Fishery By-products Research Articles

The Antioxidant Effects of Trypsin-Hydrolysate Derived from Abalone Viscera and Fishery By-Products, and the Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Activity of Its Purified Bioactive Peptides.

Abalone is a rich source of nutrition, the viscera of which are discarded as by-product during processing. This study explored the biological activities of peptides derived from abalone viscera (AV). Trypsin-hydrolysate of AV (TAV) was purified into three fractions using a Sephadex G-10 column. Nine bioactive peptides (VAR, NYER, LGPY, VTPGLQY, QFPVGR, LGEW, QLQFPVGR, LDW, and NLGEW) derived from TAV-F2 were sequenced. LGPY, VTPGLQY, LGEW, LDW, and NLGEW exhibited antioxidant properties, with IC50 values of 0.213, 0.297, 0.289, 0.363, and 0.303 mg/mL, respectively. In vitro analysis determined that the peptides VAR, NYER, VTPGLQY, QFPVGR, LGEW, QLQFPVGR, and NLGEW inhibited ACE, with IC50 values of 0.104, 0.107, 0.023, 0.023, 0.165, 0.004, and 0.146 mg/mL, respectively. The binding interactions of ACE-bioactive peptide complexes were investigated using docking analysis with the ZDCOK server. VTPGLQT interacted with HIS513 and TYR523, and QLQFPVGR interacted with HIS353, ALA354, GLU384, HIS513, and TYR523, contributing to the inhibition of ACE activity. They also interacted with amino acids that contribute to stability by binding to zinc ions. QFPVGR may form complexes with ACE surface sites, suggesting indirect inhibition. These results indicate that AV is a potential source of bioactive peptides with dual antioxidant and anti-hypertensive dual effects.

Stabilization of Arsenic and Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Using Fishery By-Products and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Uptake in Crops

Objectives : Heavy metals eluted from mine waste pollute surrounding soil and water systems, which can spread to crops and have a harmful effect on the human body. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of recycling discarded mussel shells(MS) and manila clam shells (MC) as stabilizers for the immobilization of arsenic(As) and heavy metals(Pb, Zn) in soil.Methods : MS and MC were processed with -#10 mesh natural material, -#20 mesh natural material, and -#10 mesh calcined material and treated at 0-10 wt%. After 1 week or 4 weeks of wet curing, it was eluted with 0.1 N HCl and the concentrations of As, Pb, and Zn in the soil were analyzed through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES) analysis. In addition, red lettuce was cultivated in the stabilized soil and the concentration of heavy metals that were transferred to crops was evaluated. The stabilization mechanism was investigated by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX) analysis.Results and Discussion : The stabilization efficiency for arsenic and heavy metals was in the order of natural -#10 mesh < natural -#20 mesh < calcined -#10 mesh. The calcined stabilizer showed a high stabilization efficiency of 98% at a 2 wt% treatment level. Pb was not detected in the red lettuce grown in the stabiliz ed soil, and the standard for leafy vegetables (Pb-0.3 mg/kg or less) was satisfied according to the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The SEM-EDX analysis revealed that As was stabilized through Ca-As precipitation and heavy metals(Pb, Zn) were stabilized through pozzolanic reactions.Conclusion : Stabilizers developed from MS and MC can be effectively applied to the stabilization of As and heavy metal-contaminated soil, and are expected to be used as economical and environmentally friendly stabilizers.

Valorization of common ling (Molva-molva) roe by-products for the elaboration of a food seasoning: Effect of drying method

The fishing sector generates a large amount of discards and wastes that represent a problem for the industry, both economically and environmentally. For this reason, the valorization of a by-product of the salting fishing industry, common ling roe (Molva-molva) roe, was carried out by developing a fish seasoning for human consumption, subjecting the roe to two drying processes, freeze-drying [for 24 and 48 h (L24 and L48)] and air-drying in an oven [for 32 and 48 h (S32 and S48)]. Physicochemical, textural and sensory parameters of the roe seasoning were analyzed to compare both drying methods. The freeze-drying process produced technologically, nutritionally and sensorially more suitable seasonings, resulting in a product with lower moisture content and water activity, with less roasted coloration. In addition, the product had a saltier taste and a certain tendency to a greater umami and marine flavor, which are highly desirable in this type of product. Therefore, the valorization of ling roe as a fishery by-product is possible through the elaboration of a condiment of high nutritional and sensory value.

