Fisher's Technique Research Articles

Evaluation of Vermillion Symmetry and Scar Quality in Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair Using Modified Millard's Technique Versus Fisher's Technique

BackgroundSince the primary goal of cleft lip repair is to achieve a symmetrical, aesthetic lip, several surgical techniques have been utilized. Accordingly, in this study, a unilateral cleft lip was surgically repaired using two techniques: modified Millard's and Fisher's techniques. PurposeThis study was designed to compare the vermillion symmetry and scar quality in the surgical management of patients with unilateral incomplete cleft lip using the modified Millard's and Fisher's techniques. Study design, setting, and sampleWe conducted a prospective randomized controlled clinical study. The study involved 20 patients selected from the Department of Plastic Pediatric Surgery at the Specialized Pediatric Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University. The patients included in the study were aged between 2 and 6 months old, had a primary non-syndromic unilateral incomplete cleft lip, and had no other associated anomalies. Predictor variableThe predictor variable was operative management of the cleft lip, and subjects were randomly assigned to either the modified Millard or Fisher techniques. Outcome variablesThe primary outcome, vermilion symmetry, was evaluated by computerized photogrammetric lip analysis with Image J software. Additionally, scar quality, considered a secondary outcome, was assessed with the Vancouver Scar Scale and the Image J software. Every measurement was meticulously recorded in millimeters. CovariatesAge, sex, and cleft side were considered. AnalysesThe study comprised 20 children (12 males and 8 females), with a mean age of 140.5 ± 23.7 days in the Fisher’s group and 137.4 ± 25.6 days in the modified Millard’s group (p = 0.8). No statistically significant differences (p = 0.6) were found in vermillion height and width between both groups at 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months. Similarly, there were no statistically significant differences (p = 0.4) between both groups in terms of scar length and width at the 3- and 6-month follow-up periods. Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found no statistically significant differences in vermillion symmetry and scar quality between the two cleft lip repair techniques. Notably, one patient in the modified Millard group exhibited a notch on the vermillion border, which was not statistically significant.

Aesthetic outcome comparison between Millard and Fisher technique for cleft lip surgery: a literature review

Background: Cleft lip is the most common congenital defect found in children, with a prevalence of 0.5 to 1.6 per 1000 live births. Besides causing functional problems, a cleft lip greatly affects the patient's aesthetic appearance. Therefore, several surgical techniques have been developed to produce a good clinical appearance to support the patient's social functioning. The Millard and Fisher technique is the most widely used cleft lip surgery (cheiloplasty) technique. This literature review aims to compare the aesthetic outcomes between the Millard and Fisher techniques in cleft lip surgery. Methods: This literature review was carried out by searching studies in online databases in the form of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar using the keywords "cleft lip surgery," "Millard," "Fisher," "aesthetic outcome," and "comparison." Appropriate studies were then carried out through a narrative synthesis analysis. Discussion: The Millard technique uses the principle of rotational and advancement flaps, performed by making incisions and flaps on two sides, namely a rotational flap on the medial lip and an advancement flap on the lateral lip. Meanwhile, the Fisher technique uses the principle of anatomical subunit approximation, in which the measurement of the boundaries and extent of the surgical procedure is very accurate, resulting in a more anatomical position of the scar tissue. Regarding surgical scars, nose symmetry, vermillion, Cupid's bow and nasal, and Steffensen grading, better aesthetic results were found in Fisher's technique compared to Millard's. Conclusion: Fisher's technique provides superior aesthetic results compared to Millard's technique in cleft lip surgery.

Comparison of Outcomes of Millard's Rotational Advancement Flap and Fisher's Techniques for Surgical Correction of UCLD

