Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Research Articles

Using a Biofeedback-Based Mindfulness Practice System to Enhance Mindfulness and Alleviate Anxiety in College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: College students experience intense anxiety, for which biofeedback mindfulness techniques show effectiveness in relief. However, typical biofeedback products often lead to user fatigue and boredom because of a single or fixed feedback and lack of focus on mindfulness enhancement. Materials and Methods: In this research, we developed Mindjourney, a VR-based respiratory feedback mindfulness system, designed to enhance mindfulness and alleviate anxiety through continuous/noncontinuous feedback and nonjudgmental reward/punishment for self-perception and attention management. A randomized controlled trial involved 72 college students, split equally into short-term (n = 34, age: 23.11 ± 1.729) and 4-week long-term (n = 38, age: 24.12 ± 1.408) groups, with equal randomization for intervention and control groups. Pre/postintervention tests were measured by using Trait Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) for long-term groups and Galvanic Skin Response and State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) for short-term groups. Results: Results showed that the long-term intervention group showed a significant increase in mindfulness (P = 0.001 for FFMQ total score). Furthermore, observe and act with awareness subscales showed significant increase after intervention (P = 0.034 for observe, P < 0.001 for act with awareness) compared with the control group. Both intervention groups demonstrated a significant decrease in anxiety levels compared with the control groups (P = 0.049 for SAI, P = 0.01 for TAI). Moreover, participants expressed high interest in this biofeedback mindfulness system and willingness for long-term usage. Conclusion: The proposed biofeedback mindfulness practice system could potentially facilitate mindfulness practice and serve as a convenient tool for anxiety relief in campus college students.

The impact of mindfulness training on alleviating COVID-19 fear among international students in China: A quasi-experimental study

This study investigated the effects of mindfulness training on alleviating fear of the COVID-19 epidemic among international students in China during the academic year 2020. The training group participants (N = 41) and the control group participants (N = 44) were surveyed pre-and post-training with the two English questionnaires: The Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the fear of the COVID-19 scale (FCV–19S). The results showed that, regarding the relationship between the two main variables in the study, mindfulness is related negatively to the COVID-19 epidemic. Moreover, compared to the control group, results showed that individuals in the training group demonstrated significant improvements in mindfulness levels and decreased Fear of COVID-19. Thus, findings suggest that a short online mindfulness meditation training may reduce fear of the COVID-19 epidemic.

Unveiling the mirage of mindfulness profiles through mindfulness-based stress reduction

ObjectivesThe Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) stands out as a standard of mindfulness assessment in scientific literature, although scientific understanding of its properties is still in development. Among them, the FFMQ seems to present latent profiles with specific patterns in its facets. However, no study has explored the behavior of mindfulness profiles across mindfulness-based interventions. This study explores how Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) impacts mindfulness profiles. MethodsAn overall sample of 624 participants were measured pre and post-MBSR in mindfulness, decentering, self-compassion, psychopathological symptoms, well-being, and positive and negative emotional states. ResultsMBSR altered the structure of latent profiles, shifting from 3 profiles to 2 profiles: A High Mindfulness minority profile and a General Mindfulness majority profile. These profiles could be interpreted as a single dispositional mindfulness continuum. The Judgmentally Observing and Non-Judgmentally Aware profiles were more present in the High Mindfulness profile post-MBSR. All profiles tended to display increased decentering, self-compassion, well-being, and positive states, while decreased negative states and psychological symptoms. Thus, MBSR seemed to “arrange” latent profiles in a continuum of overall mindfulness. ConclusionsMBSR seems to dissipate heterogeneities in the FFMQ, allocating its measurements to a more homogeneous continuum of mindfulness. Implications and recommendations for future studies are discussed.

The Day After: The Longitudinal Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Quality of Life of University Students and the Moderator Role of Mindfulness.