Extraction and Utilization of Chitin and Chitosan from Waste Yields of Economically Important Crustaceans and Molluscs for Improved Fish Production

Background: Every year, about eight million tons of different species of crustacean shells are produced, with several million tons of various mollusc shells world-wide. These shell wastes are usually disposed into the water body or mainland, littered everywhere, with significant impact on the environment. Aim: To provide a profitable way of reducing and possibly removing shell wastes, and harness them for a better purpose through an eco-friendly and sustainable technological approach. Main Body of the Abstract: This review underscores a broad list of economically important crustaceans and molluscs, harvestable in Nigeria coastal waters whose shells usually ended up as wastes. Chitin, being the primary component of these wastes can be extracted and deacetylated into chitosan, or synthesized into nanoparticles for better applications in various aspects of aquaculture. Both chemical and biological methods of chitin extraction were discussed, however, bioextraction method was recommended due to its eco-friendliness, biocompatibility, and non-hazardousness. Various ways by which these shell wastes can be processed and utilized for improve aquaculture practices were also discussed. These include fish growth enhancement, pond water treatment, as antioxidant, as immuno-stimulant, as antimicrobial, as drug carrier, and several other purposes. Conclusion: There are much hidden wealth in these fisheries by-products (Crustacean and Mollusc shells) if properly valorized. It has a great potential to transform aquaculture industry, and bring significant, and sustainable economic development in Nigeria.

Characteristics of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fish balls with The Addition of Asian Sea Bass (Lates calcarifer) Bones Bio-calcium

Nile tilapia has high protein content so it can be processed into fish balls. Fish balls are a processed fish product that is high in protein but low in calcium. Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) bones are a type of fishery by-product that can be utilized by processing them into a source of calcium. It is known that the average human daily calcium requirement is 800 mg - 1300 mg per day. The addition of bio-calcium from Asian sea bass fish bones was carried out to increase the nutritional value of calcium in fish balls and meet consumers' calcium intake. The research aimed to assign the effect of Asian sea bass bone bio-calcium (FPB) addition on the physical, chemical, and sensory characteristics of Nile tilapia fish balls. The research method used was laboratory experimental with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatment of the current study was the addition of FPB at different concentrations (0; 3; 5 and 7%). The research analysis carried out included gel strength, calcium, protein, water, fat, ash contents and sensory characteristics. The research showed that the addition of FPB had significant effect on gel strength, calcium, protein, water, fat, ash contents and sensory characteristics (P<0.05). FPB at a concentration of 3% showed the best treatment of hedonic value with gel strength of 1889.757 g.cm, calcium content of 1095.1 mg/100g, protein content of 13.23%, moisture content of 72.28%, fat content of 1.39% and ash content of 2.43%. The addition fishbone bio-calcium at proper concentration increases the texture and calcium content of Nile tilapia fish balls without any sensory interference. The fishbone bio-calcium could be a cheap source of calcium for the food industry to provide high protein and calcium food including fish ball for society to overcome calcium deficiency.

Calcium extraction from catfish bone powder optimized by response surface methodology for inducing alginate bead

Catfish bone powder (CBP), prepared from catfish head, was a good source of natural minerals, particularly calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P). The Ca content were higher than P when analyzed by either chemical or SEM in EDS mode. These elements were found in the crystal form of hydroxyapatite (HA) complex with protein, as assessed by spectroscopic techniques, including XRD and FT-IR. Thus, low Ca solubility was thus observed at 0.03 ± 0.0038 % and digestion of complex HA is required for more liberation of Ca. Citric acid was therefore applied for Ca extraction using a microwave-assisted method. The conditions were optimized using response surface methodology with central composite design to evaluate the effect of extraction time, microwave power, citric acid concentration, and CBP weight. Based on a linear prediction model, the optimum condition to extract Ca from 0.4 g of CBP was at 0.1 M citric acid using microwave power of 275 W for 60 s. This condition provided a Ca content of 1.11 mg/mL in solution, which extract calcium about 27.75 % from original CBP weight. This Ca concentration was enough to induce alginate drops (1.0 %) to form hydro-beads, indicating its functional property in food system. These results provided the promising method to extract natural calcium from fishery by-products for further creating innovative food products.

