Dimensions Of Five-factor Model Research Articles

Personality, grit, and performance in rock-climbing: down to the nitty-gritty

ABSTRACT Over the past decades, the study of personality gained momentum in the field of sport psychology, a prime example being the increased number of publications relating personality to performance in extreme sports. The aim of the present investigation was twofold: to relate Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality traits with various aspects of climbing performance and to estimate whether grit, as a distinct personality trait, predicts climbing performance over and beyond FFM dimensions. Our sample included adult bouldering and sport climbing practitioners (N = 272 sport climbers, 155 boulderers) with ages between 16 and 69 (M = 32.1, SD = 10.0). We measured personality (Big Five Inventory FFM–2 Short Form, and a 12-item Grit Scale) and multiple indicators of outdoor sport climbing and bouldering performance. Results indicated that climbing performance was predicted by openness and agreeableness. Grit also significantly predicted climbing performance over the FFM traits. Contrary to the commonly held view depicting grit as indistinct from conscientiousness, our findings suggest that this trait has a unique contribution to explaining performance in a relatively novel, high-risk sport.

Association between the five-factor model of personality and work engagement: a meta-analysis.

The purposes of this meta-analysis were (1) to examine the associations between work engagement (WE) and the personality dimensions of five-factor model and (2) to determine how much variance in WE is explained by these five factors. We performed a database search for studies related to personality traits and WE, and 36 papers that reported correlation coefficients were selected for the meta-analysis. After correcting for publication bias using the trim-and-fill method, conscientiousness had the strongest association with WE (ρ=0.41), followed by extraversion and openness to experience (0.38), neuroticism (−0.36), and agreeableness (0.27). Moreover, 30% of the WE variance could be explained by the five-factor model (R2=0.33, 95%CI=0.26–0.49) according to a path analysis using the weighted average correlation for unreliability. This proportion was higher than that from a previous meta-analysis of job satisfaction and job performance and was lower than that of personality and WE. Thus, to enhance WE, it is necessary to evaluate both the personality and the psychosocial work environment in detail.

Thin slice derived personality types predict longitudinal symptom trajectories.

Resilient, undercontrolled, and overcontrolled personality types have been identified across the life span and are associated with psychiatric symptoms and functioning. However, it is unknown whether these types are identifiable in preschool-aged children using observational indices or whether they predict longitudinal outcomes. The current study used observationally coded five-factor model (FFM) traits in a sample of preschoolers to identify whether personality traits cluster into types, whether types predict psychiatric symptoms and impairment across development, and whether types better predict outcomes than trait dimensions. Using a validated "thin slice" approach, preschool personality was observationally coded in a clinically enriched sample oversampled for depression (N = 299). Latent class analysis tested how FFM dimensions organized into types, identifying resilient, undercontrolled, and overcontrolled preschoolers. Types demonstrated baseline diagnostic differences and multilevel models indicated above baseline diagnoses, undercontrolled children exhibited elevated externalizing symptoms and worse functioning across development, whereas overcontrolled and resilient children did not differ. Personality types and dimensions both provided similar predictive utility. Resilient, undercontrolled, and overcontrolled personality types are identifiable using FFM observational coding in clinically heterogeneous preschoolers and undercontrolled children demonstrated the most severe trajectories. Findings highlight that personality types are detectable at early ages and have unique predictive power for psychiatric outcomes across development compared with dimensions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Hereditary and environmental factors of the Five-Factor Model traits: A cross-cultural study

This study examines cultural differences in genetic and environmental influences on Five-Factor Model (FFM) across Croatian, German and Serbian cultures. Participants were 1021 monozygotic and 722 dizygotic twin pairs and NEO Five-Factor Inventory– NEO-FFI is used to assess FFM personality traits. Results show a similar pattern of genetic and environmental contribution to the variance of all FFM dimensions, indicating that culture has no significant effect on the genetic and environmental variance of personality traits. The best fitted common factor - common AE pathway models show that FFM dimensions are accounted for by the common latent factor. Although FFM dimensions clearly share some common sources of variance, the effects of specific genetic and environmental factors are more pronounced than common ones. Different patterns of genetic and environmental correlations across three samples may reflect the way that the synergy of personality traits responds to the specificities of a particular culture, as well as possible subtle differences in item translation, testing conditions, and measurement error.

The Croatian version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Links with higher- and lower-level personality traits and mood.

