First Signs Of Recovery Research Articles

PEG-chitosan (Neuro-PEG) induced restoration of motor function after complete transection of the dorsal spinal cord in swine. A pilot study

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains an unmet medical need. Recently, fusogens, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), have been proven effective in restoring sensorimotor function after complete transection of the spinal cord at different levels and in different species. Here, we report on the use of a PEG-chitosan combo in a different animal model (swine). Methods: Five Hungarian Mangalica pigs were subjected to complete transection of the thoracic cord (T7-9). Three animals were treated with locally injected PEG-chitosan (Neuro-PEG) gel; two acted as controls. PEG-600 was also injected intra- and post-operatively intravenously. Animals were submitted to rehabilitation, including electrical myostimulation. Results were assessed after 60 days using the Individual Limb Motor Score, the Porcine Thoracic Spinal Cord Injured Behavioral Scale, and the modified motor Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale; sensory and sphincter functions were also assessed. Animals underwent in vivo spinal cord tracing with DiI. Immunofluorescence histology included NF-200, DAPI, and a fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibody. Results: Starting on postoperative day (POD) 2, neuro-PEG-treated animals evinced the first signs of recovery, and on POD 60, they could all support their weight and were mobile. Controls never recovered any useful function. Fluorescence microscopy in the experimental group revealed axons passing through the site of injury, while degenerative post-traumatic changes were noted in controls. Conclusion: Neuro-PEG affords sensorimotor recovery after complete spinal cord transection. This opens the door to human experimentation, including trials of spinal cord transplantation.

Expert Consensus on the Use of Human Serum Albumin in Adult Cardiac Surgery.

Expert Consensus on the Use of Human Serum Albumin in Adult Cardiac Surgery.

A retrospective study on the immobilisation of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at UWEC, Uganda

AbstractThe study used the records of 188 chimpanzees that were immobilised with medetomidine and ketamine for annual health checks from 1998 to 2020. The initial dose for each animal was estimated as 5 mg/kg ketamine plus 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine administered intramuscularly. When necessary, additional intramuscular top‐ups of 5 mg/kg ketamine plus 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine were given. Monitoring started from the moment the animals were on the examination table until they were placed back in their enclosure. All animals were positioned in dorsal recumbency. Physiologic parameters including heart rate (beats per minute), respiration rate (breaths per minute), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2, %) and rectal temperature (°C) were measured. Atipamezole was administered at five times the dose of medetomidine. Time to first sign of sedation, time to recumbency, time from darting to reversal, time to first sign of recovery, time to head up and sternal, and time to standing were also measured.

Field Evaluation of Tiletamine-Zolazepam-Medetomidine for Immobilization of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and Striped Skunks (Mephitis mephitis).

The effectiveness of tiletamine-zolazepam (1.7 mg/kg) plus medetomidine (0.07 mg/kg; TZM) as an immobilizing combination in raccoons (Procyon lotor; n=43) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis; n=7) was evaluated during October 2019. Mean (±SD) induction time for raccoons was 15.0±6.6 min. First signs of recovery (head up) occurred 12.9±6.0 min after receiving atipamezole reversal (0.35 mg/kg) and animals were standing in 30.3±16.1 min. Mean induction time for skunks was 11.7±5.8 min. Following reversal, skunks first raised their heads in 6.7±4.3 min and stood in 17.1±12.9 min. Recovery in skunks and female raccoons was not related to length of time immobilized, but male raccoons that were immobilized for longer periods of time stood faster after reversal. Raccoon heart rate (HR) remained steady during immobilization, but respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) declined. The HR and RR were similar among males and females, but RT of male raccoons were, on average, 0.5 C higher than those of females, and rate of temperature decline was slower for males. The HR, RR, and RT of skunks declined during immobilization. Although induction times for both raccoons and skunks were longer than expected, induction and recovery were smooth, side effects were few, analgesia was adequate for nonsurgical procedures, and reversal reduced time in captivity.

European beech dieback after premature leaf senescence during the 2018 drought in northern Switzerland.