Objective: The objective of our study is to compare the surgical outcomes of two surgical techniques namely Fisher’s technique and Millard’s Rotational Advancement Flap, particularly in terms of white roll symmetry, lip length, lip height, scar quality, notching, cupids bow and alar base symmetry. Study design: Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial study. Place and duration of study: Department of Pediatric surgery, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan for a period of six months from 1st March 2021 to 31st August 2021. Patients and method: A total of 56 patients were enrolled in the study, equally divided into two groups. Group 1 will include patients undergoing treatment via Millard's Rotational Advancement Flap technique, while group 2 will include those receiving Fisher's procedure. A single consultant performed the procedure. Variables like lip length, Alar base symmetry, scar quality, cupids bow symmetry, and notching were accessed postoperative via the Steffensen grading method, and Vernier caliper was used for anthropometric measurements. The SPSS v 23 was used to evaluate the data. All numerical data were provided in mean and standard deviation (SD) formats. Frequencies were computed for qualitative data. Nonparametric tests (paired and unpaired t-tests) and parametric tests (Fisher's exact test) were utilized to compare the variables. P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistical significant. Results: Both groups had identical outcomes in terms of lip length, nasal symmetry, and alar dome. On the other hand, Fisher's approach was superior in terms of vermilion roll symmetry, white roll symmetry, scar appearance, and Cupid Bow. Anthropometric measures, such as lip height and breadth, were taken; however, the results were statistically insignificant. There was no discernible difference between the outcomes of complete and incomplete cleft lip. Conclusion: We propose using the Fisher's surgical method in unilateral cleft lip repair since it produces better outcomes than the Millard's procedure. Keywords: Anthropometric measurement; Fisher; Lip Notching; Millard; Scar; Unilateral cleft lip.

Food allergy and its association with self-reported atopic dermatitis in young adults in Lima-Peru

To specify the association between atopic dermatitis and food allergies in students of Human Medicine in a private university in Lima-Peru. An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study that included 355 students of human medicine between the ages of 18 and 25 years, of a private university in Lima-Peru, through a virtual survey. The data were analyzed using Fisher's technique, Student's T test, and Poisson regression. In a model that was adjusted by age and sex, having atopic dermatitis was associated with 5.53 times the probability of having food allergies (95 % confidence interval, 3.12-9.79). There was an association between the precedent of atopic dermatitis and reported food allergies in 28.95 % of the students of human medicine of a private university in Lima-Peru.

The Archaeology of the Ostraca House at Israelite Samaria: Epigraphic Discoveries in Complicated Contexts

The Archaeology of the Ostraca House at Israelite Samaria: Epigraphic Discoveries in Complicated Contexts

Comparative Linear Classification Splicing

The conventional Fisher linear classification analysis has been investigated by numerous researchers and this has led to different modification or splicing due to non- robustness when the assumptions are violated and also when the data set contains influential observations. This paper adduced a winsorized procedure to robustify the probability base classification approach. The comparative classification performance of the Fisher linear classification analysis and its spliced versions when the data set are contaminated are investigated. The simulation results revealed that the robust Fisher's approach based on the minimum covariance determinant estimates outperformed the other procedures; a good competitor to this technique is the winsorized probability base classification technique. Though, the robust Fisher's technique using the minimum covariance determinant estimates breakdown for mixture contamination. On a general note, the conventional Fisher's approach and the probability base technique performed comparable.

A statistical approach to combining multisource information in one‐class classifiers

A new method is introduced for combining information from multiple sources to support one‐class classification. The contributing sources may represent measurements taken by different sensors of the same physical entity, repeated measurements by a single sensor, or numerous features computed from a single measured image or signal. The approach utilizes the theory of statistical hypothesis testing, and applies Fisher's technique for combining p‐values, modified to handle nonindependent sources. Classifier outputs take the form of fused p‐values, which may be used to gauge the consistency of unknown entities with one or more class hypotheses. The approach enables rigorous assessment of classification uncertainties, and allows for traceability of classifier decisions back to the constituent sources, both of which are important for high‐consequence decision support. Application of the technique is illustrated in two challenge problems, one for skin segmentation and the other for terrain labeling. The method is seen to be particularly effective for relatively small training samples.

