Fiscal Income Research Articles

Analisis Penerapan Tax Planning Dalam Mengefisiensikan Beban Pajak Penghasilan Pada PT Sentra Daya Madani

The research aims to analyze application of tax planning in efficiency PT Sentra Daya Madani income tax burden. This research used a descriptive method. Data collection techniques were carried out using documentation, interviews and a literature study. Analysis data by analyzing the commercial financial statement, reconciling fiscal, analyzing fiscal income statement, and making tax planning. The results of this research show that PT Sentra Daya Madani has implemented tax planning, but it has not been optimal, so that the payment of the tax owed is not yet efficient. There are still gaps that can be implemented or exploited to streamline the tax burden paid. The application of tax planning in this research can streamline the tax burden of IDR 9,089,693.

Socio-economic and environmental trade-offs in Amazonian protected areas and Indigenous territories revealed by assessing competing land uses.

Protected area (PA) assessments rarely evaluate socio-economic and environmental impacts relative to competing land uses, limiting understanding of socio-environmental trade-offs from efforts to protect 30% of the globe by 2030. Here we assess deforestation and poverty outcomes (fiscal income, income inequality, sanitation and literacy) between 2000 and 2010 of strict PAs (SPAs), sustainable-use PAs (SUPAs) and Indigenous territories (ITs) compared with different land uses (agriculture and mining concessions) across ~5,500 census tracts in the Brazilian Legal Amazon. ITs reduced deforestation relative to all alternative land uses (48-83%) but had smaller socio-economic benefits compared with other protection types and land uses (18-36% depending on outcome), indicating that Indigenous communities experience socio-economic trade-offs. By contrast, SUPAs, and potentially SPAs, did not reduce deforestation relative to small-scale agriculture (landholdings <10 ha) but did so relative to larger agricultural landholdings (70-82%). Critically, these reductions in deforestation frequently occurred without negative socio-economic outcomes. By contrast, ITs and SUPAs protected against deforestation from mining, but at the cost of smaller improvements in income and inequality. Our results suggest that although PAs in the Brazilian Legal Amazon substantially reduced deforestation without compromising local socio-economic development, efforts to secure Indigenous rights need additional interventions to ensure these communities are not further disadvantaged.

Commodity Price and Indonesian Fiscal Policy: An SVAR Analysis with Non-Gaussian Errors

Abstract This study exploits the non-Gaussianity for identification of a Bayesian SVAR model on newly unexplored monthly Indonesian data from 2007M1–2022M12, where we disentangle the commodity-related revenue from the total government revenues. Our main contribution is in labeling the statistically identified structural shocks as economic shocks by conducting a formal assessment of a set of proposed sign constraints. We simultaneously label a commodity price and three fiscal policy shocks, i.e. fiscal income tax, investment-spending, and consumption-spending shocks. Having evaluated their impacts, among the fiscal policy shocks, we find income tax shock the most impactful on output. Moreover, during the Covid crisis 2020–2021, the launched fiscal economic stimulus package (PEN program) positively contributed to the output. The recession of the Covid crisis could have deepened had the fiscal policymaker not responded at all. Albeit so, we should not overlook the contribution of the rising commodity prices to the output recovery. We also evaluate the commodity boom period in 2007–2009, the tax amnesty program in 2016–2017 and 2022, and the infrastructure spending boost in 2015. Our results suggest that output and retail sales would have been lower without the commodity price shock’s contribution during the commodity boom. Then, we find that tax amnesty and infrastructure spending boost policies contribute to higher retail sales.

A Geographical Approach to China’s Local Government Debt

Since the 2010s local government debt has boomed in China because the government relies on debt financing for infrastructure investment. The debt mainly consists of the issuance of Chengtou bonds and later local government bonds. Using data from more than 300 cities from 2009 to 2020, this article maps its spatial dynamics to further the understanding of intergovernmental relations in the studies on local government debt. We find that, from 2009 to 2014, most cities had large bond-issuing amounts. The dynamics were affected by the economic stimulus target set by the central government and the interjurisdictional competition in borrowing among local governments. After 2015 the cities with better economies issued more bonds because the central government tried to match local government debt with local fiscal capacity to maintain financial security. The spatial dynamics show the increasing intervention by the central government in local fiscal income and expenditure, reflecting fiscal centralization. Fiscal centralization did not effectively contain the financial risk in the less-developed cities. Motivated by the competition, the less-developed cities did not use bonds efficiently and had higher ratios of bond issuance to fiscal income, experiencing higher financial risk.

