Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope Research Articles

Observation of HI around three satellite galaxies of the M31 with the FAST: Andromeda II, NGC 205, and NGC 185

Abstract With the exceptional sensitivity of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST), we conducted observations of the neutral hydrogen (HI) in the Circular Galactical Medium (CGM) of Andromeda's (M31) satellite galaxies, specifically Andromeda II, NGC 205, and NGC 185. Initially, three drift scans were executed for these satellites, with a detection limit of 4×10^18 cm/s ( approximately 1.88×10^3 M_sun of HI mass), followed by a more in-depth scan of a specific region. We discovered a C-shaped HI arc structure sharing a position and line-of-sight velocity similar to a stellar ring structure around Andromeda II, hinting at a potential connection with Andromeda II. In the context of NGC 205, we identified two mass concentrations in the northeast direction, which could be indicative of tidal streams resulting from the interaction between this galaxy and M31. These new lumps discovered could be very helpful in solving the missing interstellar medium (ISM) problem for NGC 205. Observations regarding NGC 185 are consistent with previous studies, and we did not detect any additional HI material around this galaxy. These observational results enhance our understanding of the evolution of these satellite galaxies and provide insight into their historical interactions with the M31 galaxy.

New H I observations toward the NGC 5055 Galaxy Group with FAST

Abstract We report a new high-sensitivity H\,{\sc i} mapping observation of the NGC~5055 galaxy group over an area of $1.5^\circ\times0.75^\circ$ with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). Our observation reveals that the warped H\,{\sc i} disk of NGC~5055 is more extended than what previously observed by WSRT, out to $ 23.9$ arcmin (61.7 kpc). 
The total \HI\ mass of NGC~5055 is determined to be $\rm\sim 1.1\times10^{10}\,M_\odot$.
We identified three H\,{\sc i} clouds with H\,{\sc i} masses of the order of $\rm \sim 10^7\,M_\odot$ at the southeastern edge of the H\,{\sc i} disk, as well as a candidate high-velocity cloud with an H\,{\sc i} mass of \textcolor{blue}{$\rm (1.2\pm0.5) \times10^6\,M_\odot$} to the north of NGC~5055.
The HI content of UGCA 337 is robustly detected for the first time by the FAST observations. It has a narrow HI linewidth of \textcolor{blue}{$W_{50}=17.4\pm3.8$ km s$^{-1}$} with a total \HI\ mass of \textcolor{blue}{($\rm 3.5\pm0.3)\times10^6\,M_\odot$}. Comparing the gas content and g-r color of UGCA~337 with typical low-mass dwarf galaxies, UGCA~337 appears relatively gas-poor despite its blue colour. This suggests that UGCA~337 may have undergone gas stripping in the past. 
We also analyzed the possible origin of the diffuse \HI\ clouds located at the outskirts of NGC~5055, and speculate that they might be the remnant features of a merger event in the past.

The Most Distant H i Galaxies Discovered by the 500 m Dish FAST

Neutral hydrogen (H i) is the primary component of the cool interstellar medium (ISM) and is the reservoir of fuel for star formation. Owing to the sensitivity of existing radio telescopes, our understanding of the evolution of the ISM in galaxies remains limited, as it is based on only a few hundred galaxies detected in H i beyond the local Universe. With the high sensitivity of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST), we carried out a blind H i search, the FAST Ultra-Deep Survey, which extends to redshifts up to 0.42 and a sensitivity of 50 μJy beam−1. Here, we report the first discovery of six galaxies in H i at z > 0.38. For these galaxies, the FAST angular resolution of ∼4′ corresponds to a mean linear size of ∼1.3h70−1 Mpc. These galaxies are among the most distant H i emission detections known, with one having the most massive H i content ( 1010.93±0.04h70−2M⊙ ). Using recent data from the DESI survey and new observations with the Hale, Big Telescope Alt-azimuth, and Keck telescopes, optical counterparts are detected for all galaxies within the 3σ positional uncertainty ( 0.5h70−1 Mpc) and 200 km s−1 in recession velocity. Assuming that the dominant source of H i is the identified optical counterpart, we find evidence of evolution in the H i content of galaxies over the last 4.2 Gyr. Our new high-redshift H i galaxy sample provides the opportunity to better investigate the evolution of cool gas in galaxies. A larger sample size in the future will allow us to refine our knowledge of the formation and evolution of galaxies.