Long-Term Outcome of Cleft Lip Repair Using Fisher's Technique With Modification of Nasal Dissection

Materials and Methods: Clinical data was obtained from subjects in a long-standing natural history study of FD/MAS (Screening and Natural History Study of Fibrous Dysplasia, NIH 98-D-0145). Indications for surgery were categorized as: facial deformity, visual loss, hearing impairment, nasal airway obstruction, malocclusion, or aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC). Surgeries were divided as: debulking (partial removal and/or recontouring of FD), reconstruction (resection of FD bone with introduction of hardware and/or grafting material), optic nerve decompression, aneurysmal bone cyst enucleation, or biopsy. Methods of Data Analysis: Statistical analysis was performed with unpaired t-test and Fisher’s exact test. Results and Outcomes Data: Of 169 patients with FD/MAS, 133 (79%) had CF-FD. Of these, 33 patients (25%) underwent a total of 95 craniofacial operations. The most common indication for initial operation was facial deformity (24%). Of the 33 patients, 23 (70%) underwent a secondary procedure in the same anatomic location. The distribution of surgeries was as follows: debulkings 36 (42%), reconstructions 26 (30%), optic nerve decompressions 15 (17%), aneurysmal bone cyst enucleations 9 (10%), biopsies 9 (10%). The mean length of postoperative follow-up was 13.6 years (range 0–39, SD 10.6). The most common indication for re-operation was FD regrowth, which occurred significantly more frequently after debulking procedures (26/36, 72%) than reconstructions (10/30, 33%) (p=0.0027). Theprevalence of MAS-associated GH excess was higher in the surgically treated group (12/36, 36%) than in patients who were managed non-operatively (14/100, 14%) (p = 0.0098). Reoperations for FDregrowthweremore common inpatients with GH excess (16/34, 47%) than in patients without GH excess (18/50, 36%) (p = 0.0465). Conclusions: Facial deformity was the most common indication for surgical intervention in our patient cohort. Postoperative FD regrowth and re-operation are common after craniofacial surgery; in our patient population, FD regrowth with facial deformity was the most common reason for secondary operation. Our study corroborated previous observations, which indicate that resection and reconstruction with hardware and/or grafting material may result in less regrowth and fewer re-operations as compared to more conservative debulking and recontouring techniques. Finally, we also found that MAS-associated GH excess is a risk factor for craniofacial morbidity and postoperative FD regrowth.

Comparative Performance of Classical Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis and Robust Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis

Linear discriminant analysis for multiple groups can be performed using Fisher's technique which can be applied to classify and predict observations into various populations. Classical Fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) is highly susceptible to outliers. The poor performance of classical FLDA is due to lack of robustness of the classical estimators used to train the model. The proposed robust FLDA combine the features of classical FLDA and weighted sample observations. This paper examines the comparative classification performance of Fisher linear discriminant analysis and the proposed robust Fisher linear discriminant analysis. The paper focuses on the influence scaled normal and unscaled normal data set have on the classical Fisher and the robust Fisher techniques. The objectives of this paper are to compare the classification performance of these methods based on the mean of correct classification and to examine the separation between the group means. The classification results indicate that the proposed procedure has improved classification rate compared to the classical Fisher linear classification analysis. The simulation showed that both procedures have comparable separation capability. Keywords: Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis; Classification; Hit-Ratio; Robust. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 62H99; 62M20

A Review of Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, 5th Edition

Abstract I first encountered Svensson and Wendel's Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation as a Berkeley undergraduate where it was used as a text in a criminal investigation course. The cases were riveting and the photographs gory and wonderful. It was a fine textbook. Barry A. J. Fisher's Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, 5th Edition is the latest rendition in the evolution of the original Swedish text by Arne Svensson and Otto Wendel. The value of the prior edition was recognized by the International Association of Identification and was a recommended text for their Crime Scene Certification test. This latest edition continues the series of changes and improvements found in the earlier editions.

Effect of rainfall on groundnut (Arachis hypogaes L) Yield over Rajkot district

Fisher's technique has, been adopted for finding out, effect of the rainfall on its distribution on the groundnut yield in Rajkot district. For this purpose yield and rainfall data from 1966 to 1986 have been .10-14 el e data used, From dally values, weekly rainfall for the crop growth period. VIZ., 23rd to 40th standard weeks were computed. Periods of adverse or beneficial effects of rainfall on yield were found. Yield were found.

