Five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Research Articles

Evaluation of low vagally-mediated heart rate variability as an early marker of depression risk

BackgroundBoth low vagally-mediated heart rate variability (HRV) and depression have been shown to be risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We recently identified an HRV cutpoint below which persons have an increased risk for several cardiometabolic disorders. However, no cutpoint exists to identify those at risk for depression. MethodsThe association between daytime HRV and diagnostically validated depression cutoffs using the five-item World Health Organization Well-being Index (WHO-5) was examined in adults from the Mannheim Industrial Cohort Study (n = 9973; Mage = 41.9[10.9]; 20 % women [n = 1934]). The aim was to identify HRV cutpoints for individuals who may have clinical depression. ResultsRegression adjusting for age, sex, and linear trend showed a significant quadratic association between depression, indexed by WHO-5 scores and HRV, indexed by the root mean square successive differences (RMSSD) in milliseconds (ms) (p < 0.001). Logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex, and heart period (i.e., inter-beat intervals) compared the clinically depressed (WHO-5 ≤ 28) and those with a screening diagnosis of depression (WHO-5 ≤ 50) to the rest of the population. Significant odds ratios suggested two RMSSD values 25 ± 2 ms (OR = 1.39 [1.17, 1.64]) and 35 ± 2 ms (OR = 1.17 [1.02, 1.34]) that may be used to identify those with an elevated risk for depression. LimitationsThe sample was primarily German men. Fitness and anti-depressant use were not available. ConclusionsAs HRV is a brief measure that can be used in clinical settings, our HRV cutpoints have implications for the early detection of those at risk for psychological and cardiometabolic disorders.

Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Factors Affecting the Psychological Well-being of Preoperative Surgical Patients

PurposeThis study aimed to determine the subjective psychological well-being levels and sociodemographic and psychosocial factors affecting the psychological well-being of preoperative surgical patients. DesignThis was a cross-sectional study. MethodsThis study was conducted between January 15, 2021 and July 15, 2021. The sample consisted of 236 surgical patients in a public hospital in the Thrace region of Turkey. Data were collected using a personal information form and the five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5). The data were analyzed using numbers, percentages, mean, standard deviation, independent samples t test, one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's multiple comparison test, and linear regression analysis. FindingsParticipants had a mean WHO-5 score of 10.76 ± 6.21, indicating low subjective psychological well-being. Economic status, chronic disease status, history of surgery, having been on psychiatric medication or receiving professional psychological support, tobacco use, experiencing a significant life change in the last 3 months, and reporting experiencing frequent stress in everyday life were significant predictors of WHO-5 scores. ConclusionsPreoperative surgical patients have low subjective psychological well-being, and their sociodemographic and psychosocial factors affect their psychological well-being.

Validation of the Danish Version of the Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale (ODSIS): A Reliable Instrument for Assessing Depression Symptoms and Functional Impairment.

In psychotherapy, having a reliable tracking tool is vital for effective treatment. We have validated the Danish version of the 'Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale' (ODSIS), which is used in the Unified Protocol for Emotional Disorders (UP) and other cognitive behavioural therapies. This five-item self-rating scale is expected to correspond closely to the gold-standard Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), but also to self-rating scales addressing daily functioning and well-being. Internal consistency is assessed using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. Criterion validity is explored through Pearson's correlation coefficient with BDI-II, the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS), the Five-Item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) and scatter plots, and an optimal cut-off score is determined using a receiver operating characteristic curve. The study included 340 respondents: 234 from a recent clinical trial, 56 psychiatric patients from inpatient/outpatient units and 50 healthy volunteers. ODSIS demonstrates strong internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.887-0.956, McDonald's omega: 0.888-0.957). Correlations with BDI-II, WSAS and WHO-5 highlight its strong criterion validity (BDI-II: 0.847, WSAS: 0.751, WHO-5: 0.771). The optimal cut-off score (> 7.5) for detecting depression shows great sensitivity (0.862) and specificity (0.731). The Danish version of ODSIS proves to be a reliable instrument for quantification of a combination of depression level and functional impairment from the symptoms. Its high correlation with established BDI-II makes it a brief and handy tool for repeated measurement in clinical and research settings.