Proposal of Test Method for Foreign Matter Content in Shellfish By-products based on「Fishery By-products Act」

Proposal of Test Method for Foreign Matter Content in Shellfish By-products based on「Fishery By-products Act」

Eco-friendly wastewater treatment using a crab shell-based liquid bio-coagulant: Multi-criteria decision analysis related to different pollutants separation

The protein-rich liquid resulting from the deproteinization step of the chitin/chitosan production process is proposed as a novel wastewater bio-coagulant. The raw material for producing the bio-coagulant is the crab shell contained in discarded fishery by-products. The protein content of the liquid, determined by OPA assay, was 31.6 mg/L. FTIR spectra proved the presence of chitin, and SEM images showed the presence of a nanoparticulated chito-protein complex in the liquid. Coagulation tests were performed with fisheries wastewater, in which the influence of different parameters, such as the bio-coagulant dose, the pH, the agitation speed, and the settling time, on the effectiveness of the bio-coagulant were investigated. Since different parameters with values in wide ranges may affect the fisheries wastewater treatment by the use of the new liquid bio-coagulant, a multicriterial optimization analysis based on Box-Behnken and response surface method (RSM) was applied. The optimal removal degrees, in terms of turbidity (98.91%), BOD5 (92.05%), and COD (78.92%) were achieved at a bio-coagulant dosage of 17.5 mL/L of fish processing wastewater (FPW) at pH 11.3 and temperature of 25°C. A good fit resulted from the experimental data, the Box-Behnken regression models, and response surface-calculated data. The results revealed new bio-coagulant effectiveness similar or superior to the commonly used chemical coagulants (ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate) and even to commercial chitosan. The obtained data indicate that the new natural liquid bio-coagulant is environmentally friendly and suitable for fisheries wastewater treatment.

Assessment of dietary Selenium and its role in Mercury fate in cultured fish rainbow trout with two sustainable aquafeeds

This study enhances the current limited understanding of the interaction between mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) species in fish. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a model aquaculture fish, was exposed to Hg and Se species through controlled dietary conditions. Over a 6-month feeding trial, the impact of dietary Se on Hg bioaccumulation in fish, including flesh, brain, and liver, was tracked. Twelve dietary conditions were tested, including plant-based diets (0.25 µgSe g−1) and tuna byproduct diets (0.25 µgHg g−1, 8.0 µgSe g−1) enriched with methylmercury and/or Se as selenite or selenomethionine. The tuna byproduct diet resulted in lower Hg levels than the plant-based diets, with muscle Hg content below the European Commission's safe threshold. This study highlights the significant impact of specific Se compounds in the diet, particularly from tuna-based aquafeed, on Hg bioaccumulation. These promising results provide a strong recommendation for future use of fisheries byproducts in sustainable aquafeeds.

Evaluation of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal on Growth, Body Composition, Immune Responses, and Antioxidant Capacity of Redclaw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) Juveniles

