Fish Waste Research Articles

Valorised Calcium-Rich Biomass from Fish Waste and Eggshells in the Fabrication of Antibacterial Scaffold for Wound Healing Applications: A Review

Valorised Calcium-Rich Biomass from Fish Waste and Eggshells in the Fabrication of Antibacterial Scaffold for Wound Healing Applications: A Review

Upcycling of food waste generated from the fresh market by utilising black soldier fly larvae: Influence on growth, bioconversion, and nutritional composition

Innovative solutions are needed to limit environmental effect and optimise resource use as food waste generation rises worldwide. This study investigates the potential of upcycling food waste from fresh markets using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) as a sustainable approach. This study explored four fresh market food waste substrates for BSFL bioconversion: discarded fish waste (FI), slaughtered chicken waste (CHI), vegetable waste (VEG), and a 1:1:1 combination of all three (MIX). Soybean curd residue (SCR) was treated as the control substrate. The effects on larval growth, nutritional content, and waste bioconversion rates were examined. The larvae growth rate was strongly impacted by waste type, with BSF-fed CHI and MIX gaining 18.0 and 16.7 mg/d, respectively, followed by BSF-fed with SCR (12.2 mg/d), FI (8.9 mg/d) and VEG (7.6 mg/d). The waste type did not substantially alter BSFL length. The survival rate of the BSFL fed with the food waste studied ranges from 95 to 98.47%, with SCR being the highest. Our findings indicated that BSFL can effectively convert a variety of fresh market food waste into valuable biomass. CHI waste produced the highest larval biomass and bioconversion rate followed by MIX, SCR, FI and VEG. The different waste stream has a major influence on BSFL biomass nutrition. BSFL nutritional composition is independent of the substrate’s nutritional content, indicating no direct correlation between substrate and BSFL biomass nutritional composition. SCR waste produced the highest protein content of BSFL (50.49%), followed by VEG (32.61%), MIX (32.57%), FI (31.03%) and CHI (29.06%). SCR waste also produced BSFL biomass with lowest lipid content (26.55%) compared to other waste which resulted into BSFL with lipid levels ranging from 42.92% to 53.72%. BSFL-fed with SCR is the most suitable to be used as an alternative animal’s feed based on the protein and lipid levels, while defatting procedure is necessary for the other waste-fed BSFL to render it suitability as animal feed alternatives. Based on bioconversion rate, BSFL growth, and lipid content, the MIX and CHI waste might be viable substrates for future research.

Human blood lipid profiles after dietary supplementation of different omega 3 ethyl esters formulations

The validity of omega 3 fatty acids (ω3 FAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as dietary supplements has been widely proved. It’s well known in fact, that they protect against cardiovascular diseases, reduce the levels of triacylglycerides (TAGs) and cholesteryl esters (CEs) in blood, and have anti-inflammatory activity. For these reasons, in the last few years the production of dietary supplement containing ω3 has increased significantly. In this context, the possibility to obtain ω3 and other high value molecules from alternative sources as fish waste, in accordance with the principles of circular economy, becomes an enormous attractive. In addition, the opportunity of creating new products, with greater health benefits, represents an interesting challenge. The current study was focused on the extraction of ω3 fatty acids and peptides from tuna waste industry, to realize a new dietary supplement. To this purpose, a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was developed to separate, isolate, and enrich the different fractions subsequently used to produce an innovative formulate. The obtained supplement was characterized in terms of fatty acids esterified ester (FAEE) composition by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to both flame ionization detection (FID) and mass spectrometry (MS), and content of heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).The effects of ω3 supplementation on metabolism and circulating lipid profiles was tested on 12 volunteers and assessed by GC-FID analysis of whole blood collected on paper support (Dried Blood Spot, DBS) at the beginning of the study and after thirty days. The results of plasma fatty acids levels after 30 days showed a significant decrease in the ω6/ω3 ratio, as well as the saturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFA/PUFA) ratio, compared to subjects who took the ω3 ethyl esters unformulated. The novel formulated supplements proved to be extremely interesting and promising products, due to a significant increase in bioavailability, that makes it highly competitive in the current panorama of the nutraceutical industry.