The construct validity of an abridged version of the general self-efficacy scale for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The General Self-Efficacy (GSE) scale is a validated self-rated questionnaire increasingly used in mental health research. However, despite several psychometric advantages of the GSE scale, its validity in those diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not yet been examined. Moreover, a shorter version of the GSE scale would contribute to a more rational use of resources in extensive multivariate studies. Therefore, as self-rated scales to measure self-efficacy in this population are lacking, the current study aims to develop a condensed version of the GSE for adults with ADHD. A group of patient collaborators (user representatives) from an ADHD organization and health professionals shortened the original 10-item GSE scale to six items and evaluated the content validity of the revised scale. Second, 525 potential participants were invited to participate in a cross-sectional study conducted in 2021 (between January 19th and February 7th). Of them, 403 filled out the GSE-6 for ADHD and two scales measuring psychological well-being and mental health (the five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index, WHO-5, and the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-4). The psychometric properties of the new scale were examined, testing a priori formulated hypotheses. The brief GSE-6 for ADHD displayed good internal consistency with a Cronbach's α of 0.907. No floor or ceiling effect was detected. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a one-factor structure. The GSE-6 also showed a moderate positive correlation with the WHO-5 (rs = 0.578) and a moderate negative correlation with the depression and anxiety rating scale PHQ-4 (rs = -0.595). The 6-item GSE for ADHD was evaluated to have good content validity. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties. The results indicate that the GSE-6 may help assess self-efficacy in adults with ADHD.

Low Level of Well-being in Young People With Physical-Mental Multimorbidity: A Population-Based Study

PurposeWe aimed to examine whether wellbeing, health behavior, and youth life among young people (YP) with co-occurrence of physical-mental conditions, that is, multimorbidity differ from YP with exclusively physical or mental conditions. MethodsThe population included 3,671 YP reported as having a physical or/and mental condition from a Danish nationwide school-based survey (aged 14–26 years). Wellbeing was measured by the five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index and life satisfaction by the Cantril Ladder. YP's health behavior and youth life were evaluated in seven domains: home, education, activities/friends, drugs, sleep, sexuality, and self-harm/suicidal thoughts, in accordance with the Home, Education and employment, Eating, Activities, Drugs, Sexuality, Suicide and depression, and Safety acronym. We performed descriptive statistics and multilevel logistic regression analysis. ResultsA total of 52% of YP with physical-mental multimorbidity reported a low level of wellbeing, compared to 27% of YP with physical conditions and 44% with mental conditions. YP with multimorbidity had significantly higher odds of reporting poor life satisfaction, compared to YP with exclusively physical or mental conditions. YP with multimorbidity had significantly higher odds for psychosocial challenges and health risk behavior, compared to YP with physical conditions, along with increased odds for loneliness (23.3%), self-harm (63.1%), and suicidal thoughts (54.2%), compared to YP with mental conditions. DiscussionYP with physical-mental multimorbidity had higher odds for challenges and low wellbeing and life satisfaction. This is an especially vulnerable group and systematic screening for multimorbidity and psychosocial wellbeing is needed in all healthcare settings.

Validating the Five-Item World Health Organization Well-Being Index.

