First Phase Of Industrialization Research Articles

Development of agriculture in the conditions of neoindustrialization

Relevance. In this paper, a set of measures aimed at finding ways to effectively introduce digital technologies of domestic production (the first phase of industrialization) is considered. The ability to digitize workplaces and produce intelligent equipment without imported equipment (the second phase of industrialization). The relevance of the article lies in the need to identify effective measures and ways of neoindustrialization of the economy through the improvement of technologies and combining efforts in the form of knowledge, human resources and networks into a digital platform in order to reduce barriers to trade.Methods. Normative and descriptive methods (methods of observation, interpretation, comparison and generalization) were used in the work. In order to identify the main directions of neoindustrialization of agriculture in the conditions of digitalization, an analysis of literature sources was carried out, directions affecting the acceleration of this process were identified and the results of implResults. The authors have developed a model providing for cooperation between public authorities, science, financial institutions and enterprises producing agricultural and digital machinery and equipment. Agricultural organizations, as key links of the network cluster, contribute to the formation of partnerships between network elements and receive preferences from combining with large businesses in the form of economic sustainability and increasing the competitiveness of production.

The rural exodus and the rise of Europe

We build a unified model of growth and internal migration and identify its deep parameters using an original set of Swedish data. Our structural estimation and counterfactual experiments suggest that conditions of migration between the countryside and cities have strongly shaped the timing and the intensity of the transition to growth. Mobility cost had to be low enough to enable population movement. Furthermore, initial productivity in rural industries had to be moderate to sustain the first phase of industrialization appearing in the countryside without delaying too much the second phase of industrialization taking place in cities. More than the initial productivity of rural industries or migration costs alone, what truly mattered for the transition to modern economic growth was the interplay between these two elements. By contrast, we evidence a poor role for mortality decline in the whole process. Finally, we discuss why our conclusions on Sweden are exemplary for the rest of Western Europe.

Optimal Number of Message Transmissions forProbabilistic Guarantee of Latency in the IoT.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is now experiencing its first phase of industrialization. Industrial companies are completing proofs of concept and many of them plan to invest in automation, flexibility and quality of production in their plants. Their use of a wireless network is conditioned upon its ability to meet three Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), namely a maximum acceptable end-to-end latency L, a targeted end-to-end reliability R and a minimum network lifetime T. The IoT network has to guarantee that at least of messages generated by sensor nodes are delivered to the sink with a latency ≤L, whereas the network lifetime is at least equal to T. In this paper, we show how to provide the targeted end-to-end reliability R by means of retransmissions to cope with the unreliability of wireless links. We present two methods to compute the maximum number of transmissions per message required to achieve R. is very easy to compute, whereas minimizes the total number of transmissions necessary for a message to reach the sink. and are then integrated into a TSCH network with a load-based scheduler to evaluate the three KPIs on a generic data-gathering application. We first consider a toy example with eight nodes where the maximum number of transmissions is tuned per link and per flow. Finally, a network of 50 nodes, representative of real network deployments, is evaluated assuming is fixed. For both TSCH networks, we show that provides a better reliability and a longer lifetime than , which provides a shorter average end-to-end latency. provides more predictable end-to-end performances than Kausa, a KPI-aware, state-of-the-art scheduler.

The Crafts–Harley view of German industrialization: an independent estimate of the income side of net national product, 1851–1913

AbstractNovel information on land rent is used to estimate the income side of German net national product (NNP) in 1851–1913 without recourse to output side aggregates. The new series shows higher values during the initial part of the period of observation, which narrows the wedge that opens up between existing estimates of NNP before the 1880s. The results support a modified Crafts–Harley view of the first phase of German industrialization: despite rapid catch-up growth of industrial leading sectors from the 1840s to the 1870s, the pace of aggregate growth accelerated only gradually. The initially small size of the modern sector and the simultaneity of the first phase of industrialization and the first wave of globalization account for this paradox. The labor share remained largely constant; the decline of the land share in NNP was compensated by a rise of the capital share.

The Inequality of Pay in Pre-modern Germany, Late 15th Century to 1889

Abstract The study explores relative labour scarcity in a broad range of activities and relates it to the long-run dynamics of structural change, supply and demand of human capital, and the inequality between men and women. It builds on two recent compilations of wage data and complements these with additional information, particularly on wages in agriculture. From the second quarter of the seventeenth century the skill premium was stable; the first phase of industrialization did not lead to a differentiation of the individual return to human capital. Labour demand from the modern sector stabilized real wages of males from the second quarter of the eighteenth century at least and increased them from the mid-1850s onwards. This opened a wedge between the agricultural and the non-agricultural sectors already for considerable time before the beginnings of industrialization. Finally, the modern era saw two phases of labour market segmentation along gender lines, one in the later sixteenth and the early seventeenth centuries, the other from the 1840s to the 1870s.