During the particularly severe hot summer drought in 2018, widespread premature leaf senescence was observed in several broadleaved tree species in Central Europe, particularly in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). For beech, it is yet unknown whether the drought evoked a decline towards tree mortality or whether trees can recover in the longer term. In this study, we monitored crown dieback, tree mortality and secondary drought damage symptoms in 963 initially live beech trees that exhibited either premature or normal leaf senescence in 2018 in three regions in northern Switzerland from 2018 to 2021. We related the observed damage to multiple climate- and stand-related parameters. Cumulative tree mortality continuously increased up to 7.2% and 1.3% in 2021 for trees with premature and normal leaf senescence in 2018, respectively. Mean crown dieback in surviving trees peaked at 29.2% in 2020 and 8.1% in 2019 for trees with premature and normal leaf senescence, respectively. Thereafter, trees showed first signs of recovery. Crown damage was more pronounced and recovery was slower for trees that showed premature leaf senescence in 2018, for trees growing on drier sites, and for larger trees. The presence of bleeding cankers peaked at 24.6% in 2019 and 10.7% in 2020 for trees with premature and normal leaf senescence, respectively. The presence of bark beetle holes peaked at 22.8% and 14.8% in 2021 for trees with premature and normal leaf senescence, respectively. Both secondary damage symptoms occurred more frequently in trees that had higher proportions of crown dieback and/or showed premature senescence in 2018. Our findings demonstrate context-specific differences in beech mortality and recovery reflecting the importance of regional and local climate and soil conditions. Adapting management to increase forest resilience is gaining importance, given the expected further beech decline on dry sites in northern Switzerland.

Prevalence, management, and outcomes of nerve injury after shoulder arthroplasty: a case-control study and review of the literature

Neurologic injury is a rare and potentially devastating complication of shoulder arthroplasty. Patients typically present with a mixed plexopathy or mononeuropathy, most commonly affecting the axillary and radial nerves. Given the paucity of studies available on the topic, our goal was to elucidate the prevalence of nerve injury after shoulder arthroplasty and to describe the treatment course and outcomes of neurologic injuries. This is a retrospective case-control study performed at a single, urban, academic institution. Consecutive patients who underwent anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) or reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) by a single surgeon from 2014 to 2020 were reviewed, and patients with a documented nerve injury were identified. A control group of patients without nerve injury were selected in a 2:1 ratio controlling for age and procedure type (TSA vs. RSA; primary vs. revision). Data collected included demographics, comorbidities as per the Charlson Comorbidity Index, radiographic evaluations, surgical and implant details, patient-reported outcome measures, and perioperative complications. Of 923 patients, 33 (3.6%) sustained an iatrogenic nerve injury: 10 (2.1%) after TSA, 23 (5.0%) after RSA, and 3 (7.8%) after revision arthroplasty. Axillary mononeuropathy was most common (42%), followed by brachial plexopathies (18%). There was no significant difference in age, sex, race, body mass index, and preoperative diagnoses between groups. Patients with nerve injury had fewer comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity Index <3, 33 vs. 65%, P<.001). Patients with nerve injury had higher rates of cervical spine pathology (15 vs. 6%; P= .15) and increased postoperative lateralization (8.9 mm [7.2] vs. 5.5 mm [7.3]; P<.06). The majority (91%) were managed with observation alone. Three (9%) underwent an additional procedure: carpal tunnel release (1, 3%), ulnar nerve decompression (1, 3%), and ulnar nerve transposition (1, 3%) for peripheral compressive neuropathies. At the final follow-up, 19 (57%) nerves fully recovered, and 14 (43%) showed mild residual sensorimotor dysfunction. The mean time to first sign of recovery and ultimate recovery were 11 (7.2) and 36 (23.5) weeks, respectively. At the final follow-up, patients with nerve injury performed worse on patient-reported outcomes, including visual analog score pain (2.2 vs. 1.0, P<.001), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (67.8 vs. 84.8, P<.001), and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation scores (62 vs. 77, P= .009). Nerve injury after shoulder arthroplasty is rare, occurring in 3.6% of our patient population. Axillary mononeuropathy and brachial plexopathies are the most common. Most patients can be managed expectantly with observation and will recover at least partial nerve function, although clinical outcomes remain inferior to those without nerve complication.