Effect of co-digestion with water hyacinth, inoculum concentration and dilution on biogas production of fish waste

A report from the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) estimates that 9.1 million tons of Fish wastes (FW) are thrown away each year. Water hyacinth (WH) is the most invasive water weed that thrives in freshwater water and has impacts on the environment, ecology, and society. The waste generated is either discarded onto the open ground or disposed into pits which result in environmental pollution and health hazards. FW and WH can be used for biogas production. However, FW digests quickly and produces a lot of ammonia and Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) which inhibit the digestion when digested alone, it has also a low carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio; consequently, it is not directly suitable for anaerobic digestion (AD). In this regard, co-digestion with WH (high C/N ratio) prior to AD is necessary. To examine the effects of the operating factors: Substrate ratio (WH: FW), Inoculum concentration (IC) and Dilution, Central composite design (CCD) in Design Expert 13 software was used to design experiments of three factors at five levels which resulted in 17 runs. Laboratory scale experiments were carried out under mesophilic temperature (37 ℃). The maximum biogas with the highest methane content of 68.15% was produced at the substrate ratio of 25:75 g/ 250 mL (WH: FW), 15 g/ 250 mL of IC and dilution of 95 mL. The biogas yield increased by 16.1% and 32.4% compared to pure WH and FW respectively. This implied that the operating conditions were efficient in maximising the biogas yield. FW had a lower C/N ratio; further study needs to consider co-digestion with other higher C/N ratio substrates.

Microbial count, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of biological silage obtained from pacu and spotted sorubim fish waste using lactic acid bacteria fermentation

With the increasing production and processing of fish, managing the generated waste is a growing concern. Fish processing by-products, like viscera, are rich in energy and nutrients and can be transformed into valuable raw materials, including fish silage, which represents an alternative to fishmeal. This study evaluated the quality of biological silage obtained from the fermentation of the waste of two fish species, pacu and spotted sorubim, by seven lactic acid bacteria inoculants. Cultivations were conducted using either 100% fish viscera or mixture of 90% fish viscera and 10% sugarcane molasses as the substrate at 30 or 35 °C, for 120 h, with an inoculum concentration of 6% (v/w) in the bioreactors. Results showed variations (P < 0.05) in microbiological count, chemical composition, and fatty acid profile in the silages after 5 days of fermentation. Spotted sorubim-based media supported better lactic acid bacteria growth, and the silages exhibited varying fatty acid profiles, depending on the formulation. Media inoculated with Lactobacillus brevis NRRL-B 4527 containing 90% spotted sorubim viscera and 10% sugarcane molasses at 30 °C had the highest protein content (44.6 ± 0.7% dry basys). Oleic (C18:1n-9), palmitic (C16:0), and stearic (C18:0) acids were the most abundant fatty acids. The LAB/MES ratio of 0.96 and pH final of 4.21 underline the microbial quality of this silage.

Effect of Temperature and Fermentation Time on Protease Production Using Decapterus macarellus Fish Waste

The fish processing industries generate huge amounts of by-products which cause serious environmental and health problems. The environmental problems related to waste disposal can be reduced as the low cost of fish by-products contains nutrients that can enhance microbial growth and are useful for enzyme production. This research aims to investigate the effect of temperature and fermentation time on protease production from fish waste hydrolysate by using the Bacillus strain (Bacillus cereus). The pre-treatment and fish waste hydrolysate were carried out and continued with the production of protease. The effect of fermentation time was studied every 4 h for 72 h while the effect of temperature was investigated at temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 60 °C. The results showed the maximum protease production of 45.63 U/mL at 48 h of fermentation time and 44.908 ± 6.14 U/mL at a temperature of 50 °C. The current study provides insight into the effects of cultivation conditions on protease production from local fish waste industries for further optimization study to enhance protease production.

Extraction of Oil From Solid Fat of Silver Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) Waste by Centrifugation

Oil extracted from fish waste could be a source of valuable fatty acids such as saturated (SFAs), monounsaturated (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In this study, the solid fat from silver catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) waste was used to extract oil by centrifugation using different extraction solvent (distilled water, 70% ethanol, 70% acetone and 70% cyclohexane), rotation time (15, 25, 35 &amp; 45 min), rotational speed (2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 &amp; 10000 r.p.m) and rotational temperature (5, 10, 15, 20 &amp; 25 °C). The compositions of fatty acids in the extracted oil were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The highest oil yield of 156.7 ± 16.7 mg/g was achieved by centrifugation at 10000 r.p.m, 25 °C for 15 min using 70% acetone. The extracted oil contains 0.0223 mg/g palmitic acid, 0.0216 mg/g steric acid, and 0.0262 mg/g oleic acid. However, the essential PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could not be detected by GC-MS analysis. This study found that the fish oil extracted from the solid fat of the silver catfish waste can be used as a potential source of palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid.