This study investigated the effects of substituting fish meal (FM) with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal (BSM) on the growth performance, body composition, immune response, and antioxidant enzyme activity of juvenile redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). Four isonitrogenous (41%) and isolipidic (11%) diets (i.e., FM substitutes) were formulated from BSM prepared using larvae that were fed soybean meal (BSM-S), fishery byproducts (BSM-F), or pitaya (BSM-P). The experimental diets were fed twice daily to triplicate groups of juvenile redclaw crayfish (0.56 ± 0.04 g). After the feed trial, the FM and BSM-F groups exhibited significantly lower feed conversion ratios and significantly higher weight gain; specific growth rates; and concentrations of saturated fatty acids, highly unsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid in the muscle. Among the tested groups, the BSM-F group exhibited significantly enhanced immune responses and increased antioxidant enzyme activity (i.e., superoxide dismutase, phenoloxidase, and glutathione peroxidase); the BSM-P group exhibited a significantly higher feed intake and hepatopancreatic index; and the FM group exhibited a significantly higher muscle body index and apparent digestibility for the dry matter of crude protein. The findings indicate that the juvenile redclaw crayfish fed BSM-F achieved the highest weight gain among the groups.

Lead and cadmium in blood and tissues of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L., 1758)

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) levels in blood and tissues of Atlantic bluefin tuna were analysed to gather information regarding their distribution, accumulation and inter-relationships, as well as to examine how sex affects them. In the whole population, the concentration range was from below the detection limit (bone) to 8.512 μg g−1 (liver) for Cd, and from below detection limit (bone and gills) to 0.063 μg g−1 (kidney) for Pb. The median concentration in the muscles (0.008 and 0.029 μg g−1 for Cd and Pb, respectively) was 10 times less than the maximum permitted for consumption. Sex was shown to be an important variable affecting concentrations of Cd in both liver and kidneys, so taking into account sex when interpreting results is highly recommended. The importance of Cd and Pb bioaccumulation in fishery by-products, increasingly important in commercial circuits, is also highlighted.

The Revalorization of Fishery By-Products: Types, Bioactive Compounds, and Food Applications.

Recently, fish consumption has been increasing; subsequently, the number of by-products has also increased. However, generated residues are frequently discarded, and an appropriate management is necessary to properly use all fish by-products. Fishery by-products are well known for their content of bioactive compounds, such as unsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, peptides, enzymes, gelatin, collagen, and chitin. Several studies have reported that fishery by-products could provide significant properties, including antioxidant, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiobesity. Consequently, fish discards are of considerable interest to different industrial sectors, including food, nutraceuticals, medical, and pharmacology. In the food industry, the interest in using fishery by-products is focused on hydrolysates as food additives, collagen and gelatin as protein sources, chitin and chitosan to form edible films to protect food during storage, and oils as a source of Omega-3 and useful as antioxidants. Although different studies reported good results with the use of these by-products, identifying new applications in the food sector, as well as industrial applications, remains necessary.

Oil from Mullet Roe Byproducts: Effect of Oil Extraction Method on Human Erythrocytes and Platelets.

Background: The valorization of byproducts to obtain high nutritional value foods is of utmost importance for our planet where the population is booming. Among these products are oils rich in ω-3 fatty acids produced from fishery byproducts. Recently, mullet roe oil from roe byproducts was produced that was rich in the ω-3 fatty acids eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Oils are customarily characterized for their composition and degree of oxidation but little is known of their biological effects, especially the effect of the extraction method. Methods: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of freshly extracted mullet roe oil from mullet roe byproducts and the effect of the extraction method on human red blood cells (hRBCs) and platelets. To this end, the hemocompatibility (cytotoxicity), oxidative effects, and erythrocyte membrane changes were examined after 1 and 24 h of incubation. Antiplatelet effects were also assessed in vitro. Results: The expeller press oil extraction method and alcalase-assisted extraction produced the most biocompatible oils, as shown by hemocompatibility measurements and the absence of erythrocyte membrane alterations. Solvent extracts and protease-assisted extraction oils resulted in the rupture of red blood cells at different examined dilutions, creating hemolysis. Conclusions: It seems that the proper functioning of oil-erythrocyte interactions cannot be explained solely by ROS. Further investigations combining chemical analysis with oil-cell interactions could be used as an input to design high nutritional value oils using green extraction technologies. All samples exhibited promising antiplatelet and antiblood clotting effects in vitro.

Protein Hydrolysates from Fishery Processing By-Products: Production, Characteristics, Food Applications, and Challenges.

