Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire Research Articles

Mental Health and Quality of Life in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Depression: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Therapy.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients may experience pessimism, and even despair, due to long-term nature of the condition, which increases the risk of depression. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) can relieve depression. This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the effects of MBSR on mental health and quality of life in CKD patients with mild-to-moderate depression, so as to provide guidance for clinical nursing programs. The clinical data of 100 CKD patients with mild-to-moderate depression who were treated in Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences from January 2021 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on nursing method received, the patients were divided into the conventional group (conventional management) and the MBSR group (MBSR therapy was implemented in addition to conventional management). After matching, there were 35 cases in each group. The scores for the self-rating depression scale (SDS), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Five-factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were compared between the two groups. After management, the SDS and PSQI scores of the MBSR group were lower than those of the conventional group, and the CD-RISC, FFMQ and SF-36 scores were higher than those of the conventional group (p < 0.05). MBSR can improve the mental health, sleep quality, and quality of life of CKD patients with mild-to-moderate depression, and improve psychological resilience and mindfulness.

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЛЮДЕЙ С РАЗНЫМ ПРЕДПОЧТЕНИЕМ ВИРТУАЛЬНОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА В 2021 И 2023 ГГ.

The article presents a comparative analysis of the psychological characteristics of people with different preferences for virtual space in 2021 and 2023. The study involved 351 respondents aged 17 to 35 years. The following scales were used: General Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS3), Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Psychological Well-Being Scale. The results showed that, in general, the group of respondents in 2023, compared with respondents in 2021, is less likely to choose online communication; have fewer negative consequences of Internet use that affect everyday life; have a great sense of personal development. The difference in psychological characteristics between subgroups of people who prefer real interaction with the world and a combination of real and virtual interaction with the world in 2023 is practically absent and is characterized only by a greater sense of personal progress among the latter. The situation in 2021 is the opposite; people who prefer real interaction with the world demonstrate a higher level of well-being and less pronounced factors of problematic Internet use. Respondents who prefer a combination of real and virtual interactions with the world in 2023 feel more favorably, and their use of virtual reality is more adaptive. Respondents who prefer a virtual form of interaction with the world in 2023 have significant differences in psychological characteristics, both in comparison with other respondents in the 2023 sample, and with a subgroup with a similar preference for virtual interaction in 2021. They also have significantly lower levels of psychological well-being.

The efficacy of Persian Version of Mindfulness-Based Stress Management app (Aramgar) for college’s mindfulness skills and perceived stress

Functional mobile applications are regarded as one of the brand-new approaches to psychological interventions in different areas, including stress. The study aims to analyze a mobile application for Persian users on perceived stress and improve mindful skills. This study was a one-group pretest-posttest design with a quasi-experimental research design. Three instruments were used in this study: the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS). Eighty-five students participated in an 8-week mindfulness mobile app (Aramgar) for at least 10 minutes per day intervention. They responded to validated outcome measures of stress and mindfulness at baseline after the 8-week continued access period. The mobile application, Aramgar, was designed based on Mindfulness-based stress reduction. Paired t-tests showed significant differences in general perceived stress (P = 0.03) and total score of mindfulness (P = 0.002) before and after Aramgar. The results of analyzing the quality of Aramgar in terms of engagement, functionality, aesthetics, and information quality showed that specialists assessed the quality of the application appropriately. Using functional mobile apps provides ease of use for mental health services. Therefore, to strengthen and develop the mentioned services, it is recommended that the necessary information technology infrastructures be provided and the existing limitations for designing and running mental health mobile apps be removed.

Factors that contribute to trait mindfulness level among hospitalized patients with major depressive disorder.

Mindfulness training among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) reduces symptoms, prevents relapse, improves prognosis, and is more efficient for those with a high level of trait mindfulness. Upon hospital admission, 126 MDD patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief, Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and the Rumination Response Scale (RRS). The 65 patients that scored less than the median of all subjects on the FFMQ were placed into the low mindfulness level (LML) group. The other 61 patients were placed in the high mindfulness level (HML) group. All facet scores were statistically different between the mental health assessment scores of the HML and LML groups except for RRS brooding and FFMQ nonjudgement. Trait mindfulness level exhibited a negative and bidirectional association with MDD severity primarily through the facets of description and aware actions. Trait mindfulness was also related positively with age primarily through the facets of nonreactivity and nonjudgement. Being married is positively associated with trait mindfulness levels primarily through the facet of observation and by an associated increase in perceived quality of life. Mindfulness training prior to MDD diagnosis also associates positively with trait mindfulness level. Hospitalized MDD patients should have their trait mindfulness levels characterized to predict treatment efficiency, help establish a prognosis, and identify mindfulness-related therapeutic targets.