Purpose: Research on the psychological well-being of caregivers of children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) suggests that the well-being of parents and caregivers has been negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the psychological well-being of caregivers is a major concern, few validated well-being measures exist for caregivers of children diagnosed with ADHD. Therefore, a valid self-report scale is needed to assess well-being during the pandemic. The brief Five-Item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) has previously been used in studies on caregivers. However, its validity in this population remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and construct validity of the WHO-5 with caregivers of children with ADHD. Methods: A cross-sectional anonymous online survey was conducted in Norway. The study recruited caregivers from a community sample during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was carried out to investigate the construct validity by exploring the relationship between well-being, quality of life, social support, self-reported psychological distress, and perceived stress. Results: The findings of unidimensionality and high internal consistency, together with the results from the hypothesis testing, demonstrate the reliability and construct validity of the Norwegian version of the WHO-5 in this population. Conclusions: This study provides the first empirical evidence of the validity and reliability of the WHO-5 from a sample of Norwegian caregivers of children diagnosed with ADHD, with excellent reliability and construct validity. The scale can be used to systematize the measurement of well-being in caregivers because of its brevity and good psychometric properties, making it a valuable resource in research settings and assisting healthcare professionals in their crucial work of caring for caregivers.

Emotional eating and depression during the pandemic: QuarantEat, an Italian nationwide survey

ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the consequences of the pandemic lockdown among the Italian general population by focusing on depression and emotional overeating (EO). MethodsQuarantEat was an Italian, nationwide, cross-sectional study conducted using a computer-assisted web interview method (May 6-31, 2020). The 40-item questionnaire included the five-item World Health Organization Wellbeing Index and EO Questionnaire-5. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed. ResultsA total of 1865 adults participated in the study. Depression and EO were reported by 57.6% and 49.3%, respectively, of the sample. When considering multivariable models, women, students, participants who smoked more/equal during lockdown, and individuals with EO were more likely to report depression. Following a healthier diet or exercising during lockdown reduced the probability of depression. The likelihood of EO was higher for participants who were female, consumed more food, had a less healthy diet, were overweight and obese, consumed more chocolate, consumed more snacks between meals or before going to sleep/during the night, and were at risk for depression. Increasing age, having a relationship, and not having increased television/computer watching time while eating reduced the odds of EO. ConclusionsQuarantEat highlighted high levels of depression and EO right after the end of pandemic lockdown measures, and outlined the importance of the relationships between mental health and health risk behaviors, such as smoking, exercise, diet, and changes in eating behaviors due to the pandemic lockdown. Planning interventions using a holistic approach and reaching every individual to overcome the limits caused by the restrictive lockdown measures is essential.

Symptom severity and well-being of patients with mental illness during the COVID-19 pandemic: a two-wave survey

Purpose of the article To examine changes in symptom severity and well-being during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic among individuals with pre-existing mental illness. Materials and methods In February 2021, we conducted a follow-up questionnaire-based survey among adults with mental illness, who responded to a similar survey on mental health in June 2020. The participants completed the 18-item Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18), the five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5), and 14 questions evaluating worsening or improvement in mental health using the pre-pandemic period as reference. The survey data were merged with sociodemographic and clinical data from the medical records of all invitees to the first survey, enabling analysis of attrition and weighting of the results. Results A total of 613 of 992 (62%) invitees participated in the follow-up wave of the survey. The weighted mean WHO-5 and BSI-18 scores were 38 and 27, respectively, and did not differ statistically significantly from the first wave. Multivariate logistic regression showed that having a vocational education (skilled worker/craftsman) was positively associated with reporting deterioration in psychological well-being (OR: 2.95, 95%CI: 1.14–7.81), while being unemployed was negatively associated with reporting deterioration in psychological well-being (OR: 0.20, 95%CI: 0.07–0.56) from the first to the second survey wave. The most common reason for self-reported deterioration in mental health was loneliness (70%). Conclusions Approximately one year into the COVID-19 pandemic, the level of symptoms remained high, whereas the level of psychological well-being remained low among patients with mental illness.

Validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index is a widely used measure of sleep quality. The validity and reliability of the Danish version of the instrument has not yet been established. The aim of this study is to establish the internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the Danish version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in adolescents. Data were collected from 719 students from 17 different upper secondary schools. The sample consisted of 55% women, and the mean age of the sample was 17.87 (2.52) years. Data was collected on two occasions approximately 6 weeks apart using online surveys. Apart from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the students also completed the five-item World Health Organization Well-being Index and the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale. For internal consistency the Cronbach's alpha was calculated, for test-retest reliability the interclass correlation coefficient was computed, and for validity the Pearson's correlation was calculated. The mean global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score among Danish adolescents was 5.86 (3.13). The internal consistency for the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was satisfactory with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.72. Test-retest reliability was adequate with an interclass correlation coefficient of 0.68. Finally, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index showed large positive correlation with the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (0.55) and a large negative correlation with the five-item World Health Organization Well-being Index (-0.59). The Danish version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index showed adequate reliability and validity among Danish adolescents.

A Study on the Willingness to Use Meditation for Maintaining Psychological Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background and objectiveSeveral studies have indicated an escalation in the stress and anxiety levels among all sections of the population at large during the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this challenging environment, meditation or yoga can help in maintaining the quality of life. This pilot study aimed to assess the willingness to practice meditation as a tool to manage anxiety, perceived stress levels, and psychological well-being (quality of life) during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.Materials and methodsBivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were employed to characterize the attitude of healthy Indian adults toward meditation as a stress management tool and its impact on psychological well-being. Primary data of 241 participants were collected using Google Forms circulated via email and social media platforms through the snowball sampling technique. The self-reported data on four different psychosocial scales, viz., for anxiety measurement [the Seven-Item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS)], for stress measurement [Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)], and to quantify well-being levels [the Five-Item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5)], along with those on their perception toward meditation were obtained.ResultsOur findings suggest that the anxiety and perceived stress scores are lower among those practicing some form of relaxation or meditation than those not practicing it, along with those who already report better psychological well-being and perceived stress. The bivariate results indicated that willingness to meditate among those who were practicing some form of meditation and those not mediating significantly differed based on their age, presence of comorbidities, and GAD and PSS levels. The multivariate logistic regression showed that only those individuals aged 35 years and above and those who have some comorbidity symptoms showed a significant level of willingness to opt for meditation.ConclusionsIn order to attain proper relief from psychological issues during a pandemic situation such as the current one, a more specific remedial module for meditation procedure needs to be devised as an intervention, and it should be kept in mind that age and comorbidity status also play a significant role with respect to individuals' attitude toward meditation as a tool for psychological relief.

407 Experiences of participation in supervised group exercise among pregnant women with depression or low psychological well-being: A qualitative descriptive study

Aim: To explore experiences with supervised group exercise during pregnancy in women with depression or low psychological well-being. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study based on semi-structured, individual, in-depth interviews analyzed by means of thematic analysis. Setting: The Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark. Participants: Through a purposeful, criterion-based sampling strategy, women with a current diagnosis of depression with prescribed antidepressant and/or a score ≤50 on the five-item World Health Organization Well-being Index were included.

The responsiveness of the Danish version of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure

Introduction To establish the responsiveness of the Danish version of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM-DK). Method A cross-sectional study was performed in three Danish settings, including 88 clients, 40 men, aged 16–90 years, with a variety of diagnoses. To determine construct responsiveness, the mean changes of the COPM performance and satisfaction score (COPM-P/S) were compared and correlated with the mean changes in the five-item World Health Organization (WHO) Well-Being Index (WHO-5) and the EuroQol–five domains–five levels questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). To determine the responsiveness, data were analysed with ROC curves to establish the optimal cut-point values for the COPM-DK scores. Minimal important change (MIC) was assessed in relation to anchor-based questions. Results The mean change for COPM-P/S was 3.1 and 3.0, respectively. Small positive correlations were found between the COPM-DK scores and the WHO-5 and EQ-5D-5L scores. The AUC were 0.76 and 0.75, respectively. The optimal cut-point values for the COPM-P/S-scores based on either all positive answers or to the two highest, were 1.2 or 4.20 (COPM-P) and 1.67 or 5.80 (COPM-S), respectively Conclusions The capability of the COPM to detect changes in perceived occupational performance issues is supported. We recommend an MIC on 3.5 points on both scales.