Fish processing by-products such as frames, trimmings, and viscera of commercial fish species are rich in proteins. Thus, they could potentially be an economical source of proteins that may be used to obtain bioactive peptides and functional protein hydrolysates for the food and nutraceutical industries. The structure, composition, and biological activities of peptides and hydrolysates depend on the freshness and the actual composition of the material. Peptides isolated from fishery by-products showed antioxidant activity. Changes in hydrolysis parameters changed the sequence and properties of the peptides and determined their physiological functions. The optimization of the value of such peptides and the production costs must be considered for each particular source of marine by-products and for their specific food applications. This review will discuss the functional properties of fishery by-products prepared using hydrolysis and their potential food applications. It also reviews the structure-activity relationships of the antioxidant activity of peptides as well as challenges to the use of fishery by-products for protein hydrolysate production.

Trash to Treasure: An Up-to-Date Understanding of the Valorization of Seafood By-Products, Targeting the Major Bioactive Compounds.

Fishery production is exponentially growing, and its by-products negatively impact industries' economic and environmental status. The large amount of bioactive micro- and macromolecules in fishery by-products, including lipids, proteins, peptides, amino acids, vitamins, carotenoids, enzymes, collagen, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, and fucoidan, need to be utilized through effective strategies and proper management. Due to the bioactive and healthy compounds in fishery discards, these components can be used as functional food ingredients. Fishery discards have inorganic or organic value to add to or implement in various sectors (such as the agriculture, medical, and pharmaceutical industries). However, the best use of these postharvest raw materials for human welfare remains unelucidated in the scientific community. This review article describes the most useful techniques and methods, such as obtaining proteins and peptides, fatty acids, enzymes, minerals, and carotenoids, as well as collagen, gelatin, and polysaccharides such as chitin-chitosan and fucoidan, to ensure the best use of fishery discards. Marine-derived bioactive compounds have biological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. These high-value compounds are used in various industrial sectors, such as the food and cosmetic industries, owing to their unique functional and characteristic structures. This study aimed to determine the gap between misused fishery discards and their effects on the environment and create awareness for the complete valorization of fishery discards, targeting a sustainable world.

Analysis Of Potential Development of Fishery By-Product Processing Industry in Lingga Regency, Riau Islands Province

Background: Lingga Regency has a great potential for marine fishery products that about 96 % of its area is marine waters. However, it has not provided too much income for the region since this great potential has not been fully exploited. At least 1,728 tons of export quality of live and dead fish are sent to Singapore in a year. Unfortunately, the revenue of overall exported fish is received by Batam and Tanjung Pinang city, because it becomes the export access of Lingga fish products. One of the programs is the development of the Fishery Processing Industry to increase the added value of marine by-products by involving community participation
 Aim: The purpose of the study was to determine the potential for the development of a fishery by-product processing industry
 Method: Data collection techniques were observation, in-depth interviews and document review. The data analysis consists of the type and capacity of the industry, production time assumptions and utility. 
 Findings: The results showed that Lingga Regency has the potential to develop a fishery by-product industry, especially a fish flour industry with a capacity of 1 ton per day, with a production time of 5.6 days in a week and 51 weeks in a year. The raw materials used for the industry was a waste from fish fillet and minced fish processing industry with both of yield were 35 %. The initial production capacity of this industry was set at 66% and will increase annually with a maximum used capacity of 89%.

Analysis Of Potential Development of Fishery By-Product Processing Industry in Lingga Regency, Riau Islands Province

Background: Lingga Regency has a great potential for marine fishery products that about 96 % of its area is marine waters. However, it has not provided too much income for the region since this great potential has not been fully exploited. At least 1,728 tons of export quality of live and dead fish are sent to Singapore in a year. Unfortunately, the revenue of overall exported fish is received by Batam and Tanjung Pinang city, because it becomes the export access of Lingga fish products. One of the programs is the development of the Fishery Processing Industry to increase the added value of marine by-products by involving community participation
 Aim: The purpose of the study was to determine the potential for the development of a fishery by-product processing industry
 Method: Data collection techniques were observation, in-depth interviews and document review. The data analysis consists of the type and capacity of the industry, production time assumptions and utility. 
 Findings: The results showed that Lingga Regency has the potential to develop a fishery by-product industry, especially a fish flour industry with a capacity of 1 ton per day, with a production time of 5.6 days in a week and 51 weeks in a year. The raw materials used for the industry was a waste from fish fillet and minced fish processing industry with both of yield were 35 %. The initial production capacity of this industry was set at 66% and will increase annually with a maximum used capacity of 89%.