Reviving and Reorienting Growth after the Pandemic: The Role of Local Infrastructure Investments

As many countries are seeing the first signs of recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, they are also shifting their policies from limiting the immediate economic impact of the pandemic on households and businesses to designing strategies that will revive long-term growth. Systemic challenges, such as climate change and growing inequality, are compounded by new ones because production and consumption patterns have been greatly modified by the pandemic, which has also led to major disruptions in global value chains. At the same time, the acceleration of the digital transformation is providing new opportunities for growth. A key success factor will be the capacity to restart and reorient infrastructure investments at a time when public finances have shifted from capital to current expenditure and private investments have been held back by the uncertain course of the pandemic. The focus of this paper is on the role that local government can play in promoting infrastructure investments and transforming the problems that the crisis has highlighted into opportunities for sustainable recovery and social inclusion. After an overview of the current infrastructure gaps and of the investment needs that the crisis has highlighted, the paper focuses on how to improve the enabling environment and the range of financial instruments that are available at subnational level. Local challenges are greater than those at national level because subnational authorities generally have more limited fiscal capacity and greater difficulty in attracting private investors. The paper also looks at specific experiences that can provide interesting insights on how to implement and finance infrastructure projects. Finally, it proposes a set of policy principles that could be taken into account to promote effective investments in local infrastructure.

EVALUATING THE USE OF A BUTORPHANOL-AZAPERONE-MEDETOMIDINE FIXED-DOSE COMBINATION FOR STANDING SEDATION IN AFRICAN ELEPHANTS (LOXODONTA AFRICANA)

This study investigated the use of a fixed-dose combination of 30 mg/ml butorphanol, 12 mg/ml azaperone, and 12 mg/ml medetomidine for the standing sedation of captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana). In total, seven females (mean age 19.6 yr; range 6-31 yr) and six males (mean age 33.5 yr; range 9-35 yr) were sedated. The estimated dose was 0.0005 ± 0.0001 ml/kg and 0.006 ± 0.001 ml/cm shoulder height, which resulted in a dose of 0.016 ± 0.002 mg/kg or 0.19 ± 0.04 mg/cm shoulder height butorphanol, 0.006 ± 0.0008 mg/ kg or 0.076 ± 0.015 mg/cm shoulder height azaperone, and 0.006 ± 0.0008 mg/kg or 0.076 ± 0.015 mg/cm medetomidine. First signs of sedation were observed within 3-10 min (mean 6 ± 2 min) after darting, and monitoring of the animals started on average at 24 ± 9 min after darting. No bradycardia was observed in any of the elephants (mean heart rate 40.0 ± 6.55 beats/min), although all the animals were mildly hypotensive (mean blood pressure 118.5/86 [94.5]). Rectal temperatures fell within acceptable ranges, and respiratory parameters were stable in all the animals throughout sedation and fell within the standard ranges reported for conscious, standing elephants. Only one elephant had clinically significant hypoxemia characterized by a partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) < 60 mm Hg. This elephant was also hypercapnic (PaCO2 > 50 mm Hg), although pH and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation fell within acceptable ranges. None of the elephants reacted to moderately painful stimuli while sedated. The combination was reversed with intramuscular injections of naltrexone (1 mg for every 1 mg butorphanol) and atipamezole (5 mg for every 1 mg medetomidine). Recovery was smooth and calm in all the animals. Time from injection of the reversals until the first signs of recovery was 4.6 ± 2.01 min (range 1-8 min).

ANESTHESIA WITH MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE AND DEXMEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE IN MOUNTAIN GORILLAS (GORILLA BERINGEI BERINGEI).

Between December 2002 and September 2017, 125 anesthetic procedures involving free-living and orphaned captive mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) were performed in the Virunga Massif and Bwindi Impenetrable Forest in East-Central Africa. Of these 125 immobilizations, 114 records were complete enough for inclusion into this study. Anesthetic and physiologic data from these 114 cases were analyzed, of which 57 used medetomidine-ketamine and 57 used dexmedetomidine-ketamine administered intramuscularly. With the use of estimated weights, the mean induction dosage (mg/kg ± SD) for medetomidine was 0.033 ± 0.003 (n = 42), for dexmedetomidine 0.018 ± 0.005 (n = 53), and for ketamine 3.66 ± 0.95 (n = 95). Mean time from injection of induction dose to recumbency was 6.8 ± 3.1 min (n = 74). Atipamezole was administered intramuscularly to reverse anesthesia. First signs of recovery occurred at 5.0 ± 4.0 min, and full recovery was 19.0 ± 17.0 min after administration of the reversal agent. No significant differences in physiologic parameters or anesthetic time variables were noted between healthy and unhealthy individuals. Mean heart rate was 72.0 ± 17.6 beats/min (n = 83) and mean oxygen saturation was 96.5% ± 4.2 (n = 62). Mean respiratory rate was 27 ± 9 breaths/min (n = 84) and mean body temperature 36.6°C ± 1.2 (n = 61). The current protocol has several advantages for field use in this species given its quick induction, few observed side effects, and ability to reverse so that the animal can return more quickly to its social group.

