Fishery Workers Research Articles

Are Displaced Manufacturing Workers Unemployable? An Analysis of Sectorally Based Adjustment Costs in France

Despite the richness of the literature on the adjustment costs of displaced workers, the impact of the former sector of employment on a displaced worker's jobless durations has received little attention. This is curious given the policy responses in several countries. Although the literature indicates the importance of individual characteristics, such as educational attainment and demographic traits, a non-trivial portion of government assistance is based on a collective attribute of the affected workforces, namely the sector in which they formerly worked. Governments often target assistance to specific sectors in the forms of operating subsidies, financial 'bailout' packages, and trade protection. Examples include steelworkers and shipyard workers in France, coal miners in the United Kingdom, and fishery and shipyard workers in Canada. Gray (1995) demonstrates that taxpayer funded early retirement benefits in France are heavily weighted toward workers in manufacturing industries. In Canada, similar benefits are currently being received by the early retirees of Algoma Steel, and the steelworkers' union has requested a package for older, laid off Stelco employees. The rationale commonly given by government officials and workers' unions is that workers in the affected sectors have virtually no alternative employment opportunities. Possible reasons for the perception that workers displaced from certain sectors have low re-employment probabilities have received little attention in the economics literature. The thrust of the conjecture posited by policy makers in France is that there is an ethos, described in Houseman (1988), according to which workers in sectors such as heavy manufacturing are covered by an implicit contract which has conditioned them to expect guaranteed permanent employment. The organizational characteristics of the internal labour market cause them to lack the cognitive skills required to

青森県における食品消費の実態ＩＩ 津軽南地区における消費量

This survey on daily food intake in the northwestern part (northern Tsugaru area) of Aomori Prefecture was a continuation of a previous survey conducted in the southeastern part (Sanpachi-Kamikita area) and southwestern part (southern Tsugaru area) of the prefecture. The 50 families surveyed were divided into three different groups of primary occupations: fishery worker, farmer, and “other occupations.” The average total daily food consumption of the entire survey group was about 2, 389 gram/day/person (g/d/p), and showed no significant seasonal variation. The consumption rates of marine, agricultural, and livestock products were around 276, 1, 275 and 360g/d/p, respectively, and were relatively constant the year around. However, the consumption rate of other products was 478g/d/p and was slightly higher in the summer and lower in the winter. The proportions of marine, agricultural, and livestock products in total food consumption among all families were on the average approximately 12, 53, and 15%, respectively. The highest average daily food consumption recorded was 2, 510g/d/p and occurred in fishery workers' families, followed by 2, 441 and 2, 008g/d/p in farming and other workers' families, respectively. The families of fishery workers showed the highest consumption of marine products among all families. The consumption of agricultural and livestock products was remarkably high in farmers' families and low in other workers' families. The foods with the highest consumption rates in the northern Tsugaru area were: (a) squid, salmon, wakame, and cod among marine products, (b) rice, radish, apple, cucumber, tomato, and tofu (soybean curd) among agricultural products, and (c) milk, egg, and pork among livestock products. Some slight but statistically significant differences were recognized in the consumption patterns in the northern Tsugaru area in comparison with those of the Sanpachi-Kamikita area and the southern Tsugaru area.

Utility of streamer tags to assess survival and growth of juvenile tiger prawns ( Penaeus monodon) in aquaculture environments

Experiments in tank and pond environments over 5–6 months showed that growth rate of juvenile Penaeus monodon was unaffected by tagging at 15 mm carapace length (CL) or at 18 mm CL. The mortality rate of prawns tagged at 15 mm CL was consistently greater than those tagged at 18 mm CL in both environments, suggesting that the minimum size for tagging to obtain less biased survival estimates is at least 18 mm CL. Survival in the tank of prawns tagged at 18 mm CL was the same as untagged animals (40–50%), but that of prawns tagged at 18 mm CL in the pond (50%) was less than untagged prawns (70%). These results suggest an environment-specific effect on tag-induced mortality: The ability to obtain independent data from untagged animals in aquaculture ponds allowed the effect to be detected. This has been impossible in wild fisheries work and the results in this paper highlight the inadequacy of tagging methods to obtain mortality estimates from wild prawn populations. Tag colour also biased tag recovery rates, but no mechanism to explain the bias was identified. Streamer tags will prove useful in aquaculture as the tags are unlikely to affect important performance characteristics of the marked animals, such as growth rate, and reasonable relative estimates of mortality among tagged groups can be obtained. However, the use of tagged animals to gain accurate estimates of mortality of an untagged group they are meant to represent is unlikely to be successful, even in relatively well-controlled aquaculture situations, because of environment specific effects on tag mortality.