Effects of Nutritional and Culture Medium-based Approaches for Aquaponics System with Bio-floc Technology on Pak Choi and Catfish Growth Rates

Aquaponics with bio-floc can potentially offer sustainable food production with zero waste as it allows farming plants and fish simultaneously, whereby the former use fish waste as their nutrient sources, while the latter receives cleaner water from the plants in a closed-loop system. In the aquaponics system, additional nutrients are usually added to support optimal plant growth, but it is suggested that the amount of such chemical nutrients should be controlled to prevent any harm to the fish. Furthermore, the plant and fish growth rates are influenced by the nutrients and the culture media used. This study aims to examine the effect of nutrition (full-nutrient and half-nutrient treatments) and different types of culture mediums (rockwool, rockwool-perlite, and rockwool-husk) on the growth rates of pak choi (Brassica rapa) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) using split-plot design. Findings show that the half-nutrient treatment yielded a 17.12% higher plant growth rate and 23.87% heavier catfish weight than the full-nutrient treatment, but these treatments did not affect the fish survival rate. It was also observed that using different culture mediums did not result in any significant difference.

Tingkat Penerimaan Konsumen Terhadap Kaldu Bubuk Penyedap Rasa Berbahan Baku Udang Rebon (Acetes Erythraeus), Limbah Ikan Gabus (Channa Striata), Dan Limbah Udang Windu (Penaeus Monodon)

Broth is a flavoring product which is generally produced from the process of cooking high-protein ingredients such as meat with water, with or without other additions. The flavoring broth that is favored generally made from chicken and beef, although fish and shrimp and even their waste can also be used to make natural flavoring broth. This research aims to determine the level of consumer preference of flavoring powder broth made from 3 ingredients/samples, namely snakehead fish waste, tiger prawn waste and rebon shrimp. This research was carried out by making powdered broth and hedonic test to determine the level of preference from consumers. This test used 25 semi-trained panelists with color, aroma, texture and taste parameters. The test results showed that flavoring powder broth made from snakehead fish waste was preferred by consumers in terms of texture, broth made from tiger prawn waste was highly preferred in terms of taste parameters, and samples made from rebon shrimp as raw materials were preferred in terms of color and aroma parameters

Comparison of Bacterial Diversity in Water Samples of Aquaculture, Aquaponic and Hydroponic System

Aquaponics is the production of aquatic organisms using less water while hydroponic is the production of vegetables and plants without soil. Microbial diversity in these culture systems includes bacteria, protists, fungi, and archaea. Among microbes, bacteria are a pivotal and crucial aspect of aquaponic, aquaculture, and hydroponic system, acts as the bridge connecting the waste of fish to the fertilizer for plants. Current research aims to compare the bacterial diversity in water samples of aquaculture, aquaponics, and hydroponic systems. For this purpose, water samples were taken from aquaculture, aquaponic, and hydroponic system. Aliquots of the samples were used for the isolation of bacterial species based on standard procedures. Colonies were purified after isolation by membrane filtration by twice subculturing using the method of streaking plate. Potential bacterial isolates were characterized and identified up to the specie level by following standard microbiological techniques. Different bacterial species were isolated from water samples during the study include Aeromonas spp., Bacillus spp., Nitrosomnas spp., Nitrobacter spp., Psuedomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptomyces spp., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. Bacillus spp. present in all these systems. Nitrosomnas spp. and Psuedomonas spp., show similarity in an aquaponic and hydroponic system. Enterobacter spp., Streptomyces spp., shows similarity in aquaculture and hydroponic system. It is observed that the water was full of beneficial and pathogenic bacteria which exhibited potential impact on the cultured fish and plant species.

Opportunities for Entrepreneurship in Waste Management: Need for Collaborative Approach under NEP

Due to the high demand for food and meat for the world's growing population, the agricultural sector is expanding every year. It is estimated India generates around 500 Mt of crop residue annually. Timely and effective treatment is of utmost importance to utilize organic matter in agricultural waste and avoid environmental pollution. This not only reduces the environmental effects but provides entrepreneurships opportunities to the students. The New Education Policy (NEP) emprises on skilling and entrepreneurships developments Agriculture waste management can be one of the area for skilling to covert waste into wealth. This review of the developments in this area revealed that agriculture waste can be utilised for mushroom cultivation, pig farming vermicomposting and many more. Indian council of Agriculture Research(ICAR) initiations have developed waste management technologies that includes bio char from agricultural waste material, soil less planting media using sugar industry residue, foliar spray from fish waste etc .There is need to establish collaboration for joint research, compilation of the technology to reach large number of stake holders. There is need to design one year course under degree programme that enable students to specialise and get diploma or certificate to become entrepreneur. The paper discusses opportunities for collaboration and strategies for effective implementation of Agriculture waste management through entrepreneurship development

Economic Analysis of drip fertigation, Organic product for rice-fallow-greengram (Vigna radiata L.) in Western Agroclimatic Zone of Tamil Nadu, India