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) measures habitual use of two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. The present study tested the psychometric properties and validity of a newly developed Croatian adaptation of the ERQ. In a sample of 347 participants, we first sought to confirm the ERQ's original factor structure. Next, we tested its convergent, divergent and incremental validity. In the first subsample (N = 140), we linked the ERQ with a measure of the Five-Factor Model dimensions and their facets (Revised NEO Personality Inventory). In the second subsample (N = 207), we tested its ability to predict personality dimensions assessed by a different measure (Big Five Inventory) as well as the traits of positive and negative affect, including its incremental validity in predicting the latter. The results corroborated earlier findings, showing that the Croatian ERQ has equivalent psychometrics and predictive validity as ERQs in other languages. Crucially, the observed links between the ERQ and the facets of the Five-Factor Model dimensions enrich our understanding of the personality mechanisms behind the employment of these emotion regulation strategies.

Comparing the Triarchic and Five-Factor Trait Models: Relations With Psychopathy and Other Clinical Criteria in an Incarcerated Offender Sample.

This study compared how normative personality dimensions of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) and neurobehavioral traits of the triarchic model relate to psychopathic tendencies and clinical outcomes in an incarcerated sample of 277 Italian male offenders. Associations between triarchic model traits, measured using the TriPM and the FFM dimensions, measured using the NEO-FFI, were consistent with prior studies. Scores on the TriPM, particularly the Disinhibition scale, were associated with substance abuse and self-harm behavior over and above the presence of psychopathy, and beyond the personality dimensions indexed by the NEO-FFI. By contrast, the Neuroticism and Extraversion scales showed incremental validity, over and above psychopathy and TriPM scores, in predicting depressive tendencies. Lastly, both NEO-FFI and TriPM scales contributed to prediction of staff ratings of behavior in prison and prognosis for release, above and beyond psychopathy. These findings highlight potential advantages of the FFM and triarchic trait models for predicting clinical outcomes.

English Language Teachers' Perceptions of Common Mistakes: Different Personality Traits

The purpose of this study is to search English language teachers’ perceptions about common mistakes regarding their personality traits. It aims to examine common mistakes made by English language teachers to find out the effects of teacher personality to language teaching process. In this study, both qualitative and quantitative research methodology have been applied. In the light of the literature and the opinions of the experts in the field, a questionnaire was designed. The questionnaire was administered to 175 English language teachers working at primary schools, secondary schools, high schools and universities. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Cronbach Alpha Reliability, Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis Test and Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-Test by using SPSS 20. 15 English language teachers were also asked to answer semi-structured interview questions to explain unclear points in the study. The interviews were transcribed and the qualitative data were analyzed via content analysis. Non-parametric tests indicated that there is a significant difference between teachers’ workplace/gender/teaching experience and mistakes regarding teacher personality. The results show that teachers believe that they do not respect what students believe or say and they do not have to be friendly; their responsibility is just to convey their instructional knowledge. These are the most common mistakes made by the participants. Besides, female teachers make more mistakes regarding their personality traits than male teachers. Participants who have less teaching experience have been observed to make more mistakes regarding their personality traits more than the others who have more experience in teaching. On the other hand, teachers who show ‘extraversion’ and ‘agreeableness’ dimensions of five-factor model of personality were observed to make mistakes more frequently.

Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality

<p>The concept of Five-Factor Model (FFM) of Personality describes the basic dimension of human behavior, thinking, and emotions that related to the job. The FFM currently getting popular and reach more attention to from the scholars and practitioners as well, particularly in the area of human resource management. Therefore, the main goal of current research is to compile and to test the dimensions of FFM and its measure empirically. Eighty-four self report measures distributed to the 238 employees who work both for public and private organizations at the Northern Sumatera Island, Indonesia. The respondents are currently completing their graduate programs at the University of Bengkulu. Two-hundred-and-eighteen questionnaires completed and returned by respondents, and analyzed using Factor Analysis with Varimax Approach to extract them in to the several components. Based on the analyses, research confirmed the 5 dimensions for FFM, which is conscientiousness (18 items), extraversion-introversion (18 items), agreeableness (12 items), openness to experience (14 items), and emotional stability (12 items). The result strictly recommended that the use of FFP as a means of Human Resource Practices such as selection, promotion, training, and the like.</p><p><br />Keywords: Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness to Experiences, Personality</p>

Impact of Big Five Personality on Work Family Balance among Academics of Selected Public Universities in Western Province, Sri Lanka

