First Piece Of Information Research Articles

The Influence of Quantitative Restriction on the Quantity of Purchases under Anchoring Effect

The aim of this study is to analysis whether purchase quantity limit is an effective anchoring. Anchoring effect is a cognitive bias where individuals rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive when making decisions. This bias has been extensively studied in the context of pricing decisions, but less attention has been paid to its effect on quantity limitations in purchasing decisions. This study uses a questionnaire to investigate how the anchoring effect affects consumers decisions about the quantity of a product they would purchase when faced with quantity limitations. By examining the effect of the anchoring bias on purchasing quantity limitations, the studies shed light on a relatively unexplored area of consumer behavior research. The key findings of the paper suggest that the anchoring effect influences consumers decisions about the quantity of a product they would purchase, and that this effect is moderated by the type of product being considered. Overall, the paper provides valuable insights into the role of the anchoring effect in purchasing decisions, and highlights the importance of considering product type when designing quantity limitations. By taking into account the anchoring effect and its moderating factors, businesses can better understand and influence consumers purchasing decisions, potentially leading to increased sales and revenue.

Research on the Anchoring Effect in the Judicial Field

The anchoring effect is essentially a cognitive bias in which people tend to overly rely on the first piece of information they receive (the anchor) when making decisions, or are influenced by the first piece of information they received, which further leads to obvious deviations in subsequent judgments. This phenomenon is evident in multiple fields, including the legal field. This article will comprehensively introduce the mechanism of anchoring effect in the judicial field by collecting, analyzing, and integrating existing research results. It will also draw conclusions on the size of initial anchor values and how they can have a negative impact on judicial decision-making. Finally, potential solutions will be provided.

Analyzing anchoring bias in attribute weight elicitation of SMART, Swing, and best‐worst method

AbstractIn this study, the existence of anchoring bias—people's tendency to rely on, evaluate, and decide based on the first piece of information they receive—is examined in two multi‐attribute decision‐making (MADM) methods, simple multi‐attribute rating technique (SMART), and Swing. Data were collected from university students for a transportation mode selection. Data analysis revealed that the two methods, which have different starting points, display different degrees of anchoring bias. Statistical analyses of the weights obtained from the two methods show that, compared to Swing (with a high anchor), SMART (with a low anchor) produces lower weights for the least important attributes, while for the most important attributes, the opposite is true. Despite their differences in anchoring bias, analytical approaches supported by empirical studies suggest that both methods (SMART and Swing) overweigh the less important attributes and underweigh the more important attributes. As such, we examined whether the best‐worst method (BWM), which has two opposite anchors in its procedure (a possible promising anchoring debiasing strategy), could produce results that are less prone to anchoring bias. Our findings show that the BWM is indeed able to produce lower weights (compared to SMART and Swing) for the less important attributes and higher weights for the more important attributes. This study shows the vulnerability of MADM methods with a single anchor and supports the idea that MADM methods with multiple (opposite) anchors, like BWM, are less prone to anchoring bias.

How Evaluations of Double Discount Are Influenced by Discount Level: The Role of Anchoring and Systematic Computational Error

Double discount is an effective format for promoting purchase decisions comparing to single discount (economically equivalent). However, previous studies have overlooked how the discount level applied affects consumers' processing. This study details how consumers evaluate double discount and use different processes according to discount level (low, medium and high), this study extends understanding of computational error and anchoring & Adjustment processes: Low discount leads consumers to anchor on the first piece of information. Medium and high discount instead induces computational error. This paper reveals better ways for managers to present double discounts in markets. Finally, the paper concludes with a present implications, limitations, and directions for future research.