Background: The COVID-19 lockdown has been a major stressor for the general population, posing a considerable threat to quality of life (QoL), particularly among university students. Existing research highlights the protective role of dispositional mindfulness (DM) in mitigating stressors; however, its influence on moderating the impact of COVID-19 on QoL remains unknown. We used a longitudinal design to assess the QoL of undergraduate students before and after the COVID-19 lockdown, while also examining the potential moderating effect of DM on this impact. Methods: One hundred eleven Spanish undergraduate students were recruited in 2019, and 103 were followed-up in 2020. Instruments comprised a demographic questionnaire, the World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) inventory to assess QoL, and the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) to assess DM. Results: Analyses revealed statistically significant differences between the two time points in WHOQOL-BREF: Psychological, Social Relationships, and Environmental. Moderation analyses revealed that the impact of COVID-19 on WHOQOL-BREF Psychological scores was moderated by FFMQ-Observe and FFMQ-Non-judging. Conclusions: The COVID-19 lockdown resulted in a reduction of QoL among undergraduate students, yet this impact was moderated by DM. Specifically, present moment attention to experience (observe) and non-judgmental awareness attenuated the impact of COVID-19 on psychological well-being. Future research should focus on evaluating the protective role of preventive interventions designed to increase DM among undergraduate students.

Evidence for differential associations of distinct trait mindfulness facets with acute and chronic stress

Stress and stress-associated disease are considered the health epidemic of the 21st century. Interestingly, despite experiencing similar amounts of stress than those falling ill, some individuals are protected against the “wear and tear of daily life”. Based on the notion that mindfulness training strengthens stress resilience, we explored whether facets of trait mindfulness, prior to training intervention, are linked to acute psychosocial stress reactivity and chronic stress load. To assess different mindfulness facets, over 130 participants completed the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). For acute stress induction, a standardized psychosocial stress test was conducted. Subjective stress, sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, and levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis end hormone cortisol were assessed repeatedly. Additionally, levels of hair cortisol and cortisone as indices of the long-term physiological stress load were collected. We found differential associations of different facets of mindfulness with subjective stress, cortisol, and hair cortisone levels. Specifically, the trait mindfulness facets FMI “Acceptance” and the ability to put one’s inner experience into words (FFMQ “Describing”) were associated with lower acute subjective and cortisol stress reactivity. Contrarily, monitoring-related trait mindfulness facets (FFMQ “Acting with Awareness” and “Observing”) were associated with higher acute cortisol and marginally higher long-term cortisone release. Our results suggest granularity of the mindfulness construct. In accordance with the “Monitor and Acceptance Theory”, especially acceptance-related traits buffered against stress, while monitoring-related traits seemed to be maladaptive in the context of stress. The current results give valuable guidance for the conceptualization of mindfulness-based interventions geared towards stress reduction.

Evaluating the Feasibility of a Guided Culturally Adapted Internet-Delivered Mindfulness Intervention for Indonesian University Students Experiencing Psychological Distress

ObjectivesPsychological distress is common among university students globally. A culturally relevant internet-based mindfulness intervention could be a potential solution for addressing students’ distress in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Indonesia. However, internet-based mindfulness interventions are new in Indonesia. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and mental health outcomes of a counsellor-guided, culturally adapted, internet-delivered mindfulness intervention for Indonesian university students experiencing psychological distress.MethodThis open pilot trial used a single-arm pre-post-test design. Indonesian university students with elevated distress (n = 40) enrolled in a 4-week counsellor-guided internet-delivered mindfulness intervention. Participants completed the Indonesian adaptation of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) at screening, baseline, and post-treatment. They also completed the Indonesian version of Kessler’s Psychological Distress Scale (K-10) prior to each lesson, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and Indonesian Well-Being Scale (IWBS) at baseline and post-treatment, and questionnaires to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and treatment satisfaction.ResultsResults showed the feasibility and acceptability of our guided culturally adapted Indonesian internet-delivered mindfulness intervention, with good completion rates (70%). We also found large and significant improvements in distress, mindfulness, and well-being (Hedges’ g = 0.85–1.68) from pre- to post-treatment. Participants reported that the program was satisfactory.ConclusionsThis study suggested that a counsellor-guided culturally adapted internet-based mindfulness intervention was feasible, acceptable, and associated with improvements in psychological distress, well-being, and mindfulness among university students in Indonesia. A randomized controlled trial with follow-up is needed to evaluate the intervention’s effectiveness.PreregistrationThis trial was preregistered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12620000135910).

Investigating trait mindfulness in women with a history of unwanted sexual contact

Unwanted sexual contact (USC) is common in women, and may contribute to sexual dysfunction via avoidance coping techniques. Mindfulness-based treatments, which directly challenge avoidance, have been shown to be effective in treating sexual dysfunction, however, it is not yet clear whether there are differences in trait mindfulness between women with and without a history of USC. We used data from four previous studies and compared trait mindfulness on the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in women with and without a history of USC. There were no significant differences between the USC and no-USC groups on total FFMQ score, nor on most individual domain scores; however, significant group differences were found on observe and acting with awareness subscales. We speculate on the possible meaning of the USC group having higher observe scores and lower acting with awareness scores compared to the no-USC group.