Area of the Study This study attempts to scrutinize the impact of „big five personality (BFP)‟ on work-family balance (WFB) among academics of selected public universities in the Western Province. Problem of the Study There is an empirical and theoretical gap in the study of the impact of BFP and WFB in the Sri Lankan context. Hence, the research problem of this study is „how big five personality impact on the work-family balance among married management faculty academics of selected public universities in Western Province?‟. Method of the Study The primary data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 63 statements with five points Likert Scale from the study population which consisted of married management faculty academics of three public universities in Western Province. Seven hypotheses were formulated in this regard under the deductive approach and the study was conducted using a random sampling technique having the total of the 181 married academics. The SPSS package with the univariate and bivariate analyses was used for the purpose of data analysis. Findings of the Study The results of the study emphasize that there is a positive relationship between the BFP and WFB. It is suggested through the overall results that each of the five-factor model dimensions are unique and significant predictors of some form of positive or negative WFB in terms of time, involvement and satisfaction with life. Conclusion of the Study In conclusion, it could be noted that there is a significant positive relationship between BFP and WFB. The result provides clear evidence that the personality type extraversion, consciousness, openness and agreeableness are able to strike a proper balance between the work and the family. It was also identified that neuroticism causes negative effects on the maintenance of the balance between the work and the family. Hence, it is concluded that the personality type neuroticism is more vulnerable to work-family imbalance. Keywords: Big Five Personality, Public Universities, Western Province, Work-Family Balance

Grit in the workplace: Hype or ripe?

One of the recent developments in personality psychology is the emergence of a new construct, Grit. Its emergence led to a proliferation of studies advancing Grit as a significant predictor of various positive outcomes. So far, little attention has been paid to testing its relevance for various work-related outcomes. The present paper unraveled Grit's validity in predicting a series of work-relevant outcomes, namely, organizational citizenship behavior, in-role performance, counter-productive work behaviors and job satisfaction over the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality. These constructs were assessed on a sample including 170 working adults. Grit had limited predictive validity over the FFM dimensions in predicting the focal outcomes. Consequently, its relevance in the workplace should be treated with caution. More research should be conducted before using Grit as a basis for personnel selection or for interventions focusing on various aspects of performance or job satisfaction.

Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality

<p>The concept of Five-Factor Model (FFM) of Personality describes the basic dimension of human behavior, thinking, and emotions that related to the job. The FFM currently getting popular and reach more attention to from the scholars and practitioners as well, particularly in the area of human resource management. Therefore, the main goal of current research is to compile and to test the dimensions of FFM and its measure empirically. Eighty-four self report measures distributed to the 238 employees who work both for public and private organizations at the Northern Sumatera Island, Indonesia. The respondents are currently completing their graduate programs at the University of Bengkulu. Two-hundred-and-eighteen questionnaires completed and returned by respondents, and analyzed using Factor Analysis with Varimax Approach to extract them in to the several components. Based on the analyses, research confirmed the 5 dimensions for FFM, which is conscientiousness (18 items), extraversion-introversion (18 items), agreeableness (12 items), openness to experience (14 items), and emotional stability (12 items). The result strictly recommended that the use of FFP as a means of Human Resource Practices such as selection, promotion, training, and the like.</p><p><br />Keywords: Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness to Experiences, Personality</p>

Identifying Two Groups of Entitled Individuals: Cluster Analysis Reveals Emotional Stability and Self-Esteem Distinction.

The present study hypothesized that there exist two distinct groups of entitled individuals: grandiose-entitled, and vulnerable-entitled. Self-report scores of entitlement were collected for 916 individuals using an online platform. Model-based cluster analyses were conducted on the individuals with scores one standard deviation above mean (n = 159) using the five-factor model dimensions as clustering variables. The results support the existence of two groups of entitled individuals categorized as emotionally stable and emotionally vulnerable. The emotionally stable cluster reported emotional stability, high self-esteem, more positive affect, and antisocial behavior. The emotionally vulnerable cluster reported low self-esteem and high levels of neuroticism, disinhibition, conventionality, psychopathy, negative affect, childhood abuse, intrusive parenting, and attachment difficulties. Compared to the control group, both clusters reported being more antagonistic, extraverted, Machiavellian, and narcissistic. These results suggest important differences are missed when simply examining the linear relationships between entitlement and various aspects of its nomological network.

Other-rated personality and academic performance: Evidence and implications

Considerable gaps remain in teachers' and students' understanding of factors contributing to learning and educational outcomes, including personality. Consequently, current knowledge about personality within educational settings was reviewed, especially its relationships with learning activities and academic performance. Personality dimensions have previously been shown to be related to learning strategies and activities, and to be reliably correlated with academic performance. However, personality is typically self-rated, introducing methodological disadvantages associated with informational and social desirability biases. A meta-analysis of other-rated personality demonstrated substantially higher correlations of academic performance with all of the dimensions of the Five-Factor Model of personality, which were not accounted for by associations with intelligence. The combined association of academic performance with all of the Five-Factor Model dimensions was one of the largest so far reported in education. The findings have implications for personality measurement. Teachers are able to assess students' personalities to match educational activities to student dispositions, while students' development of learning capacities can be facilitated by feedback on how their personalities are linked with effective learning.