What to Learn from Pandemic Teaching? Our Students' Names

A name is often the first piece of information we share with each other in American society. Yet rather than serving as a means of inclusion into a discourse or space, names can be used to exclude intentionally or unintentionally. Recent examples of this include intentional mispronunciation of Vice President Kamala Harris’s name by detractors, figures in popular culture who have corrected mispronunciations of their names, and students in higher education settings who have been asked to Anglicize their names. Such interactions can be particularly harmful in higher education settings that reflect already-unequal power dynamics. By improperly pronouncing names, not matching the right name to the right person, or simply failing to prioritize learning names, faculty can create an unwelcome space that excludes those with names that do not reflect an assumed dominant culture. This essay discusses common barriers to learning names, how culture and power exacerbate name-learning issues, and potential harms to students that result from not having their names recognized and used properly in the classroom. The essay suggests methods for learning students’ names as a first step to creating an inclusive setting for discourse and learning.

Psychological and emotional aspects of Covid 19 infection in pregnancy: A cross sectional study at a tertiary covid care centre

Background: The very first piece of information about the Covid positivity causes much impact on the psychological and emotional status of the pregnant woman Aim: The aim of the study is to assesses the psychological and emotional aspects of covid infection on pregnant ladies by observing the prevalence rate of anxiety, depression and mental stress Materials and Method: This is a cross-sectional study with a sample size of 172, conducted at a tertiary covid care centre in Kannur District, for a period of 11 months. A DASS-21 Scoring system is adapted to assess the psychological and emotional status [1] Results: Though 24.42% are asymptomatic among the covid positive cases, most of them are worried about the prospects of the disease 28.1% had depression, 26.4% had anxiety and 11.9% had stress symptoms. The prevalence of these psychological aspects is more among educated and unemployed cases Conclusion: Covid-19 infection has a high implication on the psychological and emotional status of a pregnant lady. Psychological counseling is essential to all pregnant ladies, which should start from the very first instance of covid positivity.

Heleomyzidae (Diptera) in the caves of Poland. Historical overview and new data

The research on invertebrates in caves of Poland dates back to the early 20th century (Kocot-Zalewska and Domagała 2020), but there was never a focus on heleomyzid flies (Diptera: Heleomyzidae). The main purpose of this presentation is to compare historical and new data on heleomyzid flies from the Polish caves with remarks on ecological aspects. The first piece of information about heleomyzid flies was given from the caves and mines in the Sudety Mts (Arndt 1921, Arndt 1923). Among four species of the Heleomyzidae family described from this area, one is noteworthy, it’s Oecothea praecox (Loew, 1862) – species considered to be a troglobite (Košel and Woźnica 2019). Unfortunately, there is no specimen in the museum collection as well as no specimen was caught in Polish caves after the Second World War, hence its presence in Polish fauna is questionable (Košel and Woźnica 2019). More information about heleomyzid flies from this area provided Pax and Maschke (1935) and Haduk and Ogorzałek (1970). The next piece on information was given from Tatra Mts (Kowalski 1955, Sobiepanek 1985) and Kraków - Częstochowa Upland (Skalski 1973, Skalski 1981, Papp and Woźnica 1993, Woźnica 2004, Woźnica 2006, Woźnica and Klasa 2009). So far, in the caves of Poland, altogether 17 species were collected, nowadays the list includes 23 species. The new research was conducted on Częstochowa Upland in the years 2014-2017. The six caves were investigated every month. The material of heleomyzid flies is part of the collection from the implementation of the larger project. A total of 179 specimens were collected. Among 16 identified species, 9 were considered as eutroglophiles, 5 species as subtroglophiles and two as trogloxenes. A comparative analysis based on the applied similarities, using on Ward's minimum variance method, in the Heleomyzid fauna of caves from the mountain and other areas showed significant similarities in the species composition in the Tatra and the Sudety mountains and an important difference between the caves in the mountains and Kraków-Częstochowa Upland.

