First Marriage For Women Research Articles

MODEL LOGISTIK ORDINAL UMUR KAWIN PERTAMA WANITA BALI

Age at first marriage of woman is the difference between her birth date and date she began living with her spouse or partner, and is truncated to years. Age at first marriage of woman is well-known affects her healthiness and reproduction processes. Despite of Indonesian Law No. 16, 2019 regulated the marriage limit for woman and man is 19 years old, underage- or child-marriage are also happen in some parts of this country. This study models age at first marriage of Balinese women, by putting socio-demographics indicators as the predictor, i.e. woman’s educational level, parents’ educational level, family domicile area before marriage, family income, parents job, home ownership status, and number of family members. To study the causal relationship between age at first marriage of Balinese woman and its predictors, 270 women were proportionally selected from 9 regencies/city in Bali and asked to fill self administered questionaire. The data were analyzed by applying ordinal logistic regression. The result shows educational level of subjects as well their parents significantly affect age at first marriage of Balinese women while other factors do not demonstrate significant effect.

Is Increasing Age at Marriage Really Effective in Reducing Completed Fertility? Evidence from the Multinomial analysis of the Fifth Round of the National Family Health Survey in India (2019-21)

In accordance with our information, the age at first marriage of women is gradually increasing due to the increase in the level of education, a trend towards employment, and the reduction of social taboos, etc. On the basis of the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (2019-21) conducted in India, this study examines whether women?s completed fertility is affected by their age at marriage in the presence of all other socioeconomic and demographic factors. The study includes a sample of 44,479 married women over the age of 45 years at the time of the NFHS-5 survey. The trend of completed fertility was examined using descriptive statistics. Bivariate analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis were employed to show statistical significance. It was found that completed fertility declines gradually with increasing time at all ages at marriage (from NFHS-II to NFHS-V) and with increasing age at marriage in all four rounds of NFHS, completed fertility is reduced. Women who were 35 years and older at the time of marriage [ARRR = 2.619, 95% CI = 2.300, 2.983], who belonged to Hinduism [ARRR = 1.989, 95 % CI = 1.730, 2.287], who belonged to other castes [ARRR = 2.417, 95% CI = 2.120, 2.755], who had higher levels of education [ARRR = 21.424, 95% CI = 10.581, 43.378], who were exposed to mass media [ ARRR = 1.266, 95% CI = 1.158, 1.384], who were living in urban areas [ARRR = 1.266, 95% CI = 1.008, 1.284], and who belonged to the southern region [ARRR = 6.208, 95% CI = 4.923, 7.828] were more likely to have less completed fertility. This study showed that the likelihood of less completed fertility is strongly influenced by the factor of age at marriage.. KEYWORDS :Age at marriage, Completed fertility, Menopause, Likelihood, NFHS.

Correlates of Age at Marriage and Birth Interval in Ethiopia: A Survival Analysis

Age at first marriage has a significant effect on birth interval. This study investigates the relationship between age at marriage to birth interval and its associated factors in Ethiopia. The objective of the study is to examine the estimated age at first marriage to first birth interval and its main associated factors by age at first marriage and place of residence in Ethiopia. Data from the Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) 2011 were used. The Cox proportional hazard model is used to determine the significant factors contributing towards age at marriage to first birth interval in Ethiopia. The findings from the Cox proportional hazard model indicate that age at first marriage, religion, region, educational level and work status are the most important significant covariates of ‘age at first marriage to first birth interval’ in Ethiopia. Age at first marriage of women and their socio-economic factors contribute to differences in first birth interval. On the contrary, in Muslim-dominated regions such as Somali, the time of transition to motherhood is early due to their religious belief.