Trajectories of physical growth and personality dimensions of the Five-Factor Model.

Although physical growth in early life is associated with the risk of somatic illnesses and psychological disorders in adulthood, few studies have focused upon the associations between growth and dimensional personality traits. We examined the associations between pre- and postnatal growth in height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) and Five-Factor Model dimensions in adulthood. From the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study, 1,682 participants completed the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) at an average age of 63 years. Growth estimates were derived based on medical records. Adjusting for gestational length and sociodemographic variables, birth weight showed a quadratic association with neuroticism; participants with low birth weight scored the highest on neuroticism. Larger ponderal index at birth predicted higher agreeableness, while average ponderal index predicted higher conscientiousness. BMI and weight growth trajectories from birth to adulthood were associated with agreeableness and conscientiousness. More specifically, less BMI and weight gain between 7 and 11 years and/or between 11 years and adulthood were associated with higher conscientiousness and higher agreeableness. Height and weight growth trajectories from birth to adulthood were associated with extraversion: faster height and weight growth between birth and 6 months, slower height growth between 7 and 11 years, and faster weight gain between 11 years and adulthood were associated with higher extraversion. Openness to experience was not associated with growth. This longitudinal study supports an association between pre- and postnatal physical growth and 4 of the Five-Factor Model personality dimensions in adulthood.

Identifying Personality Subtypes Based on the Five-Factor Model Dimensions in Male Prisoners

The current study was designed to identify personality subtypes on the basis of the five-factor model dimensions in male prisoners. Participants included 110 Flemish male prisoners assessed by means of the Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness Five Factor Inventory and different symptom, personality, and coping measures. We found two clusters: an emotionally stable/resilient cluster and an aggressive/undercontrolled cluster. Prisoners within the aggressive/undercontrolled cluster scored significantly higher on almost all Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 basic scales, (in)direct aggression measures, and depressive coping scales compared with resilients. They also scored higher on drug abuse and committed more sexual offenses than resilient prisoners. These two personality subtypes bear theoretically and practically important implications for psychopathy subtypes and different pathways to criminal offenses.

Where does self-control fit in the Five-Factor Model? Examining personality structure in children and adults

The present study investigates the relation between self-control and Five-Factor Model (FFM), by first establishing a consistent factor structure for self-control tasks, and then projecting each kind of self-control onto FFM. A total of 90 mothers, 82 fathers, and their 95 children participated. Results showed that self-control formed four consistent factors in children and adults – motoric control, attentional control, non-planning impulsivity, and negotiation of goal-level conflicts. Random-intercept hierarchical models showed that two self-control factors had notable projections onto FFM dimensions. Motoric control was explained by Extraversion and Openness to Change, whereas non-planning impulsivity was explained by Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Neuroticism. The other two self-control factors were not significantly linked to FFM dimensions. Modifications to FFM are suggested.

Narcissism, psychopathy and Five‐Factor Model in sexual assault perpetration

ABSTRACTPerpetration of sexual aggression by college men has been well documented and results in a variety of negative outcomes for victims. Although most theory and research on sexual aggression among college students have focused on the role of attitudes and life experiences, recent research with college men suggests that personality traits play a larger role in perpetration in college samples than was once believed. A large (N = 235) sample of college men self‐reported levels of narcissism, psychopathy, Five‐Factor Model (FFM) and sexual assault perpetration. Both the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders‐II Personality Questionnaire were used to assess narcissism. Men who scored highly on self‐report measures of psychopathic and narcissistic traits and low on self‐report measures of the FFM dimensions of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were more likely to report perpetration and reported more frequent perpetration. All of the aforementioned variables distinguished between perpetrators and non‐perpetrators; however, FFM domains did not explain significant variance after controlling for narcissism and psychopathy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Neuroticism, conscientiousness and fruit consumption: Exploring mediator and moderator effects in the theory of planned behaviour