How Evaluations of Multiple Percentage Price Changes Are Influenced by Presentation Mode and Percentage Ordering: The Role of Anchoring and Surprise

To advance theory, this study details how consumers evaluate multiple percentage price changes (discounts or surcharges). If they consider two discounts—for example, take 18% off the list price, then take an additional 12% off—consumers weight the two percentages to make their evaluations. Cues endogenous to the communication of those percentages also influence the weights applied, according to whether the two percentages appear presented at the same time (simultaneously) or temporally separated (sequentially) and whether the first percentage is larger or smaller. Depending on both the presentation mode and the ordering, consumers use different processes. In addition to providing practical guidance, this article extends understanding of anchoring and adjustment processes; information presented simultaneously leads consumers to anchor on the first piece of information. Sequential presentation instead induces surprise and shifts attention to the latter percentage change, which serves as the anchor in subsequent judgments. In addition to the underlying theory for these effects, this article delineates some boundary conditions and reveals the effects on consumers’ evaluations and choices, with findings from 11 studies.

Nitrogen doping and the performance of superconducting radio-frequency niobium cavities: insights from neutron diffraction and neutron Compton scattering

Neutron Compton scattering and neutron diffraction have been applied to investigate the influence of nitrogen doping of niobium on the performance of superconducting radio-frequency niobium cavities. To this end, a comparative study of the neutronic response of two samples has been performed. An electro-polished and nitrogen-doped niobium sample was compared with a standard, a niobium sample that has only undergone the electro-polishing procedure. The first piece of information, provided by neutron diffraction, is that additional conditioning of the electro-polished cavity material, through doping with nitrogen, leads to a systematically larger niobium lattice expansion, which provides an upper conservative limit of nitrogen concentration consistent with values reported in the literature. Furthermore, neutron Compton scattering shows a broadening of the niobium momentum distribution in the nitrogen-doped sample, as compared to the standard, thus indicating an increased degree of ordering and binding of niobium in the metal lattice. On the whole, these observations suggest that nitrogendoping leads to some degree of lattice ordering, most likely due to increased hydrogen trapping, in agreement with previous results using surface spectroscopy.

Calculating the Economic Level of Friction in Pressurized Water Systems

In this paper, an algebraic expression is presented to determine the optimum hydraulic gradient (J0) in a pressurized water system. J0 represents the economic level of friction losses (ELF), which is dependent on the network’s behavior as well as other parameters, including energy and the pipe costs. As these have prices changed over time, so has the value of J0. The network-related parameter was obtained from the total costs function and the sum of the operational and capital expenditures. Because these costs exhibited an opposite trend from J, a minimum total cost exists, specifically, J0. The algebraic expression, which was derived from the mathematical model of the network, was first calculated for the network’s steady state flow and was later generalized for application to a dynamic one. For a network operating in a given context, J0 was fairly stable in terms of dynamic flow variations, providing valuable information. The first piece of information was the ELF itself, which indicated the energy efficiency of the system from the perspective of friction loss. The second indicated which pipes required renewal from a similar perspective. Thirdly, it provided a simple criterion to calculate the diameter of new pipes. Finally, as J0 can be easily updated, when predictions are performed at the network’s designed time fail (e.g., growing urban trends, demand evolution, etc.), decisions can also be updated.

Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection (Q fever) in sheep farms located in Sicily (Southern Italy) and related risk factors

Q fever is an important and widespread zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii, which has been recently reclassified as belonging to the order Legionellales. Q fever in humans is considered an endemic, mostly occupational, disease in several Mediterranean Countries.The infection is often asymptomatic in ruminants but infected animals excrete the bacteria into the environment, mainly during and after parturition or abortion.The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection and related risk factors in Sicilian ovine farms. A total of 6641 serum samples, from sheep belonging to 205 flocks, were examined by Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA).The seroprevalence at the animal level was 18% (95% CI), while at farm level it was 73.6% (95% CI).Moreover, an evaluation of potential risk factors was carried out on farms, including: farm size, contact with other animals, production type, farm localization and presence of water sources. The multivariate analysis indicated only two factors significantly associated with C. burnetii seropositivity: flock size (χ2 = 10.82; p < 0.0010) and altitude of the farm (χ2 = 4.28; p < 0.0386).These findings represent a first piece of information on Coxiella burnetii circulation in the examined areas. There is actually no specific vaccination plan to reduce the infection prevalence in animals; therefore, a better knowledge on the pathogen spreading could be helpful to take adequate preventive measures, especially considering the potential consequences and risks for human public health too.