Background: Rice fallow pulse cropping system was familiarized in Tamil Nadu. There is reduction in yield due to inappropriate management of pest, disease, weed, fertilizer and nutrient management moreover cultivated as rainfed/ mixed cropping system. However, succeeding crop is sown without any preparatory cultivation in the stubbles of the previous crop. It minimizes the labour and fuel cost. The present study investigated the economic analysis of drip fertigation, Organic product for rice-fallow-greengram. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Wetland farms of Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2019-21. There are thirteen treatments in randomized block design with replicated thrice which is imposed with fermented fish waste and fermented egg product applied through drip at vegetative stage and peak flowering stage. Result: The field experiment result revealed that the application drip fertigation @ 125% RDF, 100% PE with FFW (2 times) (T11) recorded higher net return (₹ 48,958 and ₹ 33,402 during summer 2020 and Kharif 2021, respectively).

Gelatin/Nanofibrin bioactive scaffold prepared with enhanced biocompatibility for skin tissue regeneration

This research study was to develop a nano bioactive scaffold (NBAS) using gelatins (Gel), nanofibrin (Nano-FB), and glycerol (Gly) by film casting method for potential use in skin tissue engineering. The developed NBAS were characterized for their molecular interaction (Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)), microstructure (scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M.)), mechanical strength (tensile strength (MPa), elongation at break (%), and flexibility (%)), and Cell viability (M.T.T. assay ((3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide)) were assessed in the biocompatibility study. The mechanical result of the N.B.F. possessed better (tensile strength of 5.22 ± 0.07 MPa), (elongation at break of 5.88 + 0.04%), and (flexibility of 9.18 ± 0.09%) properties. The Invitro study using a human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell line proved the 100% biocompatibility of NBAS. Based outcome of this study, performed its mechanical properties and exhibited biocompatibility in skin tissue engineering. The study has devised a process for using slaughterhouse and fish waste in the production of valuable medical products like wound dressing materials.

Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil

Abstract Since biodiesels are widely considered more environmentally friendly and ecologically sustainable than fuels derived from petroleum – as well as producing greener energy at a lower price – this belief has encouraged the growth of the bio-economy. The primary objective of this work was to investigate the use of a novel non-edible feedstock obtained from date seed oil for the production of environmentally friendly biodiesel. This was achieved via the application of creative and different hydroxyapatite (HAPT) heterogeneous catalysts. These catalysts were obtained from discarded fish bones that were synthesized from dried fish bone and subjected to calcination at different temperatures. This study used several analytical methods, including transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis, to investigate the properties of a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable catalyst derived from waste fish bones. HAPT is the key component of calcined catalysts, and this was confirmed using XRD analysis. The findings revealed that the transesterification activity was optimal when the catalyst was calcined at 900°C. Moreover, this produced a maximum yield of 89% fatty acid ethyl esters (FAMEs) when optimal reaction conditions were achieved (3-h reaction time, 9:1 ethanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst amount of 4.5 wt%). Additionally, the catalyst was found to be durable and reusable throughout the biodiesel production process. The confirmation of FAME production was achieved using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. This approach could facilitate the production of low-cost, environmentally friendly technology. Additionally, it was established that the characteristics of the biodiesel complied with ASTM D6571, an American fuel regulation. Green energy approaches can also be beneficial for the environment, which could ultimately improve societal and economic development for the biodiesel business on a larger scale.

Technological analysis of the sustainable production of $$\omega $$-3 from fish wastes in a biorefinery framework

Technological analysis of the sustainable production of $$\omega $$-3 from fish wastes in a biorefinery framework

Development and Characterization of Functional Low Calorie Gelatin Gummies Enriched with Glycosaminoglycans Extracted from Mackerel Fish Waste

ABSTRACT Fish processing waste amounts to around 50% and contains novel recoverable molecules like glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), health beneficial bioactive polysaccharide, and a nutraceutical. The present work aimed to formulate gelatin based gummies with added GAGs targeting obesity. Prepared formulations were sugar (S) and no added sugar (NAS), where sugar was replaced with maltitol. GAGs were supplemented at 0.5%, 1.5%, and 3% (w/w) in both. Storage studies (6 months, 25°C in RT) showed no significant changes in texture or sensory analysis and were microbiologically safe; GAGs were extractable up to 95%. Gummies with maltitol and GAGs at 1.5% were a suitable formulation as anti-obesity product.