Dimensionality reduction and feature extraction applications in identifying computer users

Algorithms for dimensionality reduction and feature extraction and their applications as effective pattern recognizers in identifying computer users are presented. Fisher's linear discriminant technique was used for the reduction of dimensionality of the patterns. An approach for the extraction of physical features from pattern vectors is developed. This approach relies on shuffling two pattern vectors. The shuffling approach is competitive with the use of Fisher's technique in terms of speed and results. An online identification system was developed. The system was tested over a period of five weeks, used by ten participants, and in 1.17% of cases gave the error of being unable to decide. The applications of these algorithms in identifying computer users could lead to better results in securing access to computer systems. The user types a password and the system identifies not only the word but the time between each keystroke and the next.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Methods for Studying Coincidences

Abstract This article illustrates basic statistical techniques for studying coincidences. These include data-gathering methods (informal anecdotes, case studies, observational studies, and experiments) and methods of analysis (exploratory and confirmatory data analysis, special analytic techniques, and probabilistic modeling, both general and special purpose). We develop a version of the birthday problem general enough to include dependence, inhomogeneity, and almost and multiple matches. We review Fisher's techniques for giving partial credit for close matches. We develop a model for studying coincidences involving newly learned words. Once we set aside coincidences having apparent causes, four principles account for large numbers of remaining coincidences: hidden cause; psychology, including memory and perception; multiplicity of endpoints, including the counting of “close” or nearly alike events as if they were identical; and the law of truly large numbers, which says that when enormous numbers of events and people and their interactions cumulate over time, almost any outrageous event is bound to occur. These sources account for much of the force of synchronicity.

Methods for Studying Coincidences

Abstract This article illustrates basic statistical techniques for studying coincidences. These include data-gathering methods (informal anecdotes, case studies, observational studies, and experiments) and methods of analysis (exploratory and confirmatory data analysis, special analytic techniques, and probabilistic modeling, both general and special purpose). We develop a version of the birthday problem general enough to include dependence, inhomogeneity, and almost and multiple matches. We review Fisher's techniques for giving partial credit for close matches. We develop a model for studying coincidences involving newly learned words. Once we set aside coincidences having apparent causes, four principles account for large numbers of remaining coincidences: hidden cause; psychology, including memory and perception; multiplicity of endpoints, including the counting of “close” or nearly alike events as if they were identical; and the law of truly large numbers, which says that when enormous numbers of events and people and their interactions cumulate over time, almost any outrageous event is bound to occur. These sources account for much of the force of synchronicity.

The impact of weather on the two varieties of winter jowar at Sholapur

The paper analyses the relationship between different weather factors like rainfall, minimum and maximum temperatures as independent variables and winter jowar yield as the dependent variable by two methods, namely, (a) the Fisher's technique of regression integral and (b) the selected periods of regression function. For a discontinuous phenomenon such as rainfall at Sholapur, the Fisherian technique seems to be not quite appropriate. The 22-year data analysed was collected at the crop weather station located in Sholapur (Maharashtra).&#x0D; &#x0D; The estimated values of yield by the Fisherian technique applied to the maximum temperature and by the selected periods method as applied to rainfall are found to be quite good in agreement.

Palmagfisheranal, a computer program using fisher's analysis to analyze paleomagnetic directions—Or other directions distributed on a sphere

The computer program PALMAGFISHERANAL was written in WATFIV to analyze paleomagnetic directions. It is based on the method of Fisher, and has been extended to assess whether the population of directions is distributed randomly. Limitations of Fisher's technique are obvious in results of the analysis of artificial test data. The tabulated output lists all directions, mean directions and statistics and results of the randomness test in a cumulative fashion. Any directional data distributed on a sphere can be analyzed using PALMAGFISHERANAL, which is useful in both research and teaching.

The Weighted Separation Index: A Multivariate Technique for Separating Members of Closely-Related Species Using Qualitative Differences