Real Wages in Germany during the First Phase of Industrialization, 1850-1889

Abstract The study constructs new wage series at the branch level and aggregates them to an index of nominal wages in industry and urban trades in 18481889. Moreover, the study develops new food price and rent indices. These are then combined with price indices for other categories of household expenditure from Hoffmann (1965) into a consumer price index for 1850-1889. The new real wage index shows little growth for the third quarter of the nineteenth century; the first phase of rapid industrialization from the 1840s to the early 1870s had only a small positive impact on the living standard of the industrial and urban lower classes. Only from the 1880s, when Germany moved into a second phase of industrialization, did the real wage experience a sustained and rapid increase. Nevertheless, the diversification of employment opportunities taking place in the wake of industrialization and the European grain invasion were accompanied by a marked reduction of income volatility among lower-class households already from the 1870s.

Environmental Influences on Young Adult Male Height. A Comparison of Town and Countryside in the Netherlands, 1815-1900

The first phase of industrialization has often been associated with decreasing standards of living for workers, and early industrial towns and cities gained bad reputations. One of the best indicators for living conditions in early life is young adult height, and the literature has often pointed at urban-rural differences in heights to illustrate the initial decrease of living standards due to urbanization and industrialization. But how was urban residence connected to height? Causal mechanisms can include disease environment related to crowdedness, food availability or the nature of urban versus rural work. But perhaps urban-rural differences can simply be attributed to compositional effects, e.g. in cities relatively more poor, illiterate or incomplete families were to be found. Another question is whether urban-rural differences are limited to large cities compared to the rest, or whether we also find differences between towns and villages. In this brief, exploratory paper, we combine two detailed local datasets to provide answers to these questions. We contrast an early industrializing town, with a typical proletarian sub-culture of tile bakers and a significant middle class (Woerden in the province of South-Holland) to an agrarian community (the village of Akersloot and surrounding area in the province of North-Holland). Our dataset allows us to disentangle effects of the family composition, the family’s socio-economic status, food prices, and the environment on bodily growth of 1,738 young men. Our results suggest that the specific conditions of urban workers were more important for the physical development of their children than the urban or rural setting itself.

Balanced Regional Development of India through Special Economic Zones: An Empirical Study

India over the past two decades has progressively opened up its economy to face new challenges and opportunities of the 21st century effectively. Unlike the first phase of industrialization, visual...

:Craft Capitalism: Craftsworkers and Early Industrialization in Hamilton, Ontario, 1840–1872.(The Canadian Social History Series.)

Some of the most sophisticated literature on Canadian industrialization has focused on Hamilton. Located at the head of Lake Ontario, and until quite recently Ontario's second largest city, it had a wide industrial base that, over time, became more focused on iron and steel. Historians, including Michael Katz, John C. Weaver, Bryan D. Palmer, Craig Heron, and Paul Craven, have provided a rich and complex account of the process. Now Robert B. Kristofferson adds a close account of the city's craftsmen in the first phase of industrialization. The study has three rich empirical elements: an intensive study of crafts and industry as they are revealed in the manuscript schedules of the 1871 Census, an argument on industrial proprietorship based on constructed biographical files, and an extensive exploration of the culture of craftsmen drawn from the press and other literary sources. Disagreeing with interpretations that emphasize dispossession, proletarianization, and loss, Kristofferson argues for a craft-led path to industrialization that sustained an optimistic industrial culture in his period. In 1871, almost all Hamilton industries were headed by men with practical working skills built through traditional craft training. In smaller establishments, the proprietor worked alongside and typically lived in close proximity to his employees. In the larger establishments, which accounted for most of the city's industrial value added, including the enormous shops of the Great Western Railway (an exception only in terms of scale and ownership), work was craft-based in ways that reinforced craft pride and craft-based hierarchies. In this system, men (and this was a male process) identified themselves not as members of a broad working class but as practitioners of a craft, who learned skills through a series of stages that they could reasonably hope would culminate in their achieving the substantial status of industrial ownership (including partnerships) or well-paid and well-respected supervisory and foreman positions in large workplaces. Their belief in this system was reinforced by a culture and institutions that emphasized what all members of the craft had in common and by the visible success of those who had gone before.

