Five Times Sit To Stand Test Times Research Articles

Effect of adding hip exercises to general rehabilitation treatment of knee osteoarthritis on patients’ physical functions: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundHip adductor and abductor strength were both reduced in KOA patients. But to date, most of the researches have only focused on quadriceps combined with hip abductor strengthening versus quadriceps strengthening.ObjectiveThe aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of adding hip abductor and adductor strengthening to quadriceps strengthening on lower limb strength, knee pain and physical function in patients with medial compartmental knee osteoarthritis.MethodsIn this study, 42 participants, were randomly divided into two groups: the general treatment group (GT group) and the added-hip-exercise group (AH group). All participants were given a general rehabilitation treatment. The AH group performed hip abductor and adductor strengthening in addition to the general rehabilitation treatment. Knee and hip muscle strength, Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST), the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores were assessed at baseline and 6 weeks. A two-sided 2-sample unpaired t test was performed to compare the difference in mean change scores between AH and GT groups.ResultsFinally, 36 participants completed the study: both groups consist of 18 participants. In the per-protocol analysis, the AH group had a greater improvement in knee extension strength (mean changes, 7.84 versus 36.48; P < 0.001) and hip abduction strength (mean changes, 5.05 versus 26.62; P = 0.001) than the control group. Similarly, the AH group had a greater improvement in the FTSST time (mean changes, 0.40 s versus 3.57 s; P < 0.001) and the TUFT time (mean changes, 0.18 s versus 1.67 s; P = 0.002) than the GH group. No statistical difference was found in the change of WOMAC pain scores and NRS between the 2 groups.ConclusionsOlder adults with knee OA in the AH group had superior muscle strength, symptoms and daily activity performance at the 6th week than those in the GT group. And adding hip exercises could expedite improvement of pain at the 2th week, but not at the 6th week.Trial registrationClinical trial registration numbers and date of registration: ChiCTR-IOR-16009124, Registered 30 August 2016.

Prevalence and factors associated with motoric cognitive risk syndrome in community-dwelling older Chinese: a cross-sectional study.

A recently proposed pre-dementia syndrome, motoric cognitive risk (MCR) syndrome, is characterized by cognitive complaints and slow gait, and increases the risk of dementia and mortality. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence of and factors associated with MCR syndrome in elderly community-dwelling Chinese subjects. The Ningbo Community Study on Aging recruited 953 Chinese community-dwelling participants aged≥65years from November 2016 to March 2017. Handgrip, Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand (FTSS) test time and body composition, as well as comprehensive geriatric evaluation, were measured as potentially independent factors associated with MCR syndrome. The prevalence of MCR syndrome was 12.8% in men and 12.6% in women, and high prevalence of MCR syndrome was not associated with age or sex. Multiple logistic regression analysis by sex showed that a 1-SD increase in FTSS test time in males and females was associated with 45% (95% confidence intervals, 19-76; P<0.01) and 20% (95% confidence intervals, 9-33; P<0.01) higher risk of having MCR syndrome, respectively, whereas handgrip strength was inversely correlated with MCR syndrome in males [odds ratio (OR), 0.91; P=0.02] but not females (P=0.06). Moreover, the relationship of arm fat mass and MCR syndrome was statistically significant in both sexes (OR, 1.69-1.77), but leg fat mass was only associated with MCR syndrome (OR, 1.56; P=0.02) in men. Handgrip, FTSS test time and body composition were associated in a sex-specific manner with MCR syndrome in elderly community-dwelling Chinese subjects. Our results on MCR syndrome are novel and should be considered as important information in future studies.

Reliability of the Lateral Step-Up Test and Its Correlation with Motor Function and Activity in Chronic Stroke Survivors.

Background The Lateral Step-Up Test (LSUT) has been used to evaluate the closed kinetic chain functional muscle strength in people with orthopaedic or neurological conditions. No study has systematically investigated the intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliabilities of this measure in stroke survivors. In addition, correlations of the LSUT count with other stroke-specific impairment and function measurements remain unidentified. Objectives This study was aimed at investigating (1) the interrater, intrarater, and test-retest reliability of the LSUT; (2) minimum detectable change in LSUT counts; and (3) correlation between LSUT counts and stroke-specific impairment and function measurements. Methods Thirty-three stroke survivors were assessed with LSUT and a battery of stroke-specific impairment and function measurements, including Fugl-Meyer assessment of lower extremity (FMA-LE), lower limb muscle strength, Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSTS), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale, by two assessors. Their performance on LSUT was reassessed 1 week later to establish the test-retest reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the reliability of LSUT, and Spearman's rho was used to quantify the strength of correlations between LSUT counts and secondary outcomes. Results The LSUT counts exhibited good to excellent intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliability (ICC: 0.869–0.991). The minimum detectable change in the average LSUT count was 1 step. LSUT counts correlated significantly with the FMA-LE score, lower limb muscle strength (except for the hip abductors), FTSTS time, BBS score, TUG time, and ABC score. Conclusions The LSUT is a reliable, valid, and easily administered measure of the closed kinetic chain functional muscle strength of stroke survivors.