The Association of Problematic Online Gaming Behavior With Mental Well-Being and Depressive Symptoms Among Students of Professional Colleges in Rishikesh.

Background and objectiveExcessive online gaming is becoming a behavior pattern, and it has been recently classified as a medical illness and added to the International Classification of Diseases-11 (ICD-11), termed as "gaming disorder". This condition can be severe enough to result in significant impairment in psychological health. In light of this, we conducted this study to analyze the relationship between problematic online gaming and mental well-being among students of professional colleges in Rishikesh.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among professional college students in Rishikesh on problematic online gaming behavior (POGB). The Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire-Short Form (POGQ-SF) was used to assess POGB among the participants. The five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to assess mental well-being and depressive symptoms respectively.ResultsThe prevalence of POGB was 27.4% among our cohort, and its association with mental well-being as well as depressive symptoms was statistically significant. The study participants with poor mental well-being and mild or moderate to moderately severe depressive symptoms had higher odds of developing POGB.ConclusionPOGB has been recently identified as a behavioral addiction and it is often neglected. A significant proportion of the study participants exhibited problematic gaming behavior.

Diet and mental health in pregnancy: Nutrients of importance based on large observational cohort data

ObjectiveTo determine associations between dietary intake and well-being in pregnancy. MethodsThis retrospective cohort analysis combined three studies: the ROLO Study (a randomized controlled trial of a low-glycemic-index diet in pregnancy), the Pregnancy Exercise and nutrition Research Study with smartphone application support (PEARS), and a randomized controlled trial on probiotics. All data were collected before study interventions (16 wk). Dietary intakes during pregnancy were determined using 3-day food diaries. The five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index was used to assess mental well-being. Initial associations were evaluated using Pearson correlations and further defined with multiple regression analysis adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), Pobal Haase and Pratschke deprivation index, and metabolic equivalent of task minutes scores. ResultsA total of 1521 women were included in the analysis (mean age, 32+4 y; mean BMI, 27 kg/m2 [IQR, 17–56 kg/m2]). The mean well-being score was 59%. Regression analysis showed that fiber (B = 0.07; P = 0.02), magnesium (B = 0.08; P < 0.01), niacin (B = 0.09; P < 0.01), thiamine (B = 0.07; P = 0.01), and folate (B = 0.08; P = 0.02) were all positively and significantly associated with well-being in a pregnant population. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure to correct for multiple testing was applied, and significance remained. ConclusionsMaternal nutrition and well-being are related during early pregnancy. Our findings suggest that fiber, magnesium, and particular B vitamins may be of importance for promoting positive mental well-being during pregnancy.

Psychological well-being and worries among pregnant women in the first trimester during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark compared with a historical group: Ahospital-based cross-sectional study.

A pandemic may negatively influence psychological well-being in the individual. We aimed to assess the potential influence of the first national lockdown in Denmark (March to June 2020) due to the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological well-being and the content and degree of worries among pregnant women in early pregnancy. In this hospital-based cross-sectional study based on self-reported data we compared psychological well-being and worries among women who were pregnant during the first phase of the pandemic (COVID-19 group) (n=685), with women who were pregnant the year before (Historical group) (n=787). Psychological well-being was measured by the five-item World Health Organization Well-being Index (WHO-5), using a score ≤50 as indicator of reduced psychological well-being. Differences in WHO-5 mean scores and in the prevalence of women with score ≤50 were assessed using general linear and log-binomial regression analyses. The Cambridge Worry Scale was used to measure the content and degree of major worries. To detect differences between groups, Pearson's Chi-square test was used. We found no differences in mean WHO-5 score between groups (mean difference) 0.1 (95% CI -1.5 to 1.6) or in the prevalence of women with WHO-5 score ≤50 (prevalence ratio 1.04, 95% CI 0.83-1.29) in adjusted analyses. A larger proportion of women in the COVID-19 group reported major worries about Relationship with husband/partner compared with the Historical group (3% [n=19] vs 1% [n=6], p=0.04), and 9.2% in the COVID-19 group worried about the possible negative influence of the COVID-19 restrictions. Our findings indicate that national restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic did not influence the psychological well-being or the content and degree of major worries among pregnant women. However, a larger proportion of women in the COVID-19 group reported major worries concerning Relationship with husband/partner compared with the Historical group and 9.2% in the COVID-19group worried about the possible negative influence of the COVID-19 restrictions.

