capacitance with cyclic voltammetry (CV) adopting a 10 mVs−1 scan rate and galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) with 1.0 Ag−1 current density of 1950 and 2556 Fg−1, respectively. Our experimental observations are supported by first-principles density functional theory calculations.

Preparation of Cellulose/Laponite Composite Particles and Their Enhanced Electrorheological Responses.

Cellulose, as a natural polymer with an abundant source, has been widely used in many fields including the electric field responsive medium that we are interested in. In this work, cellulose micron particles were applied as an electrorheological (ER) material. Because of the low ER effect of the raw cellulose, a composite particle of cellulose and Laponite was prepared via a dissolution–regeneration process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to observe the morphologies and structures of the composite particles, which were different from pristine cellulose and Laponite, respectively. The ER performances of raw cellulose and the prepared composite were measured by an Anton Paar rotational rheometer. It was found that the ER properties of the composite were more superior to those of raw cellulose due to the flake-like shapes of the composite particles with rough surface. Moreover, the sedimentation stability of composite improves drastically, which means better suspension stability.

Widening UV–Vis absorption band by Cu doped ZnO and ZnO/CuO composite

ZnO, Cu doped ZnO, and CuO were synthesized by solvothermal method. Pure ZnO and CuO show two-dimensional (2D) particles with flake-like shape morphology and well-defined crystalline phases. The Cu incorporation slightly modifies the ZnO particle shape and size for low dopant. However, ZnO/CuO composite presents the co-existing morphologies with flake-like and small-rods shapes. The visible‐light absorption increases, directly proportional to the Cu content. However, ZnO/CuO composite shows wide ultraviolet–visible absorption between 200 and 1000 nm. The bandgap energy determined was 3.22 and 1.45 eV for ZnO and CuO, respectively.

Unveiling the impact of Cu content on the physical properties and photovoltaic performance of solution‐processed Cu(In,Ga)Se2solar cell absorber

Cu/Ga + In (CGI) ratio in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) semiconductor plays a decisive role in solar energy conversion. Investigations published so far relevant to CIGSe at different CGI values are solely based on the expensive vacuum process and as a result, there is a strong urge to explore a low-cost process. In this regard, we herein report the preparation of CIGSe at diverse CGI value from 0.70 to 0.97 by a facile and cost-effective solution process for the first time. From structural analysis, the blue shift is perceived by decreasing CGI value, which is related to shrinkage in the unit cell volume because of the reduction in the Cu content. As CGI value increases, crystal diameter of CIGSe vastly changed from nano to micro (50-1300 nm), whereas crystal shape reformed from irregular to hexagonal flake-like shape, which could be due to excessive influence of Cu content that alters nucleation and growth of crystals. Diverse CGI value modified Se/(Cu + In + Ga) ratio while Ga/(Ga + In) ratio remains unchanged. Bandgap energy is increased from 1.22 to 1.41 eV as Cu-deficiency increases. The morphological analysis showed a uniform, smooth and crack-free CIGSe films with a thickness of ~1 μm. The electrical properties of CIGSe are greatly changed. For instance, at higher CGI value (0.97), the carrier concentration is increased by five-order magnitude, whereas mobility improved by 109 times and resistivity decreased by 87 times as compared to lower CGI value (0.70). Moreover, photocurrent is markedly enhanced by six-order magnitude explicitly from nA to mA. As a proof of concept, solar cells are fabricated and power conversion efficiency significantly enhanced from 0.16% to 3.38% by altering CGI value. Hence, this work eminently evidences the importance of tuning CGI value by low-cost solution process and provides new perceptions into properties of CIGSe solar cell absorber as a function of CGI value.