Vogt, W. G., and D. G. McPherson (School of Biological Sciences and School of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia: Present addresses Division of Entomology, C.S.I.R.O. Canberra and Mathematics Department, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia) 1972. The weighted separation index: a mtultivariate techniqtue for separating members of closely-related species tusing qualitative differences. Syst. Zool. 21:187-198.An index (the weighted separation index) is described which uses qualitative variables to provide a measure of likeness to two known groups of individuals (D. tryoni and D. neohumeralis). An identification rule is presented by which this index may be employed to discriminate between the members of two populations. Where separation of two species is associated with a low probability of misidentification, the weighted separation index is also suited to the separation of a third or hybrid group whose members are intermediate with respect to the two known groups. [Discrimination; qualitative techniques.] The separation of morphologically similar species sometimes requires the use of characters that are not subject to precise measurement. Differences in colour and pattern, for example, are difficult to measure and are usually treated as qualitative variables. The weighted separation index makes it possible to employ two or more qualitative variables as discriminators. The main advantage of this technique is that the values assumed by the index are largely independent of the scales used to measure variation in the different characters. This index was initially developed to separate the two species of Tephlitid flies, Dacus tryoni and D. neohiumeralis. THE SELECTION OF A SEPARATE INDEX In the biological sense, a separation index is a discriminatory device used to separate individuals of closely related groups; an index value is a measure of an individual's likeness to the members of either of two or more groups. The concept of likeness is frequently difficult to apply to organisms, because of the variability that is encountered within each group or species. However, the use of a statistical index enables the biologist to state in precise terms the criteria which he uses to estimate likeness. If likeness can be defined by the use of a single character, then the criterion may be simple and there may be little disagreement in deciding upon it. Unfortunately, biological variation is usually too great to permit the use of a simple index based on one character and it is then necessary to employ many characters, each of which contributes to the measure of likeness. Thus separation of the individuals of closely related groups often necessitates multivariate analysis and, since thinking in many dimensions at the same time is not easy, the multivariate data that need to be analysed are first reduced to one dimension by combining the variables concerned into a single equation. By far the most widely used technique which adopts this approach is Fisher's discriminant analysis in which a linear combination of the variables is obtained. If each variable has a continuous distribution and, furthermore, if each variable has a normal distribution, then Fisher's technique possesses a certain optimum property, namely that of ensuring the smallest probability of misidentification (on average). In such problems it is common however

Economic significance of dry-land farming in the arid northern Negev of Israel

Under arid conditions rainfall-wheat yield relationships analysed by means of simple and multiple regressions principal components and Fisher's orthogonal polynomial method all gave good results. Fisher's technique was then employed to estimate the effect on final yield of a unit change in rainfall. The response curve obtained was used to calculate wheat yields for a cross-section of the northern Negev, where mean annual rainfall varies from 200–411 mm. A 20% profit margin can probably be obtained in seven of every ten years only in an area where the mean annual rainfall is at least 300 mm. Where rainfall is below 300 mm additional irrigation is essential, for in an area of 240 mm 20% profit margins can only be obtained 3–4 times in every 10 years. Under local climatic and soil conditions and agrotechnical practices the highest average yield response to irrigation is obtained during the first 40 days after planting.

Ego measurements of patients and staff on a medical ward

A group of 25 female patients and 15 female staff members of a general medical service was tested for differences of ego strength, body boundary and somatic concern. Each subject was administered the Barron Ego-Strength scale of the MMPI and the Rorschach. The Rorschach protocols were scored for Body Boundary with Fisher's technique, and were also scored for Primary vs. Secondary process expression of Bodily Preoccupation, using a modification of Holt and Havel's scoring system. Staff and patients demonstrated similar Bodily concern, but the staff had significantly higher Ego-Strength and Body Boundary scores, which was considered a measure of ego defensive processes. It is argued that in order to maintain the integrity of their defenses the staff may push the patients into an unnecessarily regressive position. If the patient complies, he is a good patient; if he resists he is labeled a “crock” or psychiatric and receives less than the best the staff have to offer. To promote quicker recovery and more effective staff involvement, it is suggested that the staff be helped to find ways to maintain their ego strength and enhance it in patients as well.

Performance Evaluation in Marketing Systems

The use of multiple performance criteria which account for both the static and dynamic aspects of marketing systems is proposed as a necessary step toward scientific marketing analysis. Currently, over-all evaluations using multiple performance measures are difficult to make and even more difficult to interpret meaningfully. Fisher's technique of discriminant functions is utilized to estimate the mathematical relationship between the relevant marketing performance measures which best “matches” subjective classifications agreed upon by a number of business executives. An application of the technique involving the evaluation of a consumer product's performance in various market areas is discussed. The problems of bias and multicollinearity, their relationship to the conceptual approaches, and their effect on the use of the performance measure are also discussed using the particular problems encountered in the application to illustrate the various points.