Adaptation and validation of the short five-factor mindfulness questionnaire (POM-15)

Introduction. Mindfulness, that is, holistic awareness and attentive presence, is becoming widespread in everyday life and clinical practice. The mindfulness approach is helpful in managing stress, somatic complaints, anxiety, depression, burnout, and traumatic experiences as well as in preventing PTSD, therefore the development and adaptation of tools to measure and assess mindfulness approach effectiveness is apparently relevant. Aim: to make known the results of the adaptation of the Ukrainian version of the short Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ - 15), developed by R. Baer et al. (called in Ukrainian PОМ-15). Methods. The adaptation of POM-15 was conducted as part of the adaptation of the full version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) - POM-39, whose five-factor scales were formed from the original long version of the POM-39 questionnaire and included observation, description, conscious action, non-judgment, and non-reactivity scales. Results. All PОМ-15 scales showed good internal consistency (with Cronbach's alpha coefficients being from 0.71 to 0.94) while the POM-15 construct reliability and the ability to differentiate the dynamics of changes as a result of therapy and training were confirmed. Conclusions. A small number of questions and short time needed to answer them as well as the ease of processing the results and their reliability make POM-15 convenient and effective in both clinical and non-clinical practice.

Validation of online mindfulness-enhanced course for stress reduction in teachers.

Mindfulness-based interventions have gained popularity as a means of reducing stress and increasing resilience among the preclinical population. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of an online mindfulness-enhanced course on stress reduction in teachers, especially since online learning and teaching have been frequently applied to respond to emergencies such as COVID-19-relevant school suspension. The study consisted of two phases. Phase 1 aimed to explore the relationship between teachers' perceived stress and mindfulness traits. In total of 6,252 teachers completed assessments of stress symptoms using the Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS) and occupational stress sources, as well as mindfulness using the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Phase 2 aimed to examine the effectiveness of the online mindfulness-enhanced course. In total of 132 teachers were randomly assigned to either receive a 3-week online mindfulness course specifically designed for stress reduction and emotion regulation (N = 66) or a matched active control group (N = 66) and their pre-training and post-training self-reported states (e.g., perceived stress, mindfulness level, practice time) were measured. The detection rate of Health Risk Stress (≥26 scores) was as high as 61.72%, and a negative association between the score of FFMQ and perceived stress level was found. Importantly, compared to the control group, the mindfulness training group showed a significant decrease in perceived stress and negative emotion, as well as an increase in understanding of the core mechanisms of mindfulness after training. Additionally, individual improvement in FFMQ scores was predicted by practice time. The study showed a high percentage of teachers experiencing stress, and the data supported the reliability and validity of the brief online mindfulness-enhanced course designed to reduce stress and regulate emotion for frontline teachers.

Predicting the Level of Academic Stress Using Ineffective Attitudes and Spontaneous Thoughts with the Mediation of Mindfulness in Students

Background and Aim: One type of stress related to learning environments is academic stress, which affects millions of students worldwide annually. This study was conducted to predict the level of academic stress using maladaptive attitudes and self-defeating thoughts with the mediating role of mindfulness in high school students in Torkaman city. Methods: The research method was correlation. The statistical population of the study was all high school students in Torkaman city in the academic year 2020-2021. A sample of 361 students was selected using multi-stage sampling. The research instruments included the Gadzela academic stress questionnaire (1991), the Hollon and Kendall self-defeating thoughts questionnaire (1980), the long version of the Weisman and Beck irrational beliefs scale (1978), and the five-factor mindfulness questionnaire by Baer and colleagues (2006). Results: The results of the structural equation modeling indicated a direct relationship between maladaptive attitudes and academic stress (β = 0.42, p &lt; 0.001), an indirect relationship between maladaptive attitudes and academic stress through mindfulness (β = -0.17, P &lt; 0.05), a direct relationship between negative self-defeating thoughts and academic stress (β = 0.4, p &lt; 0.001), and an indirect relationship between negative self-defeating thoughts and academic stress through mindfulness (β = -0.14, P &lt; 0.05). Therefore, the research model was confirmed based on significant indices and fit. Conclusion: This study, by investigating the dimensions of academic stress, negative self-defeating thoughts, and maladaptive attitudes in students, has taken a preliminary step towards creating a psychological therapy model in the future.