Chitosan/collagen-based hydrogels for sustainable development: Phycocyanin controlled release

Marine biopolymers obtained from fishery by-products, such as chitosan and collagen, are sustainable alternatives to developing eco-friendly hydrogels. This work focused on the development of composite hydrogels based on blue crab chitosan (Cs) and bluefin tuna collagenous protein (BTCP), at different concentrations (10%, 20%, and 50%; w/w Cs), by using a freezing/thawing approach. Cs-BTCP composite hydrogels were characterized in terms of structural, morphological, thermal, mechanical, rheological, and antioxidant properties. A highly interconnected porous structure is shown for all the freeze-dried composite chitosan hydrogels by SEM imaging. Additionally, by increasing the concentration of BTCP, the porosity, and swelling degree of the composite hydrogels were improved. Data also revealed that BTCP addition enhanced the elasticity and mechanical resistance of composite hydrogels, especially HG prepared with 50% of BTCP, which explain its high swelling ability which reaches 2160% compared to 1396% for HG-C, at pH 5.5. HG-50 was selected for the in vitro release study of phycocyanin as a bioactive molecule and the results revealed that the release depends on the medium pH. Kinetic studies show that phycocyanin release is mainly governed by drug diffusion. Therefore, pH-sensitive Cs-BTPC composite hydrogels could provide an appropriate and supportive microenvironment for the loading and administration of drugs.

Deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of β-chitin from Loligo vulgaris squid pens: a sustainable way to valorize fishery by-products

Deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of β-chitin from Loligo vulgaris squid pens: a sustainable way to valorize fishery by-products

Effects of dietary plant and animal protein sources and replacement levels on growth and feed performance and nutritional status of market-sized turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in RAS

One part of aquaculture sustainability is reducing the environmental footprint of aquaculture feeds. For European aquaculture, this means finding feed ingredients that are produced within the economic community, and that are not in conflict with human consumption. This is especially challenging when formulating diets for carnivorous fish such as turbot with low tolerance to fishmeal replacement that are both nutritious and economically and environmentally sustainable. Therefore, we investigated the effects of two novel and innovative feed formulation concepts on growth and feed performance and the nutritional status of market-sized turbot in a recirculating aquaculture system. In a 16-week feeding trial, 440 turbot (300 ± 9 g) were fed twice a day with a control diet (CTRL), based on a commercial formulation, and four experimental diets. The experimental diets were designed to investigate the effects of two formulations concepts based on sustainable terrestrial plant proteins (NoPAP) or processed animal proteins (PAP) and of 30% and 60% fishmeal replacement with emerging feed ingredients (fisheries by-products, insect meal and fermentation biomass). Turbot from the CTRL group had a similar growth and feed performance than fish fed the NoPAP30 formulation, with a significant decline of performance in the fish fed both PAP formulations and the NoPAP60. Comparing the two formulation concepts with each other the voluntary feed intake and protein efficiency ratio on tank basis as well as the individual weight gain and relative growth rate was significantly higher in the fish from the NoPAP groups than PAP groups. Furthermore, the apparent digestibility of nutrients and minerals was significantly reduced in the fish fed with the diets with 30% and 60% fishmeal replacement level compared to the fish from the CTRL group. In conclusion, the performance of the fish fed the NoPAP30 formulation concept highlights the potential of the used combination of sustainable ingredients, such as fisheries by-products, insect meal, microbial biomass and plant protein for turbot. Furthermore, this study shows that turbot has a higher tolerance to the incorporation of plant and insect protein than of processed animal protein.