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation can improve the proprioception and balance of persons with osteoarthritis of the knee

Objective To explore any effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on the proprioception and balance of patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods Forty patients with KOA were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG), each of 20. The PNF techniques of isotonic combined contraction, and rhythmic stable and dynamic reversal were applied in the EG, while the CG received quadriceps muscle strength training. Knee proprioception was evaluated using knee angle reconstruction experiments, and balance ability was measured using the one leg standing test (OLS) and the five times sit to stand test (FTSST). Results The errors in active and passive knee angle reconstruction at 30°, 60° and 110° all improved significantly in the EG, but not in the CG. After the treatment, the OLS and FTSST results improved significantly in the EG, but only the OLS results improved significantly in the CG, not the FTSST times. Even so, the average OLS time in the EG was significantly longer than that of the CG after the training. Conclusion Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation can improve the proprioception and balance of persons with knee osteoarthritis. Key words: Osteoarthritis; Knees; Proprioception; Balance; Neuromuscular facilitation

Timed 360° Turn Test for Assessing People With Chronic Stroke

ObjectivesTo investigate (1) the intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliability of the timed 360° turn test in subjects with stroke; (2) the concurrent validity of the timed 360° turn test by exploring its correlation with other measures of stroke-specific impairments; and (3) the cutoff times that best discriminate individuals with stroke from healthy older adults. DesignCross-sectional study. SettingUniversity-based rehabilitation center. ParticipantsIndividuals with chronic stroke (n=72) and healthy individuals (n=35) of similar age (N=107). InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresThe timed 360° turn test was administered along with the Fugl-Meyer assessment of the lower extremity, measurement of muscle strength of ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors using a handheld dynamometer, Berg Balance Scale, limit of stability test, five times sit-to-stand (FTSTS) test, 10-m walk test, and timed Up and Go (TUG) test. ResultsThe 360° turn times showed excellent intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliability in individuals with stroke. A minimal detectable change of .76 seconds was found for subjects turning toward the affected side and 1.22 seconds for subjects turning toward the unaffected side. The 360° turn times were found to correlate significantly with Fugl-Meyer assessment of the lower extremity scores, dosiflexor strength of the affected ankle, plantarflexor strength of both ankles, FTSTS test times, balance performance, gait speed, and TUG test times. The 360° turn times of 3.43 to 3.49 seconds were shown to discriminate reliably between individuals with stroke and healthy older adults. ConclusionsThe timed 360° turn test is a reliable and an easily administered clinical tool to assess the turning ability of subjects with chronic stroke.

Effect of arm position and foot placement on the five times sit-to-stand test completion times of female adults older than 50 years of age.

The five times-sit-to stand test (FTSTS) is a clinical test which is commonly used to assessed the functional muscle strength of the lower limbs of older adults. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different arm positions and foot placements on the FTSTS completion times of older female adults. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-nine healthy female subjects, aged 63.1±5.3 years participated in this cross-sectional study. The times required to complete the FTSTS with 3 different arm positions (hands on thighs, arms crossed over chest, and an augmented arm position with the arms extended forward) and 2 foot placements (neutral and posterior) were recorded. The interaction effect and main effect of arm positions and foot placements were examined using a 3 (arm position) × 2 (foot placement) two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). [Results] There was no interaction effect among the 3 arm positions in the 2 foot placements. A significant main effect was identified for foot placement, but not arm position. Posterior foot placement led to a shorter FTSTS time compared to that of normal foot placement. [Conclusion] With the same arm position, FTSTS completion times with posterior foot placement tended to be shorter. Therefore, the standard foot placement should be used for FTSTS administration.