How Evaluations of Multiple Percentage Price Changes are Influenced by Presentation Mode and Percentage Ordering: The Role of Anchoring and Surprise

ABSTRACT We present a theory of how consumers evaluate multiple percentage price changes (discounts or surcharges). For example, consider two discounts on a jacket: Take 18% off list price then an additional 12% off. We show consumers weight the two percentages to make evaluations. Furthermore, cues endogenous in the communication of these percentages influence weightings. When two percentages are presented, they can either be presented at the same time (simultaneously) or temporally separated (sequentially), and with a large first or large later percentage ordering. We argue that depending on the presentation mode or ordering, consumers use different processes. While providing practical guidance, this research extends our understanding of anchoring and adjustment. When information is presented simultaneously, individuals anchor on the first piece of information. However, sequential presentation induces surprise. This shifts attention to the latter percentage change, which then serves as the anchor in sub...

The importance of nomenclature in the Culicidae - mini review.

Abstract Culicidae comprise an important group of two-winged flies (Diptera) known as mosquitoes. The first piece of information we acquire about a mosquito is its scientific name. Reasons why it is important and useful to have that piece of information are discussed. Names are interesting and informative. They are derived from sources which reveal something about the nature and provenance of the species. Ultimately, names bring images to mind that make things real and comprehensible.

Human Norovirus and Its Surrogates Induce Plant Immune Response in Arabidopsis thaliana and Lactuca sativa.

Human norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide with the majority of outbreaks linked to fresh produce and leafy greens. It is essential that we thoroughly understand the type of relationship and interactions that take place between plants and human norovirus to better utilize control strategies to reduce transmission of norovirus in the field onto plants harvested for human consumption. In this study the expression of gene markers for the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) plant defense pathways was measured and compared in romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants that were inoculated with Murine Norovirus-1, Tulane Virus, human norovirus GII.4, or Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (control). Genes involving both the SA and JA pathways were expressed in both romaine lettuce and A. thaliana for all three viruses, as well as controls. Studies, including gene expression of SA- and JA-deficient A. thaliana mutant lines, suggest that the JA pathway is more likely involved in the plant immune response to human norovirus. This research provides the first pieces of information regarding how foodborne viruses interact with plants in the preharvest environment.

Product order affects consumer preferences for variety bundles

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of a variety bundle's product display order on consumer preferences. When forming a variety bundle, manufacturers, retailers and advertisers need to decide on the order in which their products are displayed. The authors provide empirical evidence that this apparently trivial display decision can systematically affect consumer preferences.Design/methodology/approachFour experiments were performed with over a total of 1,000 participants. Logistic regressions were conducted on the collected data sets to provide support for the hypothesis and its underlying psychological mechanism.FindingsResults showed that product attitudes systematically affect choices among variety bundles that differ only in the order in which their products are displayed. When choosing among flat and horizontal variety bundles, Western consumers preferred the one that had the product they like the most to the left. This phenomenon was observed in different product categories, among left-to-right readers from different Western countries and languages, and with both hypothetical and consequential decisions. The incremental weight given to the first piece of information (i.e. “first” product in the bundle) explains this product order effect.Originality/valueAlthough a significant amount of research has been conducted to understand the factors that affect consumer preferences for product bundles, little attention has been devoted to the role of visual aesthetics. The research addresses this gap, and in so doing contributes both to the marketing and to the visual aesthetics literature. One simple yet key implication of the product order effect documented here is that the value consumers assign to a variety bundle depends on the order in which its products are displayed.

Attaining Financial Fluency among Physicians: Start with the Students.

One in three chronically ill patients is unable to afford medications, food, or both. Too often, physicians do not discuss costs of care, risking decreased patient adherence. Physicians may be uncomfortable talking about prices and costs with patients because they receive little training in how to do so. The authors argue that one way of teaching providers financial fluency--defined here as physician knowledge of and comfort with discussing economic barriers to care--is to provide that training early in their careers. The concept of anchoring bias supports this argument, as it suggests that humans often rely heavily on the first piece of information obtained. An ideal training setting is the student-run community clinic, where volunteer physicians see low-income, uninsured patients, and medical students coordinate care. This early exposure trains students to expect, rather than fear, a discussion about the cost of care. These experiences should be expanded and formally evaluated.