The Effect of Trait Mindfulness on Subjective Well-Being of Kindergarten Teachers: The Sequential Mediating Roles of Emotional Intelligence and Work-Family Balance.

PurposeTeaching is a tough and stressful profession. Teachers’ pressure and job burnout have become a common and serious problem, which makes teachers’ subjective well-being feel a serious impact. The kindergarten environment is challenging and unique. The educational objects faced by kindergarten teachers are usually immature, which brings challenges to the teaching of kindergarten teachers. At the same time, in China, kindergarten teachers also need to undertake daily administrative management and other tasks. Therefore, focusing on the subjective well-being of kindergarten teachers in developing countries during the stage of the COVID-19 pandemic has important implications for promoting teacher well-being globally.Patients and MethodsThe study included 321 kindergarten teachers from 13 kindergartens in Jinan, Shandong Province, China. A cross-sectional study design was used with a cluster random sampling technique. For the present study, Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire, Emotional Intelligence Scale, Work–Family Balance Scale and Subjective Well-being Scale were utilized.ResultsFindings of the study show that trait mindfulness can directly predict subjective well-being. Emotional intelligence played a mediating role in the relationship between trait mindfulness and subjective well-being. Work–family balance played a mediating role between trait mindfulness and subjective well-being. Emotional intelligence and work–family balance play a sequential mediating effect between trait mindfulness and subjective well-being.ConclusionThis study explores the influence mechanism of trait mindfulness on kindergarten teachers’ subjective well-being from the perspective of metacognition. An important conclusion of this study is that emotional intelligence and work–family balance play a sequential mediating effect between trait mindfulness and subjective well-being. We believe the findings of this study have important implications for enriching existing theory and educational practice. This finding has important implications for improving the subjective well-being of kindergarten teachers in developing countries, especially in the context of the current severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education systems.

The Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Mindfulness in the Relationship Between Worry and Generalized Anxiety

Background and Aim Various research studies have investigated the relationship between anxiety and worry. The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation and mindfulness in the relationship between anxiety and worry. Methods &amp; Materials The present study follows a correlational design study. The research sample included 248 students of Kashan universities in Iran studying in the 2017-2018 academic year. The study data were collected using the generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7), Pennsylvania state worry questionnaire (PSWQ), the Persian short form of cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ-P-short form), and five-factor mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ). Then, the obtained data were analyzed using the SPSS v. 22 and AMOS v. 22 software. Ethical Considerations The Ethics Committee of Kashan University of Medical Sciences approved the study (Code: IR.KAUMS.REC.1396.36). Results The results showed a significant relationship between generalized anxiety and worry, worry and cognitive emotion regulation, worry and mindfulness, generalized anxiety and cognitive emotion regulation, and anxiety and mindfulness. The results of the structural equation modeling confirmed the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between anxiety and worry. Also, the path coefficient of mindfulness and anxiety was removed from the model because it was not significant. Conclusion Generally, cognitive emotion regulation plays a mediating role in the relationship between anxiety and worry. These findings seem applicable in the individual, family, educational, therapeutic, and interpersonal mental health fields.

What is the mindful personality? Implications for physical and psychological health