An Analysis of the Relationship between River Engineering and Water Conservancy Construction and State Capacity in the early and middle periods of the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1644 - A.D. 1820)

The study in this paper focuses on the relationship between the financial situation related to river engineering and water conservancy and state capacity in the early and middle periods of the Qing Dynasty. There have been some controversies in the study of state capacity in the Qing Dynasty. Taking the governance of the Yongding River in the Kangxi Dynasty and the governance of the Jiangsu and Zhejiang Seawalls in the Yongzheng and Qianlong Dynasties as examples, this paper argues that in the river engineering and water conservancy construction in the early and middle periods of the Qing Dynasty, the expenditures were not only supported by the part of the total amount of regular fiscal income, but by the positive extra revenue other than regular fiscal income. This fact suggests that the state’s capacity in the early and middle periods of the Qing Dynasty was recognizable in handling practical affairs and might not be as weak as it appeared.

FISCAL POLICY AND INCOME INEQUALITY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POLICY EFFECTS

FISCAL POLICY AND INCOME INEQUALITY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POLICY EFFECTS

시·도교육청 통합재정안정화기금의 현황과 과제

With the revision of the 「Local Finance Act」 in 2017, the Local Office of Education can establish and operate a stabilization fund to adjust the fiscal income imbalance. Currently, all Offices of Education operate stabilization funds. As the Office of Education's funds increase rapidly in 2022, the Office of Education is operating carelessly due to excessive financial resources, and despite the decrease in the number of students, education finances are increasing, so it is widely argued that the local education finance structure should be reorganized. In this situation, the Office of Education, which does not have much experience in fund management, is experiencing confusion and difficulty in operating stabilization funds. In this study, the concept and characteristics of the fund were examined, the stabilization fund management status of the Local Offices of Education was analyzed, and the problems and tasks of fund management were presented.&#x0D; The characteristics of general and special accounts and funds were examined, and the current status was presented focusing on the size and use requirements of the stabilization fund. The stabilization fund's tasks include setting standards for the appropriate accumulation size, clarifying requirements for using the fund, establishing a comprehensive management system for the fund through the fund's General Manager, efforts to increase profits through fund management, and enhancing the expertise of the Fund Management Review Committee. For efficient fund management, first, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive management system for the fund, second, to establish a systematic analysis and evaluation system for fund management, and third, to strengthen the capabilities of fund manager and actively utilize external experts.

Comparative economic analysis vs moralistic tales: an application to the myth of frugality

In 2020 the European Union designed a stimulus programme aimed at supporting Member States’ economic recovery following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. Several countries were reluctant to endorse the programme rejecting the idea of fiscal expansion as a means of cushioning the impact of the health crisis. They dubbed themselves ‘the frugals’, a term extensively used in media coverage from then on. The narrative of thrifty versus profligate economies has been a leitmotiv in policy negotiations at the EU level despite the fact that no economic school of thought defines macroeconomic characteristics in terms of frugality or wastefulness. In this paper we analyze to what extent the economic behavior of European countries can be characterized along those lines by assessing observable economic indicators related to public and private indebtedness, fiscal income and spending, characteristics of the welfare state, the labor market and contributions to economic growth from internal and external demand. We draw from three main theoretical approaches in order to choose meaningful indicators for comparing different economic structures.