Cold chain management during transport operations of perishable food in Mexico

This paper aims to identify how cold chain management is provided throughout the transportation of perishable food, as well as the role of the experience and working conditions of drivers in perishable food transportation. It draws on survey data collected from Mexican perishable food carriers with headquarters in six major cities. The results show the characteristics of the vehicles used to transport perishable food by Mexican carriers and the cooling technologies utilized by vehicles carrying different types of meat. Further, the results elucidate the work experience and training of drivers handling perishable products and problems related to cold chain transportation as a major strength, while weaknesses were those reported with loading delays and lack of widespread wireless system implementation for temperature registration. It also provides one of the first pieces of information on Mexico’s foodstuff transportation system, with the aim of designing strategies for better cold chain tracking during transportation, as a key factor in food waste reduction. It is necessary to incorporate a greater number of participants from other geographical areas of the country in order to get a more detailed overview and to determine similarities and differences between regions. This study provides baseline information for the development of appropriate logistics strategies in cold chain management.

Romen Diplomatların Raporlarında Atatürk'ün Hastalığı, Ölümü ve Cenaze Töreni

The disease and death of Ataturk, the pioneer of the Balkan Pact, caused deep grief among the Balkan states. From January 1938, when Ataturk’s disease occurred, the representatives of the foreign states who were in Turkey kept a close eye on Ataturk’s state of health. Due to the fact that Romania was Turkey’s ally as a result of the Balkan Pact, its representatives also sent information to Bucharest through reports during the course of Ataturk’s disease. The Romanian diplomats, who started presenting in their reports the first pieces of information about Ataturk’s disease in April 1938, followed its course closely and transmitted all the news about its progress to the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In this article, the reports sent by the Romanian Embassy in Ankara and the Romanian Consulate in Istanbul to the Romanian government concerning the course of Ataturk’s disease and the funeral after his death are examined based on the archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Romania.

Przenoszenie listów między miastami hanzeatyckimi w strefie bałtyckiej w XIV–XV wieku

The aim of the paper is to present the infrastructure of transferring letters in the Baltic area in the late Middle Ages. Author focuses its interest on the question of professionalization process of communication services and of the system with features of stability and regularity. The first part of the article is devoted to the development of specialized staff to carry letters. The first pieces of information about couriers and messengers in the towns of Flanders and northern Germany are to be found in the sources from the second half of the thirteenth century. In the Prussian and Livonian towns the process of creating professional staff to carry correspondence ended only in the first half of the fifteenth century. The Author points out the differences between the Hanseatic towns in the methods of paying of couriers and messengers who were required to provide services to the city councils and the burghers. Supposedly, Hanseatic towns created a system of regular communication between Livonian Towns (Riga, Revel) and Flanders, in which the major role played by messengers called in the sources as “the servant and courier of the Hanseatic merchant”. This system of communication must be considered innovative on the European scale.

$29 for 70 Items or 70 Items for $29? How Presentation Order Affects Package Perceptions

When consumers consider a package (multi-item) price, which presentation order is more appealing, price first ($29 for 70 items) or item quantity first (70 items for $29)? Will this depend on package size (larger [70 items] vs. smaller [7 items]) or unit price calculation difficulty (higher [$29 for 70 items] vs. lower [$20 for 50 items])? Why? Three studies demonstrate how presentation order affects package evaluations and choice under different levels of package size and unit price calculation difficulty. The first piece of information becomes salient and affects evaluations when packages are larger and unit price calculations are difficult (i.e., price-item [item-price] makes price [items] salient, negatively [positively] affecting evaluations). These effects do not persist with smaller packages or easier unit price calculations. Our findings contribute to several literatures (e.g., numerosity, computational difficulty) but primarily to the order effects literature and have implications for measurement and practice (e.g., pricing).