Given the paucity of research examining relationships between mindfulness and specific facets of personality, we conducted detailed analyses to explore associations between personality facets, dispositional mindfulness, and health. Overall, 781 participants completed the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) to measure personality factors and facets, and the RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 (RAND-36). As expected, BFI-2 factors and facets and FFMQ subscales, except Observing, were consistently correlated. Canonical correlations of BFI-2 facets and FFMQ subscales provided two statistically significant functions. Function 1, Self-Regulation, included FFMQ Acting with Awareness, Non-Judging, and Non-Reacting, as well as BFI-2 Negative Emotionality (Anxiety, Depression, Emotional Volatility), Conscientiousness (Productiveness, Responsibility), and Extraversion (Assertiveness, Energy). Function 2, Self-Awareness, comprised of FFMQ Describing and Observing, and all facets of Open-Mindedness. A latent profile analysis produced three latent profiles: Self-Regulation was defined by higher FFMQ subscales as well as higher Extraversion (all facets), Agreeableness (all facets), Conscientiousness (all facets), and lower Negative Emotionality (all facets); Self-Dysregulation was defined by lower scores on most FFMQ subscales, BFI-2 Extraversion facet scores, Agreeableness (Trust), Conscientiousness (Productiveness), and higher Negative Emotionality facets; and, an Average profile included midrange levels of mindfulness and personality facets. Further, there were statistically significant differences in RAND-36 physical and psychological health based on the latent profiles. The novel findings examining the facet-level relationship between personality and mindfulness contribute to prior inconclusive literature. These results presenting a nuanced understanding of the association between dispositional mindfulness and personality provide preliminary information suggesting that self-regulation can affect health.

Mindfulness as a mediator in the relationship between social media engagement and depression in young adults

Social media engagement has been inconsistently linked to depression and it is important to determine whether specific motivations for engagement are linked to depression and what the mechanisms may be. This study investigated five factors of mindfulness as potential mediators between behavioral, affective, and cognitive social media engagement and depression. Participants (between 17 and 24 years old) at a university or found through social media (Reddit, Facebook, and Instagram; N = 371) were given the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), the Social Media Engagement Scale for Adolescents (SMES-A), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), which measured depression. The awareness facet of mindfulness significantly mediated the relationship between all three social media engagement subscales (behavioral, affective, and cognitive) and depression. Additionally, there was a significant mediation between the affective engagement subscale and depression by the nonjudge, nonreact, and describe facets of mindfulness. Our results suggest that mindfulness is an important mechanism of the relationship between social media engagement and depression. The implementation of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) may be useful to help teach how to engage in social media mindfully and positively.

Mindfulness as a mediator and moderator in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and depression.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with a variety of negative physical and psychological health outcomes. The mechanisms by which this occurs and potential protective factors present in this relationship are understudied. Mindfulness is a cognitive resource that may protect individuals against symptoms of psychological distress. It has five core facets and encourages a nonjudgmental acceptance of the present moment. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of mindfulness in the relationship between ACEs and depression, both as a mediator and as a moderator, or protective factor. We hypothesized that the aware, describe, and non-judgement facets of mindfulness would be key factors in both sets of analyses. Participants at a university (N = 279) were given the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale (ACES), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) to measure depression. Results indicated that the describe CI [.02, .11], aware CI [.05, .17], and non-judgement CI [.06, .18] facets of mindfulness significantly mediated the relationship between ACEs and depression. Additionally, the aware facet of mindfulness was also a significant moderator in this relationship, [t (interaction) = −3.22, p < 0.01], such that individuals with a high level of awareness had no increase in depression even as the number of ACEs increased. Negative cognitions associated with ACEs may harm one’s ability to effectively describe their feelings and to be fully aware of the present moment, which may contribute to symptoms of depression. Implications for mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are discussed.

Validity of the 15-item five-facet mindfulness questionnaire among an ethnically diverse sample of university students

Objective This study examines the psychometrics of the 15-item version of the Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-15). Participants An ethnically diverse sample of 538 college students participated in this study. Methods The factor structure was evaluated through confirmatory factor analyses fitting 64 alternative models with and without method factors. Model fit as well as valid interpretations of the model parameters were considered in selecting the final model. Utilizing the final selected model, the relationship between mindfulness and the mindfulness facets with two related constructs, psychological inflexibility and emotional distress tolerance was examined. Results The five-facet second-order model with a single-method factor best fitted to the data and provided sound, interpretable estimates. After accounting for the single-method effect, overall mindfulness was positively correlated with emotional distress tolerance and negatively correlated with psychological inflexibility. Conclusions The FFMQ-15 was a valid measure of mindfulness among university students when accounting for the method factor.

How Mindfulness and Acceptance Could Help Psychiatrists Predict Alexithymia Among Students.