Tax Planning Analysis on Corporate Income Tax Article 25 At PT Unoson Manado

Tax planning is to minimize the tax burden and implement tax compliance, such as calculating, paying, and reporting the tax payable correctly and punctually. PT Unoson Manado received the SP2DK for the fiscal year 2020 with several findings, including the underpayment of Corporate Income Tax. It is caused by the error of calculating the tax burden. This research will determine whether the tax planning could prevent the calculation error in the subsequent fiscal years. The research design used in this research is qualitative with a descriptive approach. The result of this research shows that there are several things on the fiscal income statement of PT Unoson Manado for the year 2020, such as the costs are not fully specified, there is a difference in the calculation between the commercial depreciation and fiscal depreciation, and analyzing on the applicable tax regulations has not been thoroughly done. Therefore, doing the tax planning with its steps and reconciliation can prevent the calculation error in the subsequent fiscal years.

Analisis Koreksi Fiskal atas Pendapatan, Beban dan Pajak Tangguhan untuk Menentukan Besarnya Pajak Penghasilan yang Terutang pada PT. DCN Indonesia

This study aims to analysis determines of fiscal corrections on income, expenses, and deferred taxes in PT. DCN Indonesia in determining the amount of income tax payable. In this study, the author uses qualitative research methods. Namely, author will prepare the data that has been obtained, interpreted, and then analyzed. From this study will be obtained information that can answer the problems faced., the use of data in secondary uses data such as commercial income statements and fiscal income statements as a list of assets and depreciation in the 2019 period. This research concludes that: (1) income and expenses in determining the income tax payable are not following the provisions of tax regulations due to different fiscal corrections between commercial reports and fiscal financial statements. (2) The amount of profit before tax is base on Financial Accounting Standards and profit before tax base on tax rules has a difference. (3) Several fiscal corrections were found in the income and expense accounts. (4) Calculation of deferred tax based on PSAK Number. 46 due to depreciation costs, resulting in time differences.

Nexus of financial decentralization and institutional resource consumption efficiency for a carbon neutral society: Policy implication of China

The Chinese government's use of fiscal policy, which includes fiscal income and spending, is crucial in its fight against environmental pollution and climate change. Innovation‐driven has arisen as a new alternative to reconcile economic success with environmental conservation in light of tighter resource restrictions and the suggestion of the Chinese High‐quality Development policy. The paper uses an econometric model to examine the connection between institutional resource consumption efficiency and carbon neutrality, using a data set consisting of Chinese inter‐provincial panel data from 2007 to 2020 as a research sample; fiscal decentralization is also discussed as a potential moderating factor. Collaborative innovation positively boosts ecological efficiency and produces geographical spillovers, and the findings suggest so long as the economic distance is considered. When it comes to increasing ecological efficiency, collaborative innovation plays a more important role than financial decentralization alone. Among these is the improvement of carbon neutrality, which is best achieved via the joint promotion of ecological efficiency and industrial organizations. By reducing the intensity of the positive effect of innovative cooperation on ecological efficiency, the moderating effect suggests that fiscal decentralization is a critical factor in this relationship. Promoting China's ecological efficiency necessitates a fair distribution of local budgetary spending. China should also actively encourage the degree of synergy between institutional resource consumption efficiency and associated institutions to improve eco‐efficiency.

How Did Local Debt Burden Impact Governors’ Financing Decisions in Meeting Development Goals?

Since the commencement of the New Budget Law in 2015, China provincial governments was given the legal rights to issue Local Government Bonds, which has played a significant role in revealing local indebtedness that was built up over the years. The rapid infrastructure developments have brought up respective debt levels in various levels of governments, and there exist strong concerns on whether provinces with poor development levels are on the edge of financial distress. In addition, it is also unclear on the relationship between local economic development and high debt levels. This research is an attempt to answer that question, and provide observations and analysis based on past local debt data. In summary, this research used provincial LGB data and fiscal income statistics to establish relationships with local debt burden, governors’ financing decisions, as well as the LGB issuance limit setting process. Compared to existing research, updated provincial level data will be used (2015-2021).

Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility terhadap Agresivitas Pajak

Purpose: This research aims to examine the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on tax aggressiveness. Methodology: The type and source of data in this study is quantitative research, with data sources through the web of BUMN companies. The data used in this study are aggressiveness tax and CSR. sample determination using porposive sampling method and produce 35 samples of BUMN companies. The reason for using a BUMN company is because it is the biggest contributor in taxation. The analysis used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 26 software. Results: The results of the study show that CSR with a net fiscal income of more than 5% has an influence on tax aggressiveness. Meanwhile, CSR with a net fiscal income of less than 5% has no effect on tax aggressiveness Limitations: This research was only conducted by BUMN companies from 2015 to 2019. Contribution: This exploration has contributed to the enrichment of aspects of the financial accounting literature, particularly on the taxation of BUMN companies. Keywords: 1. Aggressiveness Tax 2. CSR

The challenges of taxation in the digital economy: analysis of the Ecuadorian tax system

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the current state of taxation of the digital economy and project its contribution to the tax system in Ecuador. A methodology of qualitative approach and exploratory scope was used, through a comparative matrix of Latin American countries, their BEPS regulations and an analysis of the effectiveness of the actions taken on taxes on the digital economy. Statistical data was taken from Tax Administrations, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations and the KPMG Tax News Digital Economy Report. For the projection of fiscal income, the Financial Statements of multinational companies that do not have headquarters in Ecuador were considered and through simple regression the future collection was estimated. The results showed that the projection of digital taxes in Ecuador would be 200.27 million dollars for the period 2022-2025, with 80% corresponding to VAT. In addition, it was revealed that there is a derivative collection not considered as a product of the information provided by digital companies, causing additional potential collection. In the diagnosis of advances in international tax matters in the Region, it is concluded that tax regulations in Latin America respond to the tax challenges of the digital economy on a global scale.

Mortality inequalities in France since the 1920s: Evidence of a reversal of the income gradient in mortality.

Many recent studies show that Europe has had a lower mortality inequality for most ages than the United States over the last thirty years. However, the evolution of the income gradient in mortality all along the twentieth century remains poorly understood. This article uses a unique dataset that gives the annual lifetables and fiscal income for the 90 administrative regions of mainland France from 1922 to 2020. The income gradients in mortality are computed across regions using a traditional method with calendar ages and, alternatively, with mortality milestones to control for the increase in life expectancy over time. The study reveals a systematic reversal of the gradient that occurred around the 1970s for both sexes and all ages or mortality groups when calculated at an aggregated level. Inequality in mortality amongst the oldest age groups has however returned to a level observed at least ten years earlier because of Covid-19, even after controlling for mortality improvements over the period.

Households’ Agribusiness Status and Food Security in Burkina Faso

Food insecurity remains a major challenge worldwide. The political discourse calls for increasing agricultural productivity through agribusiness as a key driver of food and nutrition security. This is because the dominant agricultural system, that is, small farms, appears inefficient. However, the policy definition of agribusiness may exclude actors who fit into rural households in low-income countries. This study contributes to the literature by comparing the relationship between agribusiness and non-agribusiness households and by focusing on how this affects their respective food security. It develops an analytical framework that helps decision makers redirect agribusiness policies by clearly considering rural households as potential agribusinesses. Using a dataset covering the entire rural area of Burkina Faso, this study adopts an endogenous sample selection method to define the agribusiness status of these rural agricultural households. An instrumental variable (IV) probit regression was used to analyse the determining factors of agribusiness status, as it addresses the problem of selection bias or endogeneity. A simple linear regression was then used through which a multidimensional food security index was regressed over agribusiness and non-agribusiness household characteristics. The study finds that in rural areas, the level of agricultural technologies adopted, the input cost, and the quantity of family labour used in farming are among the determining factors of a household’s agribusiness. Land size and the quantity of sales within a household are key determinants of the level of food security. As the level of food security in agribusiness households is (two times) high as in non-agribusiness households, this study recognises the relevance of targeting agribusiness as an enabler for achieving food security. This paper proposes that decision-makers extend their definition of agribusiness by including rural non-legally recognised agribusiness actors to increase fiscal income. This study is the first to address agribusiness and food security issues in Burkina Faso.