Evaluation of epileptogenic focus by implantation of subdural strip electrodes in patients of refractory epilepsy without clear lateralization

The present study aimed to analyze the index value trends of injured employed persons (IEPs) covered in Pakistan Labour Force Surveys from 2001–02 to 2012–13.The index value method based on reference years and reference groups was used to analyze the IEP trends in terms of different criteria such as gender, area, employment status, industry types, occupational groups, types of injury, injured body parts, and treatment received. The Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was also performed to investigate the inter-relationship of different occupational variables.The values of IEP increased at the end of the studied year in industry divisions such as agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing, followed by in manufacturing and construction industry divisions. People associated with major occupations (such as skilled agricultural and fishery workers) and elementary (unskilled) occupations were found to be at an increasing risk of occupational injuries/diseases with an increasing IEP trend. Types of occupational injuries such as sprain or strain, superficial injury, and dislocation increased during the studied years. Major injured parts of body such as upper limb and lower limb found with increasing trend. Types of treatment received, including hospitalization and no treatment, were found to decrease. Increased IEP can be justified due to inadequate health care facilities, especially in rural areas by increased IEP in terms of gender, areas, received treatment, occupational groups and employment status as results found after Pearson correlation coefficient analysis.The increasing trend in the IEP% of the total employed persons due to agrarian activities shows that there is a need to improve health care setups in rural areas of Pakistan.

Evaluation of Vision Services Delivered by a Mobile Eye Clinic in Costa Rica

A number of private voluntary organizations provide mobile eye services to underserved populations in the developing world. This paper seeks to determine what segment of the population makes use of mobile vision clinics and whether the clinics are identifying significant eye conditions previously undetected by local eye care providers. The population studied were those attending the 1989 vision screening project conducted in rural Costa Rica by members of Volunteer Optometric Services to Humanity (VOSH). Sources of data include patient records of clinic attendees (N = 1530), patient interviews, and Costa Rican census data. Most of the clinic attendees were female (56.9%), over 35 years of age, and literate (71.1%). The three most commonly stated occupation categories were (1) housewife; (2) agriculture, forestry, or fishery worker; and (3) student. Over one-half reported having had a previous eye examination. Presbyopia and low hyperopia were the predominant refractive conditions encountered. Over one-third of patients presented with visual acuities 6/15 (20/50) or worse, and one-third of this group had never had an eye examination. Three-quarters of the patients required prescription lenses and over 20% had cataract. The dispensing of presbyopic corrections to first time patients is clearly the most valuable service provided by the clinics. Teaming up with mobile cataract camps may improve the access to surgical care for patients with cataract. It is important that mobile vision projects target future efforts toward those likely to be missed by conventional screenings.

A method for preparing large numbers of otolith sections for viewing by scanning electron microscope

In an investigation of the age structure of a population of Notothenia coriiceps Richardson at the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica, the microstructure of otoliths was examined. Progress is reported on a method used for processing large numbers of otoliths using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Compared with previous SEM techniques, which normally prepare otoliths individually for viewing, this allowed larger sample sizes to be examined. Compared with similar light microscope techniques, this method gave enhanced resolution, particularly for discerning edge structure, and thus may facilitate present methods of ageing fish populations, especially for fishery work in the Antarctic where otoliths are often small and difficult to interpret using conventional techniques.