Mindfulness and acceptance have demonstrated associations with alexithymia facets. As a very limited body of research has explored the predictive strength among alexithymia-related constructs, this study aimed to investigate the prediction of alexithymia based on acceptance and mindfulness among students. The study group consisted of 586 university students, 237 (40.9%) females and 349 (59.1%) males. As for data collection, the five-factor mindfulness questionnaire, Acceptance and Commitment Questionnaire, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-2 were applied. A stepwise multiple linear regression was calculated to predict alexithymia based on components of commitment and action, mindfulness facets, and demographic variables (F[5,578] = 77.26, p ≤ 0.001), with an R2 of 0.41. The predictive variables including description (B = -0.59, t = -8.02, p < 0.001), commitment and action (B = -0.13, t = -4.38, p < 0.001), observation (B = -0.15, t = -2.94, p < 0.01), and no judgment (B = -0.16, t = -2.56, p < 0.05) exhibited significant prediction effects on the adjusted index of alexithymia. The findings contribute to the potential mechanism between mindfulness and alexithymia in intervention that seeks to improve mindfulness and acceptance skills and could prove more effective in treating patients with alexithymia.

Assessing mindfulness: Experimental support for the discriminant validity of breath counting as a measure of mindfulness but not self-report questionnaires.

The current study sought to examine the discriminant validity of 3 commonly used measures of mindfulness. The discriminative ability of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and a breath counting task (BCT) was assessed in a randomized control trial involving an 8-week mindfulness training (MT) condition (n = 53) and an active control computerized attention training (CT) program (n = 33). No evidence to support the discriminant validity of MAAS or FFMQ scores was found, as these self-report measures responded to both the MT and CT conditions. Breath counting scores however demonstrated unique responsiveness to the MT program, suggesting this behavioral task may be useful in measuring changes in mindfulness as it closely resembles core cognitive processes trained during this practice. Implications of these findings for the construct validity of both self-report and behavioral measures of mindfulness are discussed, along with the suitability of current mindfulness-based interventions in studies aiming to assess mindfulness outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Mindfulness-based stress reduction improves irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms via specific aspects of mindfulness.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common and often debilitating chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. Pharmacological treatments are often ineffective, leading to the development of a variety of behavioral interventions. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is one such program that has shown efficacy in reducing gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and improving quality of life (QOL). This single-arm intervention study examines the association of clinical outcomes with changes in specific aspects of mindfulness. Adults with IBS (53 women, 15 men) participated in an 8-week MBSR class. Primary outcomes of GI symptom severity, quality of life, and GI-specific anxiety, as well as specific aspects of mindfulness using the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), were assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and 6-month follow-up. Gastrointestinal symptom responder rate was 71%, and there was a significant pre-post treatment change for three of the five FFMQ scales. Regression analysis indicated that change in the Act with Awareness (P=.02) facet of mindfulness was the strongest predictor of GI symptom and QOL improvement. Mindfulness-based stress reduction training was associated with robust improvements in GI symptoms and associated problems in participants with IBS. Although significant increases in 3 of the 5 measured facets of mindfulness were found, regression analyses suggest that increases in the ability to retain present moment focus and act with awareness may be particularly important for improving outcomes in individuals with IBS. These results may inform the refinement of mindfulness-based protocols specifically for treatment of IBS.

Mind the Silver Bullet Thinking: A Multilevel Study on the Impact of Manager Trait Mindfulness on Subordinate Objective Job Performance.

This research examines the relationship between trait mindfulness of managers and job performance of their subordinates. We hypothesized that both are positively associated and that this association exist when personality variables are controlled for. We tested our hypotheses in a sample of 40 line managers and their 487 subordinates working in 40 teams within the customer service division of an energy company. We measured managers’ trait mindfulness using the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and managers’ neuroticism and conscientiousness using the NEO-FFI. We obtained objective data of each subordinate’s job performance captured by the company’s KPIs assessed monthly over a period of 6 months. We used multilevel regression analyses to test our hypotheses. Results did not support our hypotheses, the regression coefficient from managers’ trait mindfulness to subordinates’ job performance was close to zero and insignificant. In the context of previously reported positive findings, our results suggest that the contribution of trait mindfulness to subordinates’ performance might not exist or could be contingent on contextual factors.