Role of forests in headwater control with changing environment and society

Forest practices in headwater catchments are related to environmental and social contexts. The aim of this study is to analyse the changing protective functions of forests in the upper plain of the Jizera Mts. (North Bohemia, Czech Republic) since the second half of the 19th century. With time, forests have gradually changed from native stands to spruce plantations (Picea abies), introducing exotic conifers (more resistant to air pollution), and, recently, back to more diverse mixed stands. The priority in protective forest functions there shifted from flood protection to integrated control of water resources (quantity and quality). In the 1980s, forest – water interactions were degraded by consequences of extreme acid atmospheric deposition, forest die-back, and extensive clear-cut. In the Jizerka catchment, first signs of recovery were observed in the early 1990s, but, stream waters there are still affected by prolonged acidification. While reconstruction of stream water chemistry at Jizerka follows the drop of the acid deposition in some 5 years, the revival of stream biota takes 10–15 years. In 2071–2100, the projected climate change shows rising annual air temperatures by 3.0–4.6 °C, decreasing water yield by 65–123 mm, 60% drop in ‘minimum residual discharge’, and 20–30% rise in peak-flows. However, these projected environmental changes cannot substantially decline the high potential in water resource recharge, or, start reverse processes in recent recovery from acidification and radically affect the existence of planned mixed forests in the upper plain of the Jizera Mts.

Coral recovery after a burial event: insights on coral resilience in a marginal reef

Scleractinian reef-building corals can lose their endosymbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagelates (Symbiodiniaceae) and bleach in response to drastic changes in environmental conditions, such as extreme temperature fluctuations and burial events. As bleaching episodes are becoming more frequent and intense worldwide, post-bleaching recovery is critical for coral resilience. We report an in situ experiment in which a previously monitored colony of the coral Siderastrea stellata was found detached, overturned, buried, and bleached (95% of its surface). We reattached the coral to the reef and documented its recovery during 6 months by quantifying its surface area and health condition using 3D models derived from structure-from-motion photogametry of videos obtained in the field. The coral showed the first signs of recovery from a bright-white bleached state within 2 days and fully recovered to a healthy-like state in roughly 1 month, demonstrating that the endosymbiotic algal community recovered fast. Understanding the mechanisms of this fast recovery in marginal reefs in which post-bleaching mortality of dominant reef-building corals like S. stellata is relatively low (< 10%) may provide insights on how reef-building corals will cope with future climate change.

The functional recovery of stroke: a comparison between neuro-developmental treatment and the Brunnstrom method

The relative efficacy of Neuro-Developmental Treatment (N.D.T.) versus the Brunnstrom method was studied from the perspective of the functional recovery of stroke patients. An alternating treatment design (B-C-B-C) was used. Each intervention phase lasted 5 weeks. The functional recovery of the patients was assessed every week by using the Barthel Index and the Action Research Arm test, by registering walking velocity, and by performing gait analysis. At the start and at the end of each intervention phase, neurological and neuropsychological assessments took place. Time series analysis indicated that for one patient only, walking speed progressed more during the Brunnstrom phases than the N.D.T. phases. This result did not generalize towards other parameters or patients studied. For upper extremity function and maximum walking speed, a high correlation was found between the week post stroke in which the patient showed the first signs of recovery and the end condition after 20 weeks.

Las bibliotecas públicas españolas. Actualización del Informe Fesabid

The latest data published by the Ministry of Culture and Sports on Spanish public libraries, corresponding to the year 2017, are analyzed. They are compared with those of the 2010-2016 period, previously analyzed in the Fesabid Report. Public libraries in Spain: diagnosis after the economic crisis. In 2017, the first signs of recovery in the libraries began to be seen after a period of decline in indicators such as spending and use, which were resented during the economic crisis in Spain. Some trends continue as the greater weight of the local administration in the financing of libraries, responsible for more than three quarters of the expenses, and inter-territorial inequality, which occurs not only among autonomous communities, but also within same community.