Do governmental policy interventions help urban economic recovery? Experimental evidence from China's provinces governance amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

By examining China's province-level data, this paper uses governmental intervention theory to investigate the extent to which governmental policy interventions alleviate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on local economic growth. Results suggest that stronger government intervention during COVID-19 pandemic boost the economic recovery, and the effectiveness of governmental policy interventions is contingent on pandemic severity and local economic endowment. Specifically, facilitating effect of government intervention on economic growth is effective in all provinces, and the impact of government intervention is more pronounced in the province with more diagnosed cases, a high level of marketization and fiscal income.

淸末 捐納廢止論의 形成과 그 意味

The office purchase system (Juanna; 捐納) is a system that sells the titles of university student (jiansheng 監生), tribute student (gongsheng 貢生) and clerk or archivist (典簿), Rank, the title of an office (guanxian 官銜) - mostly just a brevet title (xuxian 虛銜) - or a real office (shizhi 實職) etc., and was also called ‘maiguan(賣官)’ (Selling Offices). It is a system in which the government sells according to certain regulations to cover insufficient financial resources as a financial means other than fixed-rate, and civilians and bureaucrats purchase it. From a social point of view, the office purchase system not only functioned as a tool to prevent the rise or fall of status along with the past system, but also provided a means of guaranteeing faster promotion and commissioning for incumbent or candidate bureaucrats. After the Xianfeng reings (1851~1861), the frequent implementation of the office purchase system was to prove the state''s financial difficulties, but above all, it was causing the collapse of the official administration. In this respect, after the Xianfeng reings, public opinion on the suspension of the payment of arrears began to boil, but from a financial point of view, it did not lead to the abolition due to ''unavoidable''(不得已). From the time after Xianfeng reings until Shiguanjuan (Purchasing for real Offices;實官捐) implemented the ‘permanent suspension’(永遠停止) in 1901, public opinions on the suspension of the donation System was mainly focused on the collapse of reason from the traditional perspective. However, during the Guangxu reigns (1875~1908), the utility of annual payments as a non-fixed financial means was lost, and only the negative effects were exacerbated. In the end, the ‘permanent suspension’ measures were taken in 1901, but nevertheless, the actual relationship was not stopped and continued until the moment of the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. The public opinion at the time regarding the abolition of the abolition of the pension after 1901 never trusted the ''permanent suspension'' because of the precedent that had already been repeated over and over again. Shiguanjuan (Purchasing for real Offices) after 1901 was an important ground that it mainly hindered the promotion of the theocracy, but paradoxically, Shiguanjuan (Purchasing for real Offices) had to be implemented in order to raise expenses for the promotion of various new policy(光緖新政). In fact, from 1900 to 1911, the practice was conducted in various parts of the Porvinces. By 1910, annual donation income was incorporated into the official fiscal income of the Porvinces. Although the proportion of total fiscal revenue is significantly lower than in the previous period, the reason why the Selling Offices System could never be given up was because the annual payment was ultimately a financial means.

Tax Risks and Tax Planning

The role of tax administration in maximizing budget revenues at different levels is described. A significant proportion of tax payments consists of the settlement of arrears, as well as fines and penalties. These may be due to accountants’ errors or to deliberate tax evasion. The present work emphasizes the mutual interest of tax payers and tax collectors in tools for tax planning that balance an acceptable tax burden for businesses with an appropriate fiscal income for the state.

Poverty and income distribution incidence of the COVID-19 outbreak: investigating socially responsible policy alternatives for Turkey

ABSTRACT To counterbalance the deep systemic global crisis triggered by the COVID-19, many countries introduced a vast arsenal of fiscal policy instruments coupled with monetary accommodation. Yet, Turkey’s response had almost exclusively relied on credit expansion and loan guarantees while minimizing the role of fiscal policy. Within that context, this article has three interrelated objectives. Firstly, we evaluate the effects of the crisis and the implemented policies on poverty and income distribution. Second, we measure the macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19 on the Turkish economy through a general equilibrium model. We find that these policies had a limited impact on reducing crisis-induced poverty. Finally, we propose alternatives to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 crisis, which are compatible with fiscal constraints. Our results suggest that by pursuing a targeted fiscal income transfer programme covering wage earners and small-sized enterprises, Turkey could have achieved a more egalitarian and effective response to the Covid-19 crisis.