Narrowly Banded Spectra with Peak Frequency around 1 GHz of FRB 20201124A: Implications for Energy Function and Radiation Physics

The radiation physics of fast radio bursts (FRBs) remains an open question. Current observations have discovered that narrowly banded bursts of FRB 20201124A are active in 0.4–2 GHz, and their spectral peak frequency ( νpobs ) is mostly toward ∼1 GHz. Utilizing a sample of 1268 bursts of FRB 20201124A detected with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST), we show that the 1σ spectral regime of 71.4% of the events (in-band bursts) is within the FAST bandpass. The intrinsic burst energies ( EBWeobs ) and spectral widths ( σsobs ) are well measured by fitting the spectral profile with a Gaussian function. The derived EBWeobs and σsobs distributions are lognormal and centered at logEBWeobs/erg=37.2(σ=0.76) and logσsobs/GHz=−1.16(σ=0.17) . Our Monte Carlo simulation analysis infers its intrinsic ν p distribution as a normal function centered at ν p,c = 1.16 GHz (σ = 0.22) and its intrinsic energy function as Φ(E)∝E−0.60e−E/Ec with E c = 9.49 × 1037 erg. We compare these results with that of typical repeating FRBs 20121102A and 20190520B, which are active over a broad frequency range at several specific frequencies, and discuss possible observational biases on the estimation of the event rate and energy function. Based on these results, we argue that FRB 20201124A likely occurs in a fine-tuned plasma for maser radiation at a narrow frequency range, while FRB 20121102A and FRB 20190520B could involve clumpy plasma conditions that make maser emission around several specific frequencies in a broad range.

Time-domain analysis of multiwaveband flares from AD Leonis

ABSTRACT Radio bursts of magnetically active stars reveal the intensity and activity of the stellar magnetic field. They may also be related to the planets around the stars. We monitored a radio-active star, AD Leonis, 3000 s d−1 for 17 d in 2020 November, and 5000 s d−1 for 5 d in 2023 July with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). Based on the simultaneous flux increases in Stokes I and Stokes V, one left-hand circular polarized radio burst is identified. The $\sim 50~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ degree of circular polarization indicates the burst being originated from non-thermal radiation related to the stellar magnetic field. Combining the newly discovered burst with previous observations of radio and X-ray bursts from AD Leonis, we did a periodicity analysis for the 49 bursts in total. No periodicity with confidence level >3σ is found, while a candidate period of 3.04 d at ≈2σ confidence level is presented and discussed. Results of recent FAST observations and the periodicity analysis suggest a more compact campaign of observation towards this source, from which a more optimistic result of period search could be achieved.

The Relativistic Spin Precession in the Compact Double Neutron Star System PSR J1946+2052

Abstract We observe systematic profile changes in the visible pulsar of the compact double neutron star system PSR J1946+2052 using observations with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). The interpulse of PSR J1946+2052 changed from a single-peak to a double-peak shape from 2018–2021. We attribute this evolution as the result of the relativistic spin precession of the pulsar. With the high sensitivity of FAST, we also measure significant polarization for the first time, allowing us to model this with the precessional rotating vector model. Assuming, to the first order, a circular hollow-cone-like emission beam pattern and taking the validity of general relativity (GR), we derive the binary’s orbital inclination angle ( 63 ∘ − 3 ∘ + 5 ∘ ) and pulsar’s spin geometry. The pulsar’s spin vector and the orbital angular momentum vector are found to be only slightly misaligned ( 0. ∘ 21 − 0. ∘ 10 + 0. ∘ 28 ). The quoted uncertainties do not reflect the systematic uncertainties introduced by our model assumptions. By simulating future observations of profile and polarization evolution, we estimate that we could constrain the precession rate within a 43% uncertainty in 9 yr. Hence, we suggest that the system’s profile evolution could be combined with precise pulsar timing to test GR in the future.