Association between new indices in the locomotive syndrome risk test and decline in mobility: third survey of the ROAD study

BackgroundWe aimed to clarify the association between new indices in a locomotive syndrome risk test and decline in mobility. MethodsIn the third survey of the Research on Osteoarthritis/osteoporosis Against Disability (ROAD) study, data on the indices were obtained from 1575 subjects (513 men, 1062 women) of the 1721 participants in mountainous and coastal areas. As outcome measures for decline in mobility, we used the five-times-sit-to-stand test (FTSST) and walking speed with cutoff values of 12 s and 0.8 m/s, respectively. ResultsWe first estimated the prevalence of the indices in locomotive syndrome risk test stage 1, including twostep test score <1.3, difficulty with one-leg standing from a 40-cm-high seat in the stand-up test, and 25-question GLFS score ≥7, which were found to be 57.4, 40.6, and 22.6 %, respectively. Next, we investigated the prevalence of the indices in locomotive syndrome risk test stage 2, including two-step test score <1.1, difficulty with standing from a 20-cm-high seat using both legs in the stand-up test, and 25-question GLFS score ≥16, which were found to be 21.1, 7.9, and 10.6 %, respectively. Logistic regression analysis using slow FTSST time or slow walking speed as the objective factor, and presence or absence of indices as the independent factor, after adjusting for confounders, showed all three indices in both stages 1 and 2 were significantly and independently associated with immobility. Finally, we clarified the risk of immobility according to an increasing number of indices in both stages 1 and 2 and found that the odds ratio for both slow FTSST time and slow walking speed increased exponentially. ConclusionWe found that the three indices independently predicted immobility and that accumulation of indices increased the risk of immobility exponentially.

Reliability and validity of Alternate Step Test times in subjects with chronic stroke.

(i) To investigate the intra-rater, inter-rater and test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change of the Alternate Step Test (AST) when assessing people with chronic stroke. (ii) To quantify the correlation between AST times and stroke-specific impairments. Cross-sectional study. University-based rehabilitation centre. A convenience sample of 86 participants: 45 with chronic stroke, and 41 healthy elderly subjects. The AST was administered along with the Fugl-Meyer Lower Extremity Assessment (FMA-LE), the Five Times Sit-To-Stand Test (FTSTS), limits of stability (LOS) measurements, Berg Balance Scale (BBS) scores, Chinese-translated Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC-C) ratings, and the Timed "Up and Go" test (TUG). Excellent intra-rater, inter-rater and test-retest reliability were found, with a minimal detectable change of 3.26 s. AST times were significantly associated with FMA-LE assessment, FTSTS times, LOS in the forward and backward directions and to the affected side, BBS ratings and TUG times. AST time is a reliable assessment tool that correlates with different stroke-specific impairments in people with chronic stroke.

Musculoskeletal strength, balance performance, and self-efficacy in elderly ving tsun chinese martial art practitioners: implications for fall prevention.

Objectives. To (1) compare the bone strength, lower limb muscular strength, functional balance performance, and balance self-efficacy between Ving Tsun (VT) martial art practitioners and nonpractitioners and (2) identify the associations between lower limb muscular strength, functional balance performance, and balance self-efficacy among the VT-trained participants. Methods. Thirty-five VT practitioners (mean age ± SD = 62.7 ± 13.3 years) and 49 nonpractitioners (mean age ± SD = 65.9 ± 10.5 years) participated in the study. The bone strength of the distal radius, lower limb muscular strength, functional balance performance, and balance self-efficacy were assessed using an ultrasound bone sonometer, the five times sit-to-stand test (FTSTS), the Berg balance scale (BBS), and the Chinese version of the activities-specific balance confidence scale, respectively. A multivariate analysis of covariance was performed to compare all the outcome variables between the two groups. Results. Elderly VT practitioners had higher radial bone strength on the dominant side (P < 0.05), greater lower limb muscular strength (P = 0.001), better functional balance performance (P = 0.003), and greater balance confidence (P < 0.001) than the nonpractitioners. Additionally, only the FTSTS time revealed a significant association with the BBS score (r = −0.575, P = 0.013). Conclusions. VT may be a suitable health-maintenance exercise for the elderly. Our findings may inspire the development of VT fall-prevention exercises for the community-dwelling healthy elderly.