Flow diverter embolization device for endovascular treatment of ruptured blister and wide necked very small aneurysms

PurposeRuptured blood blisters (BBA) and very small, wide necked aneurysms (VSA) remain challenging lesions to treat due to their small size, wide necks, and thin, fragile walls. In the present study, we reviewed our experience with these aneurysms treated by flow diversion. MethodsA total of 18 patients with hemorrhage due to a ruptured BBAs and VSAs, treated with flow diversion between July 2014 and March 2016 were included in this study. We analyzed clinical and radiographic outcomes. ResultsA total of 12 (66.7%) VSAs and 6 (33.3%) BBAs were treated with flow diversion. Fifteen (83.3%) and three (16.7%) aneurysms were located on the internal carotid artery and the basilar artery, respectively. On admission, a GCS score of 15 and WFNS grade 1 were found in 14 (77.7%) patients, 3 patients had an admission GCS of 13 and WFNS grade 2, one had an admission GCS of 8 and WFNS of 4. Fisher CT grades 2, 3, and 4 were observed in 11 (61.1%), 1 (5.6%), and 6 (33.3%) patients, respectively. Flow diversion was performed on average 5.6 days after onset of hemorrhage. 6 months post-intervention angiography showed complete obliteration of the aneurysms in all patients. ConclusionOur findings indicate that flow diversion in the acute and subacute phase of hemorrhage is a reliable treatment for reducing complications in patients with BBAs and VSAs. In patients with poor clinical presentation it might be reasonable to delay treatment until the first signs of recovery become apparent.

Des personnalités évitantes plus évitantes que d’autres : intérêt du test de Rorschach dans la compréhension des facteurs qui s’opposent au processus psychothérapique

Avoidant personality disorders are (APD) among the most prevalent personality disorders and a frequent request for consultations. Patients suffering from this disorder describe high levels of distress and low quality of life. Some of the consulting patients benefit from a genuine improvement in psychotherapy while others drop out after the first signs of recovery. The aim of this study is to investigate, from the Rorschach Test, the variables accounting for the treatment response differences in a population of APD. MethodsTwenty Rorschach protocols collected from 20 APD patients, diagnosed as such according to the DSM-IV-TR by their psychiatrist, have been included in a retrospective study and subdivided in 2 groups. The first, AT (n=11), had been composed by patients that completed their psychotherapy (integrative) in agreement with their psychotherapist recommendations, and the second, NAT (n=9) by drop-outs who interrupted their treatment in spite of their psychotherapist recommendations, after a subjective feeling of improvement. The research material has been collected through the Rorschach test (Comprehensive System); the protocols had been scored twice : prior to the therapeutic process and prior to inclusion in the study. Data had been analyzed with descriptive statistics as well as with the Mann Withney and Fisher's exact test. ResultsResults had shown that the patients that drop out prematurely from therapy present, in the Rorschach test (1) narcissistic traits (Fr+rF>N), which are defined as a tendency to overestimate his own value through defense mechanisms such as idealization, externalization and denial; (2) anxiety and chronic stress and (3) cognitive rigidity. DiscussionIf in the early stages of psychotherapy the high level of distress acts as a stout lever for help seeking, when improvement arise, narcissistic traits, chronic distress and rigidity become impediments to treatment adherence. The psychological status of these variables is discussed in the light of the approach/avoidance theory where they act as a coping emotion-focused strategy aiming to prevent the patient from facing guilt, shame or more anxiety stemming from the psychotherapy deepening.

A Case Report of Injury of Other Nerves at the Wrist and Hand Level After Repetitive Work

Background and Objective: The Korean agricultural population is now rapidly aging. Older people in rural areas are weak due to work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this case is to report treatment of injuries to the nerves at the wrist and hand level by Korean medicine. Methods: The patient in this case was a 74-year-old male. He had injured nerves at the right wrist and hand level due to agriculture work. We treated him with acupuncture, herbal medicine, etc. Results: The patient showed the first sign of recovery of his wrist after 13 days treatment. After 37 days of treatment, his wrist movement was restored to a nearly normal range. He showed the first sign of recovery in a finger after 19 days of treatment and his grasping power increased from 0% to 60%. The cold sensation in his hand and arm also disappeared. Conclusions: We cannot generalize based only on this one case study. Nevertheless, this report suggests that Korean medicine may be an effective treatment for injury of nerves at the wrist and hand level. Keywords: work-related musculoskeletal disorders, nerve injury, paralysis of wrist and fingers, Korean medicine, case report

Chemical Restraint of Free-ranging South American Coatis ( Nasua nasua ) with a Combination of Tiletamine and Zolazepam.