The Effects of Teaching Mindfulness on Stress in Physical Therapy Students – A Randomized Controlled Trial

PurposeHigh stress levels among doctor of physical therapy (DPT) students have been reported consistently in the literature. Training in mindfulness has been shown to reduce stress. The purpose of this research study was to investigate the impact of teaching a mindfulness curriculum to DPT students on stress levels and mindfulness scores following training and 8 weeks later. MethodsThis was a mixed methods, randomized controlled study design conducted with 32 DPT students, who were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received course instruction, plus a mindfulness curriculum over a 6-week period, and the control group received only the course instruction. The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were administered as pre- and post-tests (immediately after and again 8 weeks after) to both groups. Qualitative interviews were conducted following the intervention. ResultsRepeated measures MANOVA revealed statistically significant interaction for PSS between time and group (P = .022). Pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant differences on posttests one (P = .008) and two (P = .029), with PSS scores being higher in the control group. FFMQ results showed a statistically significant interaction between time and group (P = .016). Pairwise comparisons showed a statistically significant difference (P = .032) at the first posttest time point, with the control group scores being lower, but no statistically significant difference for posttest two. Qualitative analysis showed Prior Experience, Perception, Mindfulness Tools, Challenges, Stress Management, Self-Regulation, Continued Application, and Feedback on Course as categories, each containing subcategories and themes. DiscussionThe results showed a statistically significant improvement in students’ perceived stress and mindfulness, and a favorable learning experience for most students. These results suggest that incorporating short segments of mindfulness training into DPT education may decrease student stress and increase mindfulness.

Presence and personality: A factoral exploration of the relationship between facets of dispositional mindfulness and personality

Background/Aims/Objectives:The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the discrete facets of personality and dispositional, or trait-like, mindfulness.Methodology/Methods:The study employed a factoral quantitative design and 229 participants completed two online measures, the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the NEO-PI-R Personality Questionnaire. The latter measured the ‘Big Five’ factors of personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness) and their 30 associated facets. Participant data was analysed via factor analysis utilising scores across all 35 variables, that is, the five dispositional mindfulness domains plus the 30 personality facets.Results/Findings:Analysis resulted in the emergence of a five-factor model. These five ‘new’ factors aligned closely with the ‘Big Five’ personality factors. Hence, dispositional mindfulness domains were statistically indistinct from established factors of personality. Notably, three out of the five FFMQ dispositional mindfulness domains (namely, Non-Judging of Inner Experience, Non-Reactivity to Inner Experience, and Acting with Awareness) loaded inversely on to the ‘Neuroticism’ factor. Additionally, two FFMQ domains (Acting with Awareness and Describing) loaded positively on to ‘Conscientiousness’, while one FFMQ domain (Observe) loaded positively on to ‘Openness’. These results align with previous studies conducted at factor level and deepen understanding of facet- level relationships.Discussion/Conclusions:Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention is now utilised extensively, often within the context of a broader counselling approach. The results of this study suggest that tailoring such clinical mindfulness interventions more to the client’s particular personality and needs may maximise benefit and negate the possibility of harmful consequences. For example, accentuating self-compassion, perhaps by setting the work in the context of a richer compassion-based approach, could be beneficial for a deeply self-critical client scoring highly on Neuroticism.

Boredom proneness as a predictor of depression, anxiety and stress: The moderating effects of dispositional mindfulness

Boredom is an aversive feeling of weariness, restlessness and constraint, related to both unstimulating environments and individual characteristics such as inattention. The trait of boredom proneness, an individual's propensity to become bored, is associated with negative clinical and life outcomes. This study evaluated dispositional mindfulness, a personality characteristic relating to nonjudgmental attentiveness to thoughts and feelings in the moment, as a moderator of the relationship between boredom proneness and negative emotional symptoms. Participants were 186 adult Chinese residents of Hong Kong (60.8% female, 18 to 83 years of age), who completed the Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Short Boredom Proneness Scale and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale -21 (DASS-21). Pairwise correlational analyses replicated published research in North America. Moderation and conditional analyses showed that of the five FFMQ mindfulness domains, two, FFMQ Acting with Awareness and Describing, moderated the relationship between boredom proneness and DASS-21 scores. Boredom proneness predicted negative emotional symptoms only at low levels of dispositional mindfulness. Average or greater dispositional mindfulness was associated with an uncoupling of the relationship between boredom proneness and negative affect. Additional research is recommended to explore the possibility that cultivation of mindfulness may reduce the negative outcomes associated with characterological boredom proneness.