Comparative Efficacy of 16 Anesthetic Chemicals on Rainbow Trout

Presently there are no legally registered fish anesthetics that allow for the release of fish or use of the fish for food soon after they have been anesthetized. MS-222 (tricaine), the only anesthetic registered for use on fish in the United States, cannot be used within 21 d of harvesting the fish for food. As the start in a search for an anesthetic that can be used with little or no withdrawal period, we tested the efficacy of 16 chemicals as anesthetics on rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Efficacy was defined by the fish (1) becoming handleable (quiet enough to be manipulated and handled readily) in 3 min or less, (2) recovering in 10 min or less, and (3) showing no mortality after 15 min in the anesthetic solution. Four chemicals—MS-222, quinaldine sulfate, benzocaine, and 2-phenoxyethanol—met these criteria for efficacy. Chemicals that yielded excessive induction or recovery times or caused excessive mortality were methylpentynol, chlorobutanol, etomidate, metomidate, Piscaine, propanidid, carbon dioxide, nicotine, salt, Halothane, Metofane, and Biotal. Because carbon dioxide leaves no residues and requires no withdrawal period, it may be an acceptable alternative for fishery workers who can tolerate somewhat shallower anesthesia and longer induction and recovery times.

Frederic Morton Chamberlain (1867–1921), Pioneer Fishery Biologist of the American West

The life of Frederic Morton Chamberlain (1867–1921) was marked by his many contributions to fishery science. As an assistant with the old U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, he pioneered life history studies of salmon in California and Alaska, and assisted in the collection of hundreds of thousands of natural history specimens from the Pacific Ocean as resident naturalist on the U.S.S. Albatross. He was innovative in the use of field photography in fishery work, and the design and construction of capture nets and collecting gear. His detailed reports were important in documenting the conditions of the native ichthyofauna in Alaska, Arizona, and California at the turn of the century and have been heavily relied upon by subsequent investigators. His ability to design and conduct scientifically justifiable studies to solve fishery problems while under many kinds of hardships is a testament to his background and dedication to the field. He represents the prototype of the modern fishery biologist.

Relationships Between Stream and Intragravel Temperatures in Coastal Drainages, and Some Implications for Fisheries Workers

By a depth of 10 cm into the streambed, water temperatures are likely to be different from those in the open water of the stream. Combined results from three independent studies on disparate streams on the Pacific Northwest coast indicated that there are widespread similarities in the thermal behavior of intragravel water. In general, the thermal mass of the substrate causes parallel but lagged and buffered heating and cooling trends in infiltration-source intragravel water compared with surface water. Intragravel mean daily temperatures were generally 0.5–1.0 °C warmer in winter and 0.5–1.5 °C cooler in summer, with cross-overs around March and October; intragravel daily maximum temperatures could be up to 6 °C different in summer (a difference of 4 °C was common). The degree of difference showed considerable site-specific variation, and potentially can be affected by several factors. Such intragravel temperature differences have implications for those involved in salmonid egg incubation and fry emergence studies, enhancement projects, benthic invertebrate research, and environmental impact assessments.

Are Better Anesthetics Needed in Fisheries?

Federal, state, and private fishery workers were asked which anesthetics they used and for which fish species; how the materials were used; the disadvantages or problems associated with their use; and the desired characteristics of an ideal anesthetic. Responses were received from 66 state or provincial hatcheries, 40 federal hatcheries, 3 private hatcheries, and 74 others who did not identify themselves by category. Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) was by far the most commonly used anesthetic (145 users), followed by quinaldine (41), and carbon dioxide (18). Carbon dioxide and MS-222 are the only registered fish anesthetics. The most cited limitation on the use of MS-222 was the 21-day withdrawal period required after treatment. The ideal anesthetic should permit a reasonable duration of exposure, produce anesthesia within 3 minutes or less, allow recovery within 5 minutes or less, cause no toxicity to fish at treatment levels, present no mammalian safety problems, and leave low tissue residues after a withdrawal time of 1 hour or less.

Where's the Humanity? A Challenge and Opportunity for the Fisheries Community

Abstract The authors submit that the professional fisheries science community has failed to embrace and utilize fully the social sciences in the study and management of fisheries. A review of principal fisheries literature in recent years suggests that little attention is being given to the human parameters of fisheries. The authors restate and reaffirm some basic tenets pertaining to the importance of people's needs, values, and perceptions in any general resource management system and, more specifically, in fisheries resource development. The university is viewed as both contributor to the problem of the overlooked human component in fisheries study and as one important agent for addressing this shortcoming in the future. Lastly, it is offered that today's fishery managers can also help to remedy the shortfall in the use and appreciation of social analyses in fisheries work. This can be done through greater receptivity among managers for social science research results, and through efforts to legitimize...