Social classes, demographic transition and economic growth

This paper analyzes the role of the demographic transition in the emergence of sustained economic growth, and shows that these two processes are related. Unlike previous contributions which have focused on the importance of human capital, this paper suggests that capital accumulation, and the existence of different social classes may provide an alternative explanation for the observed pattern of output, fertility rates and wages during the 19th century. The framework presented shows that during the first phase of industrialization, a decline in capital–labor ratio reduces the wage rate and increases the dependency of the family unit on child labor, increasing fertility rates. However, in later phases the increase in the capital–labor ratio, due to the saving of the business elite, reduces the necessity of child labor bringing about the demographic transition.

Labor migration during the first phase of Basque industrialization: The labor market and family motivations

This article analyzes the migration strategies of those social groups making up the labor supply during the first phase of industrialization in the Basque Country (1877–1910), which was one of the most industrialized regions of the northern part of Spain. Migration is estimated by sex, marital status, and origin and interpreted within the context of family decision-making. The article also deals with the expectations among potential migrants by the areas of destination. The study of the labor market, from the standpoint of job specialization, will enable us to know more about the profile of a typical migrant, and the family as a protagonist in migratory flows.

Ideology and Technology. Reactions to Modern Technology in the Netherlands 1850-1920

textabstractThe article discusses the debate among the main ideological groups in the Netherlands about the social impact of modern technology during the first phase of industrialization, 1850-1920. It provides an explanation of the convergence of opinion towards approval of modern technology after 1890, while earlier there was much opposition, especially from roman catholic and orthodox protestant leaders.

Entre inconformismo e reformismo<A NAME="top0"></A>

This is a paper-synthesis where the author summarizes his theory of development and underdevelopment. Some basic ideas are here presented: the economic theory of development must start wiht the study of history; underdevelopment is a specific historical and economical phenomenon, that cannot be thought in terms of linear stages of history; this historical phenomenon must be studied in structural terms, relating the historic and the economic aspects; the basic characteristic of underdevelopment is the dependency relation, expressed in the center-periphery system; in the study of development the basic concept to start with is the concept of social surplus, its forms of appropriation and utilization. The paper ends with an analysis of the frustrations of a reformist. Protectionism, that was justifiable in a first phase of industrialization, was maintained too long in Latin America; in a second phase, an active economic policy for exports was necessary. On the other hand the populist risk was always present, while the real social problems related to a high level of income concentration were not solved.

Proto-Industrialization: The First Phase of Industrialization?

In the early 1970s an ugly new word — ‘proto-industrialization’ — entered the literature of economic history and since then has rapidly colonized books, articles and even undergraduate essays, spawning additional abstractions as it goes along. A new historical generalization had arrived, chiefly through the efforts of Franklin Mendels [64].

Nuptiality and marital fertility during the first phase of industrialization in Finland

This is a study of the nuptiality and marital fertility patterns in Finland during the 1880-1960 period coinciding with the period of industrialization and urbanization in the country. Finnish marriage patterns have generally been considered to hold an intermediary position between Western and Eastern Europe. National patterns in the country are seen to have coincided with minor exceptions with patterns in 3 localities. Nuptiality decreased during the last years of the 19th century i.e. during the early years of national industrialization. The age at marriage in Finland at the beginning of the study period was lower than for the rest of Western Europe. Fertility rates declined along with the decline in nuptiality. In fact Finnish marital fertility was somewhat lower than that in other Western European countries. By 1960 the level of nuptiality had risen by 50% over the 1880 level. By 1960 Finnish nuptiality and marital fertility levels were similar to levels in the other Western European countries.

The Macro-Economics of Tsarist Russia in the Industrialization Era: Monetary Developments, the Balance of Payments and the Gold Standard

Students of Russia's first phase of industrialization concentrate on the real aspects of growth—the growth of population, production, and the change in industrial structure. In this they follow the traditional approach to economic history, which usually emphasizes the real variables of the growth process at the expense of the money variables. I do not propose to question the assumption that the study of the production aspect of an economy is a sine qua non of the analysis of industrialization. Yet the exclusion of factors that affect aggregate demand may lead to a failure to observe some important dimensions of growth. In any case, the relevance of money in Russia's first “Industrial Revolution,” which was underway in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, was considerable. Therefore, in what follows, I concentrate on the monetary developments and policies of this period. After a short survey of the quantitative information on the trends of the real variables, monetary developments and their impact on economic activity are studied. I then treat Russia's foreign trade and balance of payments and their links to monetary phenomena, and finally, make an attempt at a critical evaluation of the trade, monetary and fiscal policies of the Russian government in this period.