Constraining axion-like particles dark matter in Coma Berenices with FAST

Axions and axion-like particles (ALPs) appear in many extensions of the Standard Model and are being investigated as promising dark matter (DM) candidates. One viable methodology for their detection involves the investigation of the line-like radio emissions from the dwarf spheroidal galaxy, potentially originating from the radiative decay of ALPs or the conversion of ALPs in the magnetic field. In this work, we constrain the properties of ALPs using the 2-hour radio observation of Coma Berenices through the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). The 95% upper limits of the ALP-photon coupling are calculated for the ALP decay and conversion scenarios, respectively. Note that the sensitive ALP masses for FAST range from ∼μeV to tens of μeV, where ALP can explain the DM abundance naturally. However, our limits are weaker than those of the CAST helioscope, which can provide an independent and complementary check on the ALP non-detection for ground experiments. Furthermore, we evaluate the expected sensitivity on the ALP of FAST with its full designed bandwidth (70 MHz - 3 GHz) for 100 hours of observation time. Our results indicate that, even with the exceptional sensitivity of the FAST, it is challenging to surpass the existing experimental constraints on ALP DM using radio observation of dSphs, unless the possible enhancements of ALP signals by compact stars in dSphs are considered.

Addition of the Local Volume sample of galaxies from the FAST HI survey

We report the discovery of 20 new dwarf galaxies in the Local Volume identified as optical counterparts to the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) All Sky HI Survey (FASHI) sources. The galaxies have a median stellar mass of 7.8 × 106 M⊙ and a median HI mass of 1.0 × 107 M⊙. Most of them are field galaxies, while three are probable members of the M 101 and M 106 groups. We also found seven FASHI radio sources to be probable dark HI clouds in nearby groups. Together with four other known HI clouds in the local groups, their mean-square radial velocity difference of 49 km s−1 with respect to the host galaxies yields an average total mass of (2.7 ± 1.0)×1011 M⊙ for these groups on the projected scale of 90 kpc.

Periodicity of sub-pulses in a radio pulsar

Pulsars are known to manifest complex phenomena, such as nulling, sub-pulse drifting, and periodicity. Within the purview of this investigation, we have harnessed the wavelet analysis technique to scrutinize the multifaceted periodicities and sub-pulse drifting characteristics exhibited by PSR J1926-0652, discovered by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). Our analysis draws upon the rich dataset acquired from the FAST ultra-wide-bandwidth receiver (UWB), meticulously examining pulse attributes encompassing an entire pulse. It is notable that the pulse apex recurrently manifests approximately every 17.11 times the pulsar's period P, individual sub-pulses exhibit a drifting phenomenon, with a phase decrement of approximately 1.04∘ over each P. Intriguingly, the central phase of each sub-pulse track gradually increments over temporal evolution. Furthermore, the relative offset distribution between successive sub-pulse tracks emanating from the trailing and leading components remains comparatively stable, with a central tendency of approximately ∼6.87±2.56 P. Most notably, derived from the outcomes of wavelet analysis, we ascertain a negative correlation of -0.98 between the periods of sub-pulses and their drifting rates, alongside the intrinsic period of sub-pulses identified at 28.14 seconds.