An Investigation of the Relationship Between Oregon Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Hatchery Releases and Adult Production Utilizing Law of the Minimum Regression

This study examines aggregate relationships between coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) adult production and hatchery releases within the Oregon Index Area (OIA). Previous analyses have indicated the presence of density dependence, and concluded with a request for a reduction in hatchery smolt releases. The hypothesis that density dependence is exhibited in the OIA is tested via a broad correlation approach. Several regression models are used including one unique one in fisheries research based on limiting factors.Analysis was done on the fitted regression equations including a simple simulation of release policies. Neither significant density dependence nor a statistically supportable technical maximum for smolt releases was found. The limiting factors regression technique generally gives the best results of all the models employed, and thus appears potentially useful in this type of fisheries work.

Analysis of the mortality patterns in an area supplying migratory tunnel workers 1. Regional differences in the mortality patterns

Tunnel work, digging a tunnel at the face, is a highly specialized job today. Many tunnel workers migrate from one place to another away from home throughout the year. They are exposed to hazardous factors such as dust, vibration, noise and so on, working under the two 12-hour shift system. Recently it has been reported that many workers who had suffered from pneumoconiosis and/or vibration disease returned to their home areas. The southern part of Oita Prefecture is well known as being one of the areas which supply many tunnel workers. In order to study the long-term effects of tunnel work on the health of the tunnel workers, the authors compared the mortality rate in the district supplying many tunnel workers with that of the district supplying few workers. Nine causes of death were chosen among many as indices indicating the characteristics of the structure of mortality in the district supplying many tunnel workers. The authors estimated these causes of death in relation to sex and age, analyzing simple correlations between the 9 causes of death and 33 socioeconomic factors. A principal component analysis of these indices was also carried out. The results were as follows. A close relationship was found between tunnel work and three causes of death such as silicotuberculosis (010), tuberculosis (010-019, A 6), and infective and parasitic diseases (000-136). The other 5 causes of death such as diseases of the digestive system (520-577), neoplasms (014-259), all causes (000-999), stomach cancer (151, A 47) and pneumoconiosis (515) were related not only to tunnel work but also to other regional characteristics such as fishery workers rate. No relationship was found between tunnel work and death by cerebrovascular disease (430-438, A 85). These results show that the tunnel work has an influence on the structure of mortality in the area supplying these workers.

Lightweight, Adjustable, and Portable Surgical Table for Fisheries Work in the Field

Lightweight, Adjustable, and Portable Surgical Table for Fisheries Work in the Field

Errors in Estimating Mean Weight and other Statistics from Mean Length

Abstract Computer simulations of length-weight data indicated that the error incurred by estimating mean weight from mean length is a function of the exponent in the length-weight relationship and the coefficient of variation in the length-frequency distribution. Errors were less than 10% for exponents up to 4.0 if the coefficient of variation were less than 0.1, but error increased to near 90% of actual mean weight for large exponents and coefficients of variation. Similar errors arise for other exponential relationships, such as length-fecundity, that commonly are developed in fisheries work.

Age-Groups from Size-Frequency Data: A Versatile and Efficient Method of Analyzing Distribution Mixtures

For estimating age-group parameters from size-frequency data, conventional efficient statistical methods, such as maximum likelihood, can be more effective than the commonly used graphical methods of dissecting a mixed distribution. Fisheries size-frequency data are usually grouped over size intervals and the efficient methods are easily programmed on a computer for this case. We show that several published alternatives offer no computational advantages over our method. We describe an interactive computer program that assists the user in determining which parameters may be estimated from a set of data. The program alternates between constrained direct-search optimization and fast iterative calculations. Two examples of fisheries length-frequency data show that fitting is made easier by employing a subsample aged by biological methods for the preliminary starting values of parameters, and that the best fit may involve a trade-off between statistical precision and biological plausibility. The value of mixture analysis to the fishery worker is to reduce field and laboratory time in the aging of large samples. Key words: length-frequency data, size-frequency data, aging of samples, polymodal distributions, distribution mixtures, maximum likelihood estimation, nonlinear optimization, Phoxinus phoxinus, Esox lucius