Mental health of patients with mental illness during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a questionnaire-based survey weighted for attrition

Background Individuals with pre-existing mental illness may be particularly vulnerable to the negative impact that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic seems to have on mental health. Accordingly, the objective of the present study was to assess whether patients with mental illness experienced deterioration in mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown of Denmark in the Spring of 2020. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey coupled with sociodemographic and clinical data from the medical records of all invitees. The latter enabled analysis of attrition and weighting of results. The online questionnaire included the 18-item Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18), the five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5), and 14 questions evaluating worsening or improvement in symptoms during lockdown using the pre-pandemic period as reference. Results A total of 992 randomly drawn patients with mental illness from the psychiatric services of the Central Denmark Region responded to the questionnaire (response rate = 21.6%). The weighted mean WHO-5 and BSI-18 scores were 38 and 28, respectively. A total of 52% of the respondents reported that their mental health had deteriorated during the lockdown, while 33% reported no change, and 16% reported improvement. The most commonly reported reasons for deterioration were loneliness, disruption of routines, concerns regarding the coronavirus, less contact with family/friends, boredom, and reduced access to psychiatric care. Conclusion More than half of the patients reported worsening of their mental health during the pandemic lockdown. There should be an increased emphasis on ensuring both social and clinical support for individuals with mental illness during pandemics.

The roles of motivational interviewing and self-efficacy on outcomes and cost-effectiveness of a community-based exercise intervention for inactive middle-older aged adults.

Increasing physical activity (PA) among inactive middle-older aged adults in rural communities is challenging. This study investigates the efficacy of a PA intervention supporting inactive adults in rural/semirural communities. Inactive participants enrolled on either a single signposting session (n=427) or a multisession pathway combining signposting with motivational interviewing (MI; n=478). Pre-post outcomes data assessed activity levels (International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form; Single Item Sport England Measure), self-efficacy (New General Self-Efficacy scale [NGSE]) and well-being (five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index [WHO-5]). Measures were repeated at longitudinal time points (26, 52weeks) for the MI pathway. Outcomes were contrasted with results from an unmatched comparison group receiving treatment as usual (TAU). Cost-utility (quality-adjusted life years [QALY]-incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) and return on investment (NHS-ROI; QALY-ROI) were estimated for short (5years), medium (10years) and long (25years) time horizons. Both pathways significantly increased participants' PA. The MI pathway resulted in significantly greater increases in PA than signposting-only and TAU. Improvements in psychological outcomes (NGSE; WHO-5) were significantly greater in the MI pathway than TAU. Longitudinal results indicated MI pathway participants sustained increases in light-intensity PA at 52weeks (p<0.001; =0.16). Regression analyses found baseline self-efficacy predicted increased PA at 52weeks, while baseline well-being did not. The relationship between self-efficacy and PA increased successively across time points. However, magnitude of participants' increased self-efficacy did not predict PA at any time point. Both pathways were cost-effective and cost -saving for participants aged ≥61years from the short time horizon, with the MI pathway having greater ROI estimates. Overall, MI increased efficacy of a signposting PA intervention and was cost-saving for older adults.