Study on tiered storage algorithm based on heat correlation of astronomical data

With the surge in astronomical data volume, modern astronomical research faces significant challenges in data storage, processing, and access. The I/O bottleneck issue in astronomical data processing is particularly prominent, limiting the efficiency of data processing. To address this issue, this paper proposes a tiered storage algorithm based on the access characteristics of astronomical data. The C4.5 decision tree algorithm is employed as the foundation to implement an astronomical data access correlation algorithm. Additionally, a data copy migration strategy is designed based on tiered storage technology to achieve efficient data access. Preprocessing tests were conducted on 418GB NSRT (Nanshan Radio Telescope) formaldehyde spectral line data, showcasing that tiered storage can potentially reduce data processing time by up to 38.15%. Similarly, utilizing 802.2 GB data from FAST (Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope) observations for pulsar search data processing tests, the tiered storage approach demonstrated a maximum reduction of 29.00% in data processing time. In concurrent testing of data processing workflows, the proposed astronomical data heat correlation algorithm in this paper achieved an average reduction of 17.78% in data processing time compared to centralized storage. Furthermore, in comparison to traditional heat algorithms, it reduced data processing time by 5.15%. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is positively correlated with the associativity between the algorithm and the processed data. The tiered storage algorithm based on the characteristics of astronomical data proposed in this paper is poised to provide algorithmic references for large-scale data processing in the field of astronomy in the future.

Applying Hybrid Clustering in Pulsar Candidate Sifting with Multi-modality for FAST Survey

Pulsar search is always the basis of pulsar navigation, gravitational wave detection and other research topics. Currently, the volume of pulsar candidates collected by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) shows an explosive growth rate that has brought challenges for its pulsar candidate filtering system. Particularly, the multi-view heterogeneous data and class imbalance between true pulsars and non-pulsar candidates have negative effects on traditional single-modal supervised classification methods. In this study, a multi-modal and semi-supervised learning based on a pulsar candidate sifting algorithm is presented, which adopts a hybrid ensemble clustering scheme of density-based and partition-based methods combined with a feature-level fusion strategy for input data and a data partition strategy for parallelization. Experiments on both High Time Resolution Universe Survey II (HTRU2) and actual FAST observation data demonstrate that the proposed algorithm could excellently identify pulsars: On HTRU2, the precision and recall rates of its parallel mode reach 0.981 and 0.988 respectively. On FAST data, those of its parallel mode reach 0.891 and 0.961, meanwhile, the running time also significantly decreases with the increment of parallel nodes within limits. Thus, we can conclude that our algorithm could be a feasible idea for large scale pulsar candidate sifting for FAST drift scan observation.

Investigation of Nulling and Subpulse-drifting Properties of PSR J1649+2533 with FAST

We report the nulling and subpulse-drifting properties of PSR J1649+2533 with observations of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST). The FAST observations reveal that the nulling fraction of this pulsar is about 20.9% ± 0.8% at 1250 MHz. The statistical study of the durations of the nulling and burst states shows that the burst states can persist for extended pulse periods, exceeding 100 periods in some cases, while the shortest lasts only a few pulse periods. The null states have a much shorter duration, with a maximum duration of less than 30 pulse periods. A comparative study between the pulse profiles of the first active pulse (FAP) and the last active pulse (LAP) shows that the pulse profiles of LAPs are stronger and wider than those of FAPs. An analysis of the two-dimensional fluctuation spectrum for the single-pulse stack indicates that the pulsar exhibits clear amplitude modulation and subpulse drifting. The periods are a P 3 = 2.5 ± 0.1 spin period and P 2 = 17.°0 ± 0.°5 at 1250 MHz, respectively. In addition, the multiband investigation shows that P 2 seems to increase with the increase of the observing frequency, i.e., P 2 ∝ ν 0.8±0.1. This seems to be caused by the increasing pulse-profile width with the frequency. The high-sensitivity FAST observations will enable a detailed understanding of the emission of this pulsar and provide important clues for theoretical studies of the radiation mechanism.

A Relativistic Double Neutron Star Binary PSR J1846-0513

We report the timing analysis of PSR J1846−0513, a pulsar discovered by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) in Commensal Radio Astronomy FAST Survey. The pulsar possesses a spin period of 23.36 ms and a spin-down rate ( Ṗ ) of 1.0106(3) × 10−18 s s−1, and it is located in an eccentric orbit (e ∼0.208) with an orbital period of 0.61 days. The characteristic age and surface magnetic field of the pulsar are found to be 366.62 Myr and 4.9178 × 109 G, respectively, indicating that it is a recycled pulsar. Using over two years of timing data, we measure the periastron advance ω̇ = 0.8956(8) deg yr−1. By assuming that this effect is purely relativistic, we have estimated the total mass M = 2.6287(35)M ⊙ and obtained an upper limit for the pulsar mass and a lower limit for the companion’s mass. Our results indicate that this is a double neutron star system.