Fisheries Education as Viewed from Inside

Abstract This paper reviews the problems of and current trends in bachelor of science programs in fisheries in those universities that have such training. It is noted that many students go into fisheries work from other programs; e.g., marine science, marine biology. Programs at representative institutions are summarized. Arguments are given in favor of specific fisheries programs at the B.S. level, but it is also argued that there may have to be alternative pathways with possibly a fifth year in some cases. Accreditation is not recommended, though there needs to be better exchange of information between students and universities and potential employers so that all are fully aware of the needs and expectations of the others. The value of cooperative education programs is noted, and it is suggested that such programs particularly provide a means for potential employers of fisheries graduates to help mold the undergraduate program of their future employees. In this way the contribution of the employee to th...

Determination of volume scattering and possibly biological content from sea-bottom echo fluctuations

The results of the observations made during the ’’Downwind’’ expedition of 1958 in the South Pacific are discussed and the average root-mean-square deviation of the volume scattering coefficient in the mid Pacific is obtained as 0.8×10−4. The coefficient would be more than three times this value if the scattering follows a standard statistical distribution. This value is of the same order as reported in literature. From the observed mean-square deviation, we first subtract the contribution, if any, from the thermal microstructure. Precautions are taken so that the variance due to the movement of the transducers of multipath transmission is negligible. The volume scattering is attributed primarily to the biological content, but has contributions also from other inhomogeneities, such as air bubbles, cavitation bubbles, and inorganic debris, indirectly related to the biological content. An estimate of a very low biological content in a particular area was confirmed by net hauls. The method is independent of the reflectivity of the sea bottom and promises to be an inexpensive tool for fishery work.

Reproductive Requirements and Likelihood for Naturalization of Escaped Grass Carp in the United States

Information on reproductive requirements of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) was obtained from published accounts, from a visit to rivers in the USSR where introduced grass carp have reproduced, and from discussions with Soviet fishery workers. Turbulent areas at the confluence of rivers or below dams are the focal points for reproduction. Successful spawning occurs only in large rivers or canals where water velocity exceeds 0.8 m/s and volume is roughly 400 m3/s. The eggs are carried 50 to 180 km, depending on water temperature and current speed. The larvae hatch 1 day after spawning and make their way to vegetated lagoons, impoundments, or lakes closely connected to the river. They begin feeding on rotifers at 2 to 4 days and change to larger zooplankton in about a week. Temperatures required for stimulation of sexual maturation, egg incubation, and survival of young range from 19 to 30 C, with an optimum of about 23 C. Because requirements for each factor must be found in juxtaposition, successful reproduction occurs in only a few locations. Vulnerability to predators further checks population growth, once egg laying occurs. Although successful spawning of escaped grass carp in the United States is predicted, we believe that the resulting populations are likely to be small and to have little environmental impact except in local situations.

Science for Canada’s Fisheries Rehabilitation Needs

A brief, generalized review of the current status of salmonid fisheries on the west and east coasts, and of selected representative waters in the freshwater area is presented. It is concluded that many fish communities and/or fish stocks are depressed, collapsed, or extinct as a result of severe stresses imposed directly, or indirectly, by man’s activities. Rehabilitation of fish stocks and fish communities to levels approximating those of early years, and to levels capable of supporting more stable yields to meet growing client requirements appears practical. The need for explicit policy decisions with regard to sea ranching and rehabilitation as options for approaches to increasing fish abundance is stressed. Rehabilitation of stocks and communities will require additional science in areas such as hatching, rearing and selective breeding, fisheries engineering, and in the more precise definition of natural productive capacity of waters. Effective fisheries rehabilitation programs, and fisheries management generally, require: development of fisheries information systems; an adaptive or experimental approach; more social and economic data; synthesis and communication of science available; and fundamental reconsideration of the traditional institutional arrangements for fisheries work. Some important fisheries rehabilitation programs, carefully planned and assessed, can proceed immediately with confidence in their success; others must await improvement in water quality.