Falls classification using tri-axial accelerometers during the five-times-sit-to-stand test

The five-times-sit-to-stand test (FTSS) is an established assessment of lower limb strength, balance dysfunction and falls risk. Clinically, the time taken to complete the task is recorded with longer times indicating increased falls risk. Quantifying the movement using tri-axial accelerometers may provide a more objective and potentially more accurate falls risk estimate. 39 older adults, 19 with a history of falls, performed four repetitions of the FTSS in their homes. A tri-axial accelerometer was attached to the lateral thigh and used to identify each sit–stand–sit phase and sit–stand and stand–sit transitions. A second tri-axial accelerometer, attached to the sternum, captured torso acceleration. The mean and variation of the root-mean-squared amplitude, jerk and spectral edge frequency of the acceleration during each section of the assessment were examined. The test–retest reliability of each feature was examined using intra-class correlation analysis, ICC(2,k). A model was developed to classify participants according to falls status. Only features with ICC>0.7 were considered during feature selection. Sequential forward feature selection within leave-one-out cross-validation resulted in a model including four reliable accelerometer-derived features, providing 74.4% classification accuracy, 80.0% specificity and 68.7% sensitivity. An alternative model using FTSS time alone resulted in significantly reduced classification performance. Results suggest that the described methodology could provide a robust and accurate falls risk assessment.

Association of Seat Height and Arm Position on the Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test Times of Stroke Survivors

Objectives. To investigate (1) the association of seat height and (2) the association of arm position on the five times sit-to-stand test (FTSTS) times of individuals with stroke. Design. A cross-sectional study. Setting. University-based rehabilitation centre. Subjects. Patients (n = 43) with chronic stroke. Methods. The times in completing the FTSTS with different seat height (85%, 100%, and 115% knee height) and arm positions (arms across chest, hands on thighs). Results. FTSTS times were significantly different between 85% and 100% seat heights, and between the 85% and 115% seat heights in both arm positions. However, there was no significant difference between the FTSTS times with the two arm positions at any seat height tested. Conclusion. Seat heights lower than the knee height result in longer FTSTS times, whereas arms positions did not significantly affect the FTSTS times.

The Five Times Sit to Stand Test in Senior Athletes

The Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST) has been established as a valid and reliable functional measure for older adults. Norms have been clearly defined for community-dwelling older adults and can be useful in the identification of mobility decline and prediction of future disability. However, because of the high rates of inactivity in the population of community-dwelling older adults, it seems inappropriate to compare high-functioning older adults, for example, senior athletes, to these norms. With trends showing increased senior athlete participation, new norms may be necessary to appropriately evaluate this population of older adults. The purpose of this study was to (1) compare results of the FTSST in senior athletes older than 60 years to norms for community-dwelling adults of the same age (2) determine the effects of age, gender, and sport intensity on FTSST performance in senior athletes, and (3) establish norms appropriate for this population of interest. The FTSST was performed on 276 (104 men, 172 women) senior athletes age 50 to 91 years (mean age = 64.9, SD = 15) reporting an average of 4 hours of cardiovascular training and 1 hour of strength training each week. All were actively engaged in national or state senior game competitions. All participants were able to complete the test. One hundred ninety-four participants between 60 and 89 years of age showed significantly faster times than currently reported norms. Performance was negatively associated with age, but did not differ significantly between genders. Participants in more physically demanding sports did show the best FTSST times, although athletes engaged in more leisure sports still outperformed norms for community-dwelling seniors. Senior athletes show significantly greater FTSST speed than norms derived from community-dwelling older adults. New normative guidelines are presented to assist the screening of these athletes on this functional performance measure.

Reliability of the 12-step ascend and descend test and its correlation with motor function in people with chronic stroke

To investigate: (i) the intra-rater, inter-rater and test-retest reliability of the 12-step stair test; (ii) its correlation with other stroke-specific impairments; and (iii) the cut-off scores that best discriminate patients with stroke from healthy elderly subjects. Cross-sectional study. University-based rehabilitation centre. Thirty-five subjects with chronic stroke and 29 healthy elderly subjects. The 12-step ascend and descend test was administered along with the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment for the lower extremities (FMA-LE), hand-held dynamometer measurements of hip abductor and knee extensor muscle strength, the Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSTST), assessment using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), activities-specific balance confidence scale (ABC) assessment, the 10-metre walk test, and the Timed "Up and Go" (TUG) test. The 12-step ascend and descend test showed excellent intra-rater, inter-rater and test-retest reliability. The test was positively correlated with FTSTST times, gait velocity, and TUG times, and negatively correlated with FMA-LE scores and BBS scores. A test performance of 15.22 seconds or less was shown reliably to discriminate healthy elderly subjects from stroke survivors. The 12-step ascend and descend test is a reliable clinical test that is inexpensive and easy to implement, and is useful for assessing the stair-walking ability of patients with chronic stroke.