Why Do Some Adolescents Manage Despite Parental Illness? Identifying Promotive Factors

PurposeThis study aimed to examine the association between social support, leisure time, school experience, and well-being among adolescents with an ill parent. Moreover, we explored the cumulative effect of promotive factors in relation to well-being. MethodsThe population included a subsample of 676 students reporting serious or chronic parental illness, selected from a nationwide Danish survey, the Well-being Despite Study. Well-being was measured by the five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index. Social support included support from parents, siblings, and friends. A positive school experience encompassed trust in teachers, classroom community, and overall judgment of the school. Leisure time included frequency of activities and having enough time for friends and oneself. We performed multilevel logistic regression analyses using SAS 9.4. ResultsSocial support, a positive school experience, and leisure time were positively associated with well-being. For instance, for boys and girls who felt they had enough time to themselves, the odds ratio of moderate to high well-being was 3.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8–7.7) and 2.9 (95% CI: 1.9–4.3) respectively, compared with boys and girls who did not. Cumulative analyses showed increasing odds of moderate to high well-being with increasing number of promotive factors, the odds ratio being 39.7 (CI 95%: 11.6–136.2) among adolescents with 10 promotive factors compared with adolescents with 0–5 promotive factors. ConclusionsSocial support, a positive school experience, and satisfying leisure time may be important promotive factors, and the results point toward a more ecological approach to improve well-being among adolescents with ill parents.

Associations between mental health and sociodemographic characteristics among schoolchildren. A cross-sectional survey in Denmark 2019.

Aims: We aimed to investigate associations between mental health and sociodemographic characteristics among schoolchildren in Denmark. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional survey from January to October 2019 among 4th to 9th graders (N=1247) based on pilot data from a nationwide research project Stress-free Everyday LiFe for Children and Adolescents REsearch (SELFCARE). We assessed mental health using the five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index and the self-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. We investigated associations between mental health and sex, age in terms of grade, type of school, family setting and geographic region using regression analysis. Results: Mental health was poorer among girls in the older classes compared to girls in 4th grade, and better among boys in the older classes compared to boys in 4th grade. We found no difference in mental health among schoolchildren in municipal and private schools. Mental health was poorer among both girls and boys living alternately with their parents compared to residing with both of them. Mental health varied across geographic regions. Conclusions: We found associations between mental health and sex, age in terms of grade, family setting and geographic region.

Assessment of the Quality of Life in Parents of Children With ADHD: Validation of the Multicultural Quality of Life Index in Norwegian Pediatric Mental Health Settings.

Background: The brief generic Multicultural Quality of Life Index (MQLI) is a culturally informed self-report 10-item questionnaire used to measure health-related quality of life (QoL). QoL is an important outcome measure in guiding healthcare and is held as a substantial parameter to evaluate the effectiveness of healthcare. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children might negatively influence the parents’ QoL. Having a validated questionnaire to measure QoL for this population will therefore be a vital first step in guiding healthcare for parents of children with ADHD. We aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Norwegian version of the MQLI in a sample of parents of children with ADHD.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 128 parents of children with ADHD were recruited from four outpatient clinics within the Child and Adolescents Mental Health Services (CAMHS) in Norway. They completed the MQLI along with an alternative well-being scale, the Five-item World Health Organization Well-being Index (WHO-5), and a form including demographic variables. Reliability and validity of the MQLI were examined. We conducted a factor analysis and calculated internal consistency and the correlation between the MQLI and the WHO-5.Results: Factor analysis of the parents reported MQLI yielded a one-factor solution. For the MQLI, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.73. The correlation between the two measures of MQLI and WHO-5 was high (r = 0.84), reflecting convergent validity since the association between the two measures was strong.Conclusion: Results from this study support the reliability and validity of the Norwegian version of the MQLI for assessment of quality of life in parents of children with ADHD with good psychometric properties. Study findings support the use of the questionnaire in CAMHS.