The Influence of Mindfulness On Students Psychological Well-Being

The purpose of this research is to find out whether there is an effect of Mindfulness on a person's psychological well-being. The research was conducted on students of UIN Raden Fatah Palembang. This research method is quantitative type of regression. Respondents resulting from the survey amounted to 55 respondents. Data collection techniques were carried out by online surveys via Google Forms, using 2 scales namely FFMQ-15: 15 items Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and Psychological well being scale. The data analysis method for testing the hypothesis uses a simple linear regression method with significant data results of 0.025 &lt;0.05, which means that there is an influence of mindfulness on one's psychological well-being.

Brain changes following mindfulness: Reduced caudate volume is associated with decreased positive urgency.

Mindfulness training has been shown to improve psychological health and general well-being. However, it is unclear which brain and personality systems may be affected by this practice for improving adaptive behavior and quality of life. The present study explores the effects of a 5-week mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) at the neuroanatomical level and its relationship with dispositional mindfulness and impulsivity. Sixty-six risky drivers were quasi-randomly assigned to a mindfulness training group (MT) or a control group (N). Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging and completed the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the UPPS-P impulsivity scale twice, at baseline and after receiving the MBI. We observed that MBI changes dispositional mindfulness in the non-reactivity and observing facets. Further, we observed that the magnitude of change in impulsivity was associated with the change in dispositional mindfulness. Whole-brain voxel-wise analysis revealed that the volume of the right caudate nucleus of the MT group (n=27) showed a reduction compared to that of the control group (n=33), which increased in terms of the pre-post measurement (MT=-1.76mm3; N=6.31mm3). We also observed that reduced caudate nucleus volume correlated with decreased positive urgency in the MT group. Taken together, our results show that MBI improves the skills of observing and non-reactivity to inner experience, while producing changes in the structure of the caudate nucleus. These structural changes are associated with a reduction in impulsivity levels, decreasing the tendency to act rashly in situations that generate positive emotions and thus facilitating more adaptive behavior.

Changes in mindfulness facets across yoga, CBT and stress education in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder

Improving mindfulness is an important treatment target for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). However, less is known about how different treatments impact specific aspects of mindfulness. In a clinical trial (Simon et al., 2021), 226 individuals with GAD were randomized to 12 weeks of Kundalini Yoga (KY), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or stress education (SE). To examine whether specific facets of mindfulness, as measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) change more than others across treatment and between treatments, we ran a multi-variate multilevel growth curve model (MMLM). Results indicated that while the Non-judge, Act with Awareness, and Non-react facets increased significantly during treatment, the Observe and Describe facets did not. Improvement in the Acting with Awareness facet during treatment was significantly greater for KY than CBT. These findings reveal the need to better understand how behavioral treatments can influence specific components of mindfulness for those with anxiety.

Study of Relationship Between Mindfulness Practice and Academic Achievement of Secondary Students

This study compares secondary students' mindfulness, psychopathological symptoms, and academic success. The research included 300 pupils. The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) examined mindfulness by observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging inner experience, and non-reactivity. Psychopathological symptoms and academic achievement were examined. Mindfulness is positively correlated with academic achievement, suggesting that higher mindfulness levels improve academic success. Mindfulness was also negatively connected with psychopathological symptoms, suggesting it may protect against mental illness. These data suggest that mindfulness therapies may improve university students' academic performance and mental health.

Validation of a Tamil Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Using Rasch Analysis.

Various assessment tools that explore and assess mindfulness are available. Keeping in view both the origin of and the literature surrounding mindfulness assessment tools, this study aimed to evaluate the workability of one widely researched tool, the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), for establishing cross-cultural generalizability and utility in the Indian context. We recruited 303 adults over 18 with proficiency in the Tamil language and no history of significant neurological trauma and/or psychiatric history. They completed a version of the 39-item FFMQ, which we had translated into Tamil (FFMQ-T). The psychometric properties of this scale were tested using the Partial-Credit model of Rasch analysis. Iterative Rasch analysis could not resolve consistent misfit of the Observe facet items. Using a subtest approach, a higher-order fit of the FFMQ-T could be achieved after the deletion of additional items from each of the remaining four facets. The resulting final model for the FFMQ-T questionnaire was a four-factor solution with 22 items. This study concluded the usability of the new 22-item FFMQ-T. These results are not dissimilar to the other versions in similar populations, such as the Hindi version of the FFMQ. The ordinal-to-interval conversion tables provided here ensure that the FFMQ-T can be used with enhanced precision and parametric statistics.