We describe the use of a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam (Zoletil®) for chemical restraint of South American coatis ( Nasua nasua ) under field conditions. We immobilized 53 coatis from a free-ranging population at Iguaçu National Park, Brazil, with Zoletil. Males and females (1.0-8.7 kg) of different age groups participated in the study. Four dosage (milligram per kilogram body weight) groups were created based on quartiles as follows: 1) 4.76-6.68 mg/kg (n=13), 2) 6.83-7.71 mg/kg (n=13), 3) 7.72-8.68 mg/kg (n=18), and 4) 8.98-11.57 mg/kg (n=9). Variables analyzed were sex, age, body weight, dosage, induction time, handling time (HT: time elapsed between the onset of immobilization and first signs of recovery), time from injection to first stand-up posture after anesthesia, heart and respiratory rates, and body temperature. Mean (±SD) induction time was 2.9 (±1.4) min and was positively correlated with age. In dosage groups 1-4, mean HTs were 40.3 (±24.0), 64.5 (±19.1), 54.8 (±15.0), and 60.3 (±12.0), respectively. Handling time had a positive linear relationship with age and body weight, but the relationship between HT and dosage was nonlinear. Group 1 had a shorter HT compared to the other groups combined. Time from injection to first stand-up was 105.0 (±33.5) min. Zoletil was quick acting and safe for immobilization of coatis in the wild.

Analysis of the Construction Industry in the Slovak Republic by Bankruptcy Model

Abstract Construction industry was included until 2008 to one of the key sectors in Slovakia, which together with the automotive industry formed the core of the Slovak economy. On the present we can notice the first signs of recovery in this sector, but the global financial and economic crisis tinged this sector so strong that the general recovery of the sector would take several years. Experts predicted that the first signs of recovery in construction could see in the previous year (2015). As we mentioned construction in Slovakia has slowly gained an increasing trend, what could be seen in quantity of orders, paid invoices, its staff, increasing capacity, the growth of sales etc. For the analysis is used the Altman Z-score bankruptcy model, which sets the likelihood of the bankruptcy in a business. In the analysis was used Altman Z-score for non-productive businesses and start-up businesses, Z-score for other businesses and Z-score by Neumaier, which should objectively reflect the conditions of Slovak businesses. The results from this analysis were compared with the development of solvency index by Creditreform, s.r.o.

Dystrophic crisis event in Papas Lagoon, Araxos Cape, Western Greece in the summer 2012

A dystrophic crisis occurred in late June 2012 in the Lagoon of Papas, Araxos region, Western Greece (Ionian Sea) resulting in massive mortalities of aquatic organisms. The whole event was monitored through the basic aquatic physicochemical parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH) recorded before, during and after its occurrence. Although the phenomenon was manifested locally, it resulted in complete anoxia at the largest part of the lagoon which lasted ten days. Water quality of the entire lagoon was greatly affected by the dystrophic event and first signs of recovery were observed four months later.

Liquidity of large companies in the Republic of Serbia

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of liquidity on large companies (LC). Liquidity ratios are indicative of the company’s ability to pay its due debts and therefore are a good indicator of its current financial performance. The sample used in research consists of financial statements of 794 companies prepared for the period 20072013. During the observed period, the share of current assets in the company’s total assets recorded a decline which means that fixed assets have a faster growth rate than current assets. The results obtained indicate that managers minimize the value of supplies within the structure of current assets. Calculated values of liquidity ratio are not compliant with applicable theory which leads us to conclusion that the companies classified as large companies have poor and insufficient coverage of short-term liabilities with current assets. However, ratio shows the positive trend and the first signs of recovery of large companies in regard to liquidity. Analysis of the companies per industry shows that not all companies were equally affected by the economic crisis. Entertainment industry and craft industry are the most liquid one while the construction industry is the least liquid.