Integrating the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) with the five-factor model (FFM) of personality may provide insight into the cognitive and motivational mechanisms linking personality with health behaviour, but this issue has received very little attention regarding fruit consumption. Mediator effects of TPB concepts in the personality–fruit consumption link, as well as moderator effects of personality in the intention–fruit consumption link, were therefore investigated in the present study. Data on fruit consumption, TPB concepts and FFM dimensions were gathered among 405 respondents in face-to-face interviews using questionnaires. Structural equation modelling was used to investigate the mediator and moderator effects. The direct effect of conscientiousness on fruit consumption was mediated by attitude and perceived behavioural control, while no direct effect of neuroticism on fruit consumption was found. Neuroticism moderated the intention–fruit consumption relationship with the weakest relationship for those scoring high on neuroticism. Conscientiousness did not moderate the intention–fruit consumption relationship. TPB variables are mediators in the conscientiousness–fruit consumption link. Whether fruit consumption is intentional may be dependent upon the personality dimension neuroticism. Personality dimensions may be a useful addition to the TPB and should be considered in health behaviour change interventions.

Une approche des troubles de la personnalité par le modèle à cinq facteurs

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) describes the more stable and trait-liked aspects of psychopathology as “personality disorders” (PDs) and places them on a separate Axis (Axis II). Ten specific PDs (e.g., borderline) are articulated; each involves cognition, affect or behaviour that deviates from cultural norms is stable over time and causes impairment or distress for the individual and/or the immediate environment. PDs are distinguished from one another by the particular pattern of cognition, affect and behaviour. Numerous critiques of the DSM PDs have been published over the last 25 years. One of the most egregious problems is caused by the use of a categorical approach to the diagnosis of PDs in which individuals receive a diagnosis if they surpass a certain “cut-point” (e.g., five of nine borderline symptoms), but do not receive a diagnosis if they fall below the cut-off (e.g., four or fewer symptoms). These cut-points were not based on empirical data and there is little evidence to suggest that they capture distinct groups of individuals. The use of a categorical model causes a number of problems including the assumptions of homogeneity within the groups (e.g., nondisordered individuals should “look” alike) and heterogeneity across the groups (e.g., those with the disorder should not look like those without the disorder). Another concern with the PD diagnoses is the extremely high level of co-occurrence found among the PDs (e.g., avoidant and dependent PDs) and across Axes (e.g., borderline PD and major depression). If the PDs are independent, nonoverlapping constructs, then the disorders should not co-occur at the rates typically found. Opponents of the current PD diagnostic system argue that PDs need to be reconsidered using dimensional models of normal and abnormal personality traits. One increasingly popular perspective on personality pathology with empirical support involves considering PDs as extreme variants of the dimensions of the five-factor model (FFM). Many trait psychologists agree that five dimensions (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experiences, agreeableness, conscientiousness) are both necessary and sufficient to represent the underlying structure of personality traits. Within this perspective, differences between abnormal and normal functioning are thought to be more gradual and quantitative, rather than reflecting qualitative distinct categories. Numerous individual studies have suggested that measures of the FFM relate to the DSM-IV PDs in a consistent manner and that the use of the narrower facets or traits provides a richer, more discriminating description of the PD constructs. The facets of the FFM have been used successfully to translate the DSM-IV PD criteria and describe the prototypical individual with a specific PD. The considerable overlap between the FFM dimensions and PDs has led some to suggest that the latter should be conceptualized as disorders of personality. Widiger et al. suggested a four-step process to assess personality pathology, involving: assessment of an individual's standing on the domains and traits of the FFM; screening for problems relevant to high or low standing on FFM traits; judging if the problems are of clinical significance and optionally, summarizing the personality profile in terms of a DSM-IV PD pattern. While it is unclear whether or when the FFM or a similar model of personality will be adopted for use in the DSM nosology, there is substantial evidence that such a model can be used to understand and assess personality pathology in a valid and useful manner. The ability of the FFM to resolve issues of dimensionality and comorbidity, as well as provide improved clinical utility and treatment planning, suggests significant advantages can be gained through the use of such a model.

The Five-Factor Model: Psychometric, biological and practical perspectives

Hartmann, P. The Five-Factor Model: Psychometric, biological and practical perspectives. Nordic Psychology, 58, 150–170. The Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality is a trait approach to the conceptualization of personality. The five dimensions of FFM can be measured validly, although some potential confounders still need to be resolved. Furthermore, these psychometric findings have links to biology, like moderate heritability and physiological correlates, which suggests a biological basis for the FFM. Finally, knowledge of a specific subject's standing on the five dimensions can predict real life behaviour, thereby providing important information in relation to diagnosis, intervention and future outcomes. Although the FFM is only one among several approaches to personality it provides a platform for combining other approaches to personality, with the ultimate goal of providing a unified, research based framework for describing, explaining and doing research in personality.