Electroencephalography microstates highlight specific mindfulness traits.

The present study aimed to investigate the spontaneous dynamics of large-scale brain networks underlying mindfulness as a dispositional trait, through resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) microstates analysis. Eighteen participants had attended a standardized mindfulness-based stress reduction training (MBSR), and 18 matched waitlist individuals (CTRL) were recorded at rest while they were passively exposed to auditory stimuli. Participants' mindfulness traits were assessed with the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). To further explore the relationship between microstate dynamics at rest and mindfulness traits, participants were also asked to rate their experience according to five phenomenal dimensions. After training, MBSR participants showed a highly significant increase in FFMQ score, as well as higher observing and non-reactivity FFMQ sub-scores than CTRL participants. Microstate analysis revealed four classes of microstates (A-D) in global clustering across all subjects. The MBSR group showed lower duration, occurrence and coverage of microstate C than the control group. Moreover, these microstate C parameters were negatively correlated to non-reactivity sub-scores of FFMQ across participants, whereas the microstate A occurrence was negatively correlated to FFMQ total score. Further analysis of participants' self-reports suggested that MBSR participants showed a better sensory-affective integration of auditory interferences. In line with previous studies, our results suggest that temporal dynamics of microstate C underlie specifically the non-reactivity trait of mindfulness. These findings encourage further research into microstates in the evaluation and monitoring of the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on the mental health and well-being of individuals.

Intervention Treatment for Anxiety and Depression-Induced Emotional Disorders in College Students: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on relieving symptoms of emotional disorders caused by anxiety and depression in college students. Fifty college students with generalized anxiety disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale scores &amp;gt;7 and self-rating depression scale (SDS) scores ≥50 were randomly divided into a blank group and an MBSR group. The MBSR group completed an eight-week training program, which included activities such as breath awareness and body scanning. The GAD-7 scale, SDS, Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), and five-facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) scores were compared between the two groups before and after the experiment. After the experiment, the MBSR group showed a significant improvement in mindfulness levels as it had a FFMQ score of 124.64±10.72 (p &amp;lt; 0.05 compared to the pre-experiment and blank group). The GAD-7 scale score was 5.46±2.98, and the SDS score was 45.32 ± 6.01, indicating that both anxiety and depression symptoms were relieved. The sleep quality improved as the PSQI score decreased to 5.26 ± 1.88 (p &amp;lt; 0.05 compared to the pre-experiment and blank group). MBSR is beneficial in reducing anxiety and depression among college students, improving sleep quality, and has a certain effect on symptoms of emotional disorders. It can be promoted and applied in practice.

The associations between mindfulness, metacognition and hba1c levels among diabetic pregnant patients: A case control study

Pregnancy, due to the diversity of lifestyle changes it leads to, may represent a period characterized by intensified stress. Women of childbearing age are at the highest risk for a number of health difficulties and complications, including glucose abnormalities. Such an occurrence often has a set of complex consequences for both the mother and the newborn. We aimed to examine how mindfulness and metacognition interact with HbA1c levels during pregnancy characterized by Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). One hundred pregnant women with GDM and ninety-eight healthy pregnant women were enrolled in the study. Average blood glucose levels were assessed by HbA1c monitoring. Participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), DSM-5 Level 2- Anxiety- Adult measure (DSM-5 Anxiety), Five- Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30). A negative correlation was found between HbA1c and FFMQ ?Describing? subtest, while a positive correlation was obtained between HbA1c and MCQ-30 ?Negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger? subtest. Multiple linear regression showed an association between Mindfulness Describing subtest and HbA1c as an outcome variable. Findings imply the association between mindfulness on HbA1c during pregnancy period. Mindfulness cultivation seems to be relevant in emotional and cognitive processes in order to minimize negative stress related effects on well- being during pregnancy. Such approach may be beneficial in promoting treatment compliance among pregnant women with diabetes, but also among women experiencing low prenatal well-being.