Extraction of Fish Collagen Peptides from Fish Waste through Fermentation using Lactobacillus Bacteria

Objective: To introduce a novel technique for extracting fish collagen peptides from fish waste. It could be a cheap and safe technique for obtaining peptides of fish as well as reducing the fish waste environmental load.Study Design: A comparative study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from August 2020 to July 2022.Methods: For the extraction of the fish collagen peptides, lactobacillus bacteria fermentation was being performed, in which the bacteria from yogurt and dough were added to fish samples and incubated for one month at 30°C. Lactobacillus bacteria were diluted with serial dilution for colonies isolation and biochemical characterization. Fish waste was cut in small pieces and put in a bottle containing distilled water and lactobacillus bacteria species and kept at 30°C for one month. The Hestrin–Schramm media (HS) was added in small amount as a starter for initial growth of bacteria. The pH was analyzed after every 7 days and 5–10 ml sample was collected from each labelled flask. The collected samples were precipitated using Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and analyzed on SDS-PAGE.Results: Gel analysis revealed different size of fish collagen with higher concentration include the pattern for α1 and α2 chains with a molecular weight of 145 kDa and 132 kDa, respectively. The biological activity of extracted fish collagen was determined by using HaCaT cells proliferation analysis.Conclusion: The current study concluded that fish waste could be converted to biofunctional collagen using nonpathogenic strains of lactobacillus bacteria for various biomedical applications.&#x0D; How to cite this: Khan S, Tauseef I, Ikram M, Rauf S, Saeed RF, Sadiqi S, Lone NA, Ali L, Subhan F. Extraction of Fish Collagen Peptides from Fish Waste Through Fermentation Using Lactobacillus Bacteria. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 365-371. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.423

Properties of Degradable Polyhydroxyalkanoates Synthesized from New Waste Fish Oils (WFOs).

The synthesis of PHA was first investigated using WFOs obtained from smoked-sprat heads, substandard fresh sprats, and fresh mackerel heads and backbones. All the WFOs ensured the growth of the wild-type strain Cupriavidus necator B-10646 and the synthesis of PHA, regardless of the degree of lipid saturation (from 0.52 to 0.65) and the set and ratio of fatty acids (FA), which was represented by acids with chain lengths from C14 to C24. The bacterial biomass concentration and PHA synthesis were comparable (4.1-4.6 g/L and about 70%) when using WFO obtained from smoked-sprat heads and fresh mackerel, and it was twice as high as the bacterial biomass concentration from the fresh sprat waste. This depended on the type of WFO, the bacteria synthesized P(3HB) homopolymer or P(3HB-co-3HV-co-3HHx) copolymer, which had a lower degree of crystallinity (Cx 71%) and a lower molecular weight (Mn 134 kDa) compared to the P(3HB) (Mn 175-209 kDa and Cx 74-78%) at comparable temperatures (Tmelt and Tdegr of 158-168 °C and 261-284 °C, respectively). The new types of WFO, studied for the first time, are suitable as a carbon substrates for PHA synthesis. The WFOs obtained in the production of canned Baltic sprat and Baltic mackerel can be considered a promising and renewable substrate for PHA biosynthesis.

Waste fish scale for the preparation of bio-nanocomposite film with novel properties

The aim of this work was to study utilization of waste fish scales to develop a bio-nanocomposite films with corn starch, embedded with ZnO nanoparticles and turmeric as an alternative to synthetic plastics films to pack the food. Four different types of bio-nanocomposite films were prepared using varying amounts of fish scale powder and corn starch. The films were examined for their physical and chemical characteristics, including texture, color, solubility in hot water, tensile strength, organic content, and shape. The films were characterized by FTIR, UV–Vis spectrophotometry and SEM. The developed bio-nanocomposite films demonstrated enhanced water barrier, mechanical and antimicrobial properties. The unique features of the bio-nanocomposite with pH indication property demonstrated their potential usage in food packaging applications. Overall, bio-nanocomposite film showed reduced spoilage and increased shelf-life. The results could be of great relevance for the sustainable utilization of waste fish scale and replacement of synthetic polymers films for food packaging as an alternative with environmental sustainability.

Antioxidant Action of Phytic Acid in Processed Fish Waste and Cooked Fish Sausages

ABSTRACT The study evaluated the efficiency of phytic acid (PA) for stabilization of processed fish waste (PFW – ventral muscle and vertebral column without fins) and its use as a substitute for pork in cooked sausages. The PA and sodium erythorbate (0.05%) was compared by quantifying hydroperoxides. PFW stabilized with 0.05% PA was used to replace pork (0, 25, 50, and 75% PFW) sausage formulation. All formulations showed a difference in texture in comparison to control, which had higher levels of hydroperoxides. Phytic acid has antioxidant action on PFW, optimized in 0.05%. PFW can substitute up to 25% for pork in cooked sausages.