Discovery and timing of pulsar J2016+3711 in supernova remnant CTB 87 with FAST

ABSTRACT We report on our discovery of the radio pulsar, PSR J2016+3711, in supernova remnant (SNR) CTB 87, with a ∼10.8σ significance of pulses, which confirms the compact nature of the X-ray point source in CTB 87. It is the first pulsar discovered in SNRs using Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). Its integrated radio pulse profile can be well described by a single component, with a width at 50 per cent of the peak flux density of about 28.1○ and an effective width of about 32.2○. The mean flux density at 1.25 GHz is estimated to be about 15.5 $\mu$Jy. Combined with the non-detection of the radio pulse at lower frequencies, the radio spectral index of the pulsar is constrained to be ≲2.3. We also present the timing solution based on 28 follow-up FAST observations. Our results reveal a period of 50.81 ms, period derivative of 7.2 × 10−14 s s−1, and dispersion measure of 428 pc cm−3. The strength of the equatorial surface magnetic dipole magnetic field is inferred to be about 1.9 × 1012 G. Using the ephemeris obtained from the radio observations, we searched Fermi-LAT data for gamma-ray pulsations but detected no pulsed signal. We also searched for radio pulses with FAST towards the X-ray counterpart of the gamma-ray binary HESS J1832−093 proximate to SNR G22.7−00.2 but found no signal.

Individual subpulses of PSR B1916+14 and their polarization properties

ABSTRACT The individual subpulses of pulsars are regarded as their basic emission components, providing invaluable information for our understanding of the radio emission process in the pulsar magnetosphere. Nevertheless, subpulses are overlapped with each other along the rotation phase for most pulsars, making it difficult to study the statistical properties of subpulses. Among the pulsars observed by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST), PSR B1916+14 has a large number of isolated well-resolved subpulses in the high-time-resolution observations, having a typical width of 0.15 ms and a high linear polarization. We find that the number distribution of subpulses contributes dominantly to the mean profile. According to the emission geometry, these emission units come from a region roughly 155 km above the polar cap in the pulsar magnetosphere, and the length-scale of the basic emission units is approximately 120 m. The deviations of the polarization position angles for these single subpulses from the standard S-shaped curve are closely related to their fractional linear and circular polarization, and the large deviations tend to come from drifting subpulses.

A Bigger Cloud 9? New H i Observations of the RELHIC Candidate M94- Cloud 9

We present new H i observations of the REionization-Limited H i Cloud (RELHIC) candidate, M94-CL9, detected around M94 by Zhou et al. using the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST). M94-CL9's H i properties as detected by FAST are consistent with a RELHIC as noted by Benitez-Llambay & Navarro. Our observations with the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope detect greater H i emission in M94-CL9 and result in H i properties that are larger (corrected velocity width, W 50,c,t = 35.7 ± 0.6 km s−1; and integrated flux, ∫Sdv = 0.28 ± 0.04 Jy km s−1) than those found by Zhou et al. but that match those from the FAST All-Sky H i survey. These larger properties do not preclude M94-CL9 from being a RELHIC, but the wider spectral extent and spectral asymmetry reported here may be in tension with predictions of RELHIC properties.