The five-times-sit-to-stand test: validity, reliability and detectable change in older females

The five-times-sit-to-stand test (FTSST) is a physical performance test commonly-used in clinical geriatric studies. The relationship between FTSST times and dynamic balance has not been widely investigated in older adults. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of the FTSST as a measure of dynamic balance in older adults. A second objective was to quantify relative and absolute reliability, as well as minimum detectable change (MDC) of the FTSST in older adults. Twenty-nine females (mean age, 73.6 years) performed two trials of the FTSST, timed up and go (TUG), and functional reach (FR) tests. Validity of the FTSST as a measure of dynamic balance was evaluated by quantifying strength of relationships between the FTSST and two measures of dynamic balance, TUG and FR, using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Measures of relative [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)] and absolute [standard error of measurement (SEM)] reliability, as well as the MDC at the 95% confidence level (MDC 95 ) were computed for the FTSST. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between FTSST and TUG (r=0.64, p<0.001) indicates that FTSST is a valid measure of dynamic balance and functional mobility in older adults. The ICC 2,1 of 0.95 is indicative of excellent relative reliability of the FTSST. SEM was 0.9 seconds and MDC 95 was 2.5 seconds for the FTSST. SEM (6.3% of mean FTSST) and MDC (17.5% of mean FTSST) percent values were low. The FTSST is a valid measure of dynamic balance and functional mobility in older adults. The high ICC and low SEM and SEM% suggest excellent relative and absolute reliability and reproducibility of the FTSST in older adults. Change in FTSST performance should exceed 2.5 seconds to be considered real change beyond measurement error.

Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test Performance in Parkinson's Disease

Duncan RP, Leddy AL, Earhart GM. Five times sit-to-stand test performance in Parkinson's disease. Objectives To (1) determine intrarater and test-retest reliability of the Five times sit-to-stand test (FTSTS) in Parkinson's disease (PD), (2) characterize FTSTS performance in PD at different disease stages, (3) determine predictors of FTSTS performance in PD, and (4) determine the utility of the FTSTS for discriminating between fallers and nonfallers with PD, identifying an appropriate cutoff score to delineate between these groups. Design Measurement study of community-dwelling individuals with idiopathic PD. Setting A medical school laboratory. Participants Participants (N=82) were recruited via population-based sampling. The final sample included 80 participants. Two were excluded because of exclusion criteria and an unrelated illness, respectively. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures FTSTS time (seconds) was the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures included the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BEST), Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction–Quadriceps, 9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), 6-minute walk, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39, and Movement Disorders Society–Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Results Interrater and test-retest reliability for the FTSTS were high (intraclass correlation coefficients: .99 and .76, respectively). Mean FTSTS performance was 20.25±14.12 seconds. All mobility measures were significantly correlated with FTSTS ( P<.01). The Mini-BEST and 9HPT together explained 53% of the variance in FTSTS. Receiver operating characteristic analysis determined a cutoff of 16.0 seconds (sensitivity, .75; specificity, .68) for discriminating between fallers and nonfallers, with an area under the curve of .77. Conclusions The FTSTS is a quick, easily administered measure that is useful for gross determination of fall risk in individuals with PD.

Weight-Bearing Asymmetry in Relation to Measures of Impairment and Functional Mobility for People With Knee Osteoarthritis

Christiansen CL, Stevens-Lapsley JE. Weight-bearing asymmetry in relation to measures of impairment and functional mobility for people with knee osteoarthritis. Objectives To compare weight-bearing asymmetry (WBA) for people with unilateral knee osteoarthritis (OA) with that for healthy adults of similar age. In addition, associations between WBA and clinical measures of knee impairment and functional mobility were evaluated. Design Cross-sectional design with age-matched control (CTL) group. Setting Clinical research laboratory. Participants People with end-stage unilateral knee OA (n=50) (OA group) and healthy people (n=17) (CTL group) were enrolled in the study (N=67). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures WBA during a Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST) based on average vertical ground reaction force under each foot, self-reported knee pain assessed using a Numerical Pain Rating Scale, knee extensor strength asymmetry based on peak isometric knee extension torque, knee motion asymmetry based on maximum passive knee extension and flexion angles, FTSST time, six-minute walk test distance, and Stair Climbing Test time. Results The OA group demonstrated greater WBA than the CTL group during transitions between sitting and standing as measured by an absolute symmetry index ( P=.015). No correlation was found between WBA and knee motion asymmetry, but comparisons of WBA with all the other outcome variables indicated fair relationships (range, r=.29–.44). Conclusions Weight-bearing asymmetry during transitions between sitting and standing can serve as a clinically relevant measure related to both knee impairment and functional mobility for people with unilateral knee OA.