The Effect of Mindfulness Training on Core Self-Evaluation and Academic Burnout

Objective: This research aimed to examine the internal mechanism of core self-evaluation between mindfulness and academic burnout, and the effect of mindfulness interventions on reducing academic burnout. Methods: The study involved the assessment of 764 high school students using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES), and Academic Burnout Scale (ABS) to examine the relation between mindfulness, core self-evaluation, and academic burnout. Following this, a randomized controlled experimental design can be employed to evaluate the impact of interventions and conduct subsequent surveys.

The Role of Social Support and Mindfulness on The Posttraumatic Growth of Young Adults Surviving Childhood Maltreatment

Recent research has found that negative experiences due to childhood maltreatment do not always persist; survivors can experience positive growth, which is called posttraumatic growth (PTG). Two of the protective factors that encourage PTG are social support and mindfulness. Social support through empathy, giving new perspectives, and appreciation can help survivors deal effectively with traumatic events and lead to the PTG process. In addition, survivors who have mindfulness can also practice direct involvement with their thoughts and feelings, not judge traumatic events, and help survivors rebuild the meaning of the world. This correlational and quantitative study examined the role of social support and mindfulness in posttraumatic growth (PTG) among 114 young adult survivors of childhood maltreatment aged 20–40 years (M = 24.84, SD = 4.55). The measuring tools used in this study were the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory—Short Form (PTG-SF), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Tarumanagara Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (TFFMQ), and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire—Short Form (CTQ-SF). Using multiple regression analysis, results showed that social support (β = 0.350 p &lt; 0.01) and mindfulness (β = 0.336 p &lt; 0.01) had a positive effect on PTG in young adults who survived childhood maltreatment, with the higher support and mindfulness felt by the survivors, the higher the PTG they experienced. This research shows the importance of social support and mindfulness in shaping positive changes in the lives of young adults who have survived childhood maltreatment.

Measuring Mindfulness in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in Indonesian

The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is a scale to measure a person's level of mindfulness. FFMQ has been used extensively in other countries. In multi-construct research, a scale with fewer items is needed but with a qualified psychometric value. The purpose of this study was to obtain a short version of the Indonesian FFMQ which has good psychometric properties. The research was carried out in three stages, namely the adaptation stage, the long form test stage and then the short form test. The sample of this study is Indonesian people who are over 15 years old. The results show that the short form has shown good results. This indicates that the short form version of FFMQ Indonesia has good psychometric properties.

Self-compassion, Positive and Negative Affect and Social Avoidance among Adolescence: Mediating Role of Mindfulness.

Mindfulness is an attribute of consciousness to manage social fear avoidance and promote well-being. Social anxiety is a common psychological experience noted among the general population. Social anxiety develops during adolescence and is prevalent among college students. This study investigates the factors contributing to social anxiety - fear and avoidance of social situations of female first-year undergraduates. The study used a survey research design. A sample of 821 first-year female undergraduate students aged between 17 and 19. Data were collected using the Liebowitz Social anxiety scale, the Five-Facet mindfulness questionnaire, A short form of the Self-compassion scale, and the Positive and Negative affect scale. Mindfulness weakens social fear and reduces the tendency to avoid social situations. Mindfulness effectively mediates the impact of self-compassion's positive affect and negative effects on social fear. Mindfulness and social fear jointly mediate the impact of self-compassion, positive affect, and negative affect on social avoidance. Mindfulness is the awareness and acceptance of the feelings, thoughts and sensations attached to self and its possible reciprocity with social surroundings to mitigate fear-self-compassion and positive emotional affect augment, and negative emotional affect attenuate mindfulness. Results analysis highlights the mediation of mindfulness on social anxiety, self-compassion, positive affect, and negative affect.

Mindfulness and Academic Resilience of Suburban High School Students

Being a suburban high school student is complicated. They must overcome numerous challenges, obstacles, and risks to fulfil their role as high school students. High school students need more facilities and infrastructure to develop their full potential, which can result academic setbacks. Academic resilience and mindfulness are two factors that can assist individuals in avoiding experiencing setbacks during the learning process. This study aimed to examine the correlation between mindfulness and academic resilience among suburban high school students. The research employed a quantitative method and correlational design. The study utilized the incidental sampling technique in which the sample comprised of 535 suburban high school students in Semarang Regency. The employed research instruments were the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) (α = .914) and the Academic Resilience Scale (ARS-30) (α = .958). The data were analysed using Spearman's Rho correlation test. The study demonstrated weak significant positive correlation between mindfulness and academic resilience (r = .162 and sig = .000). This demonstrated that mindfulness was one of the factors associated with increased academic resilience among suburban high school students.