Polarization and single-pulse micro-structure studies of Rotating Radio Transient J0139+3336 with FAST

ABSTRACT The study of polarization and micro-structure is very important for understanding the radiation mechanism of Rotating Radio Transients (RRATs). Due to the limitations of telescope sensitivity and time resolution, studies of the polarization and micro-structure of RRATs have been rare in the past. In this work, we report on a high-time resolution and full polarization observation of RRAT J0139+3336 with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST). A total of 96 burst pulses were detected in the 3-h observation. The degrees of linear and circular polarization and the shape of the polarization position angle (PPA) of the single pulses vary significantly. The average profile displays a small degree of linear and circular polarization, and the PPA exhibits a remarkably smooth and steep S-shaped curve, which are also characteristics of pulsars. The circular polarization in some single pulses demonstrates a clear sign change. We discuss the geometric structure of the emission beam based on the results from fitting the RVM model to the changes in the PPA. Using an autocorrelation analysis, the quasi-periodic micro-structure in the single pulse emission is detected with a median period of about 0.91 ms. We show that the position of RRAT J0139+3336 on the P–Pμ diagram falls in the normal pulsar (NP) region . The radio emission of RRAT J0139+3336 shows unique properties, such as the sign change in the circular polarization and quasi-periodicity in the micro-structure, which will provide important clues to the emission mechanism of RRATs.

Wind-induced responses for cable net structures considering punching rate of reflecting panels

The datum surface of the active reflector of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) is a spherical crown with a radius of 300 m and an aperture of 500 m. The reflector is supported on a cable net structure. Due to its sensitivity to wind loads, it is imperative to investigate its aerodynamic characteristics and wind-induced vibration response. This paper explores the aerodynamic characteristics of the reflecting panel through computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Compared with the nonporous panel, the drag coefficient of the reflecting panel with a punching rate of approximately 50% increases by approximately 51%, and the main reason is that the resistance changes little, but the projected area decreases by 50%. On this basis, the calculation method of the aerodynamic coefficient of the reflecting panel under arbitrary wind direction angle is established. Then, the simulation model of the active reflector system is established, and the wind-induced vibration response is analyzed under different wind speed conditions. The displacement and stress responses of the cable net structure, ring beams, and lattice columns are studied, and the gust response factors (GRFs) are calculated. The results show that the wind load has a very strong effect on the nodal displacement and column bottom stress but has little effect on the stress of the cable net structure; the displacement GRFs of the cable net structure, ring beams, and lattice columns increase with increasing wind speed, of which the simulated results can provide a reference for the design of similar projects.

A fibre Bragg grating accelerometer with temperature insensitivity for cable force monitoring of FAST

The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) currently holds the distinction of being the largest single-aperture telescope worldwide. To ensure its secure functioning, it is crucial to monitor the cable force on its active reflecting surface cable network structure. In this paper, a fibre Bragg grating (FBG) accelerometer is developed to acquire low-frequency vibration signals of the cables. The sensor’s cantilever beam structure enables high sensitivity measurement of low-frequency signals, while the symmetrical double fibre grating structure effectively eliminates the impact of temperature. The sensor’s specific limiting structure ensures its survival during transportation and installation. A series of laboratory tests have been performed, and they demonstrate the excellent measurement performance, temperature insensitivity and practical usefulness of the accelerometer. Ninety FBG accelerometers are successfully installed on the site of the FAST project, where they are precisely measuring and documenting the magnitude of force exerted on the edge cables.

Constraining the Orbital Inclination and Companion Properties of Three Black Widow Pulsars Detected by FAST

Black widows (BWs) are millisecond pulsars ablating their companion stars. The out-flowing material from the companion can block the radio emission of the pulsar, resulting in eclipses. In this paper, we construct a model for the radio eclipse by calculating the geometry of the bow shock between the winds of the pulsar and companion, where the shock shapes the eclipsing medium but had not been described in detail in previous works. The model is further used to explain the variations of the flux density and dispersion measure of three BW pulsars (i.e., PSR B1957+20, J2055+3829, and J2051−0827) detected by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope. Consequently, we constrained the parameters of the three BW systems such as the inclination angles and true anomalies of the observer as well as the mass-loss rates and wind velocity of the companion stars. With the help of these constraints, it is expected that magnetic fields of companion stars and even masses of pulsars could further be determined as some extra observation can be achieved in the future.