A study on China's education level and average age of first marriage

China's fertility problem has attracted more and more attention, especially in the education level and the age of first marriage. Census data show that China's fertility rate from 2000 to 2020 tends to gradually decline, the age of first marriage is gradually postponed under the condition of different levels of education, and the childbearing age is also constantly postponed, in the short 20 years of a sharp decline in fertility, China's fertility policy has also been adjusted. However, at present, the change of the birth policy has only brought a very short-term effect, and the decline in the fertility rate is only a fact that cannot be changed by adjusting the birth policy. Therefore, based on the data of the fifth, sixth and seventh census data, this paper analyzes the change trend of average age of first marriage, the trend of education level and age of first marriage, the change trend of national average childbearing age and the average childbearing age of various regions in China. The study found that the average age of first marriage of the population in China continues to be postponed, the average age of first marriage in urban areas is higher than that in towns and villages, overall, the average age of first marriage of women in 2020 will reach 28.14 years old, and the average age of first marriage of men will reach 29.3 years; by 2020, with the improvement of education level, the age of first marriage of the population with postgraduate degrees will reach 44% at the age of 30 and later; The national average childbearing age increased from 25.91 years in 1990 to 28.91 years in 2022. In the seventh population census, the average childbearing age of each region was higher than that in Beijing, Shanghai, Shandong, Guangdong and Shaanxi, among which the average childbearing age in Beijing reached 31.51 years, Shanghai was 30.08 years, Shandong was 29.76 years, Guangdong was 29.38 years old, and Shaanxi was 29.53 years.

Study on the Delay of Marriage and Childbirth of Wenzhou Ouhai Population and its Influencing Factors

Marriage and fertility are important topics in population studies, where individuals establish families through marriage and carry on life through childbearing within the family. Marriage and fertility microscopically measure the life course of individuals and macroscopically reflect the marriage and childbearing attitudes and marriage and childbearing culture of population groups. Marriage and fertility patterns consisting of marriage and fertility patterns are usually described and analyzed through indicators such as average age at first marriage and average age at first childbirth. data from the seventh population census of ouhai district in 2020 and fertility data from the health commission show that the average age at first marriage for women in ouhai district is 27.68 years old and the average age at first childbirth is 28.57 years old, while the average age at first marriage and the average age at first childbirth for women in ouhai district at the sixth population census in 2010 was 23.11 years old and The average age of first marriage and first childbirth of women in Ouhai District was 23.11 years old and 25.40 years old respectively in the sixth census in 2010, an increase of 4.57 years and 3.17 years respectively in 10 years. The delay of marriage and childbirth of Ouhai District population is more significant. In order to understand the willingness of Ouhai population to marry and give birth, and to serve the long-term balanced development of the population, at the request of Ouhai District Bureau of Statistics, the research group carried out a special study on "the delayed characteristics of marriage and childbirth of Ouhai population and its influencing factors". Through a comprehensive and in-depth analysis and study of the sixth and seventh national census data and health commission fertility-related data, (the number of people in the census long form quoted in the article refers to the number of sample survey, not the actual number. The total number of people in Ouhai District in the seventh census is 963,238, and the number of people in the long-form sampling survey is 93,713, with a sampling ratio of 9.73%; the total number of people in Ouhai District in the sixth census is 996,870, and the number of people in the long-form sampling survey is 94,732, with a sampling ratio of 9.50%. (The two census sampling ratio is slightly different) The survey results show that: the Ouhai District citizens delayed marriage and childbirth, the willingness to have children is not high, by the education level, occupational factors, such as the influence of the larger, need to promote the implementation of existing policies at the same time, the system to introduce education, childbirth, parenting, housing, medical and other supporting measures to promote residents to marry at the right age, improve the willingness of residents to have children.

The average age of first marriage for Indonesian women in their reproductive period who give birth to an average of two children: National survey (2017 – 2019)

Background: The results of the 2020 population census in Indonesia showed that the population has reached 270.020.000 million. This number shows that the population in Indonesia during the last 10 years has increased by around 32,56 million people. One of the BKKBN's efforts to reduce the birth rate in Indonesia is to urge people to marry at the ideal age, 21 years for women and 25 years for men. Methods: This study used GPAS/ SKAP data for the period 2017, 2018, and 2019 using the module for women aged (15-49) and the sample used was all women aged 40-49. This analysis used secondary data from the 2017, 2018, and 2019 government performance and accountability surveys. Results: The age at first marriage for women should be encouraged to be 25 years old, not 21 years old, which has always been echoed and socialized. Age at first marriage is the most dominant factor in women aged (40-49) to have more than two children (2017 SOR: 4.17 95% CI [1.85-17.31], (2018 SOR: 57.14 99% [4.12-793.67]) (2019 SOR 21.22 99% CI [2.28-197.45]), while only in 2019 the AFM variable after controlling for it remained significant in influencing having children more than 2 (AOR 27.64 99% [2.88-265.20]). Conclusion: Women aged (40-49) who have a younger age at first marriage (10-24) have a longer reproductive age range, so they have relatively more children than women who married at the age of 25 and over. After controlling for other factors, the characteristics of women who have a tendency to have more than two children. Therefore, it is necessary to design a health strategy that is more suitable to the needs, characteristics, and capacity of women to reduce the birth rate in Indonesia is to urge people to marry at the ideal age.

SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECT OF REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN DECLINING FERTILITY BEHAVIOR IN TURKEY / Türkiye'de Doğurganlık Davranışının Azalmasında Bölgesel Farklılıkların Sosyoekonomik Boyutu

Although the fertility rate in Turkey has decreased in recent years, it continues to differ according to the regions. For this reason in the study, it is aimed to determine the socioeconomic factors that affect the probability of fertility behavior in regions with a fertility rate above the average. In this context, the socioeconomic dimension of fertility behavior was investigated by logistic panel regression analysis using the second level (26 subregions of Turkey) Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics (NUTS2) data of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) for the period 2009-2020. According to the results of the analysis, women's employment rate, per capita gross domestic product, inflation rate and the number of high school graduate women have a negative effect on the probability of fertility behavior in regions with a fertility rate above the average. While the number of women who graduated from college and faculties and the rate of urbanization have a positive effect on the probability of fertility behavior in these regions, the average age at first marriage of women has no effect.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI USIA KAWIN PERTAMA DAN FERTILITAS DI KECAMATAN NEGARA KABUPATEN JEMBARANA

This study aims to analyze 1) the effect of women's education, employment status, socio-economic conditions of parents and culture on the age of first marriage in the State District of Jembarana Regency; 2) the influence of women's education, employment status, parents' socio-economic conditions and culture on fertility in the State District of Jembrana Regency; 3) women's education, employment status, parents' socio-economic conditions and culture indirectly affect fertility through age at first marriage in the Negara District, Jembrana Regency. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistics and inferential statistics consisting of path analysis and Sobel test. The results showed that women's education, parents' socioeconomic conditions, and employment status had a positive direction and partially significant effect on the age at first marriage of women of childbearing age (PUS) in Negara District, Jembrana Regency. Culture has a negative direction and partially significant effect on the age at first marriage of women of childbearing age (PUS) in Negara District, Jembrana Regency. Women's education and employment status have a negative direction and partially significant effect on the fertility of women of childbearing age (PUS) in Negara District, Jembrana Regency. Culture has a positive direction and partially significant effect on female EFA fertility in Negara District, Jembrana Regency. Age at first marriage (Y1) has a negative direction and partially significant effect on fertility (Y2) female EFA in Kecamatan Negara, Kabupaten Jembrana. Based on the indirect effect test, the results show that women's education, parents' socioeconomic conditions, employment status, and culture indirectly affect fertility through the age of first marriage in women of childbearing age (PUS) in Negara District, Jembrana Regency.

PENGARUH TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN, STATUS KETENAGAKERJAAN, JUMLAH ANGGOTA KELUARGA, DAN ALASAN MENIKAH TERHADAP USIA KAWIN PERTAMA PEREMPUAN DI KOTA DENPASAR

The purpose of this study was to analyze the simultaneous influence of education level, employment status, number of family members, and reasons for marriage on the age of first marriage of women in Denpasar City and to analyze the partial effects of education level, employment status, number of family members, and reasons for marriage on the age of first marriage of women in Denpasar City. The number of samples taken was 99 PUS wives. Methods of data collection using structured interviews and in-depth interviews. The data analysis technique used multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that 1) Simultaneously the level of education, employment status, number of family members, and reasons for marriage have a significant effect on the age of first marriage of women in Denpasar City. 2) Partially the level of education has a positive and significant effect on the age of first marriage of women in Denpasar City. 3) Partially the number of family members has a negative and significant effect on the age of first marriage of women in Denpasar City. 4) Female respondents who are working have a higher age of first marriage than female respondents who are not working, but the difference is not significant. 5) Respondents of women who married for reasons of premarital pregnancy have a lower age of first marriage than female respondents who were married not because of premarital pregnancy and the difference is significant.
 Keyword: age of first marriage, level of education, employment status, number of family members, reasons for marriage
 Classification JEL: J13, J14

PENGARUH STATUS MIGRASI, PEKERJAAN, PENDIDIKAN, DAN LATAR BELAKANG EKONOMI TERHADAP UKP DAN FERTILITAS WANITA USIA SUBUR

This study aims to analyze 1) the effect of migration status, employment status, education level, and economic background on the age at first marriage of women of childbearing age in Badung Regency; 2) The effect of migration status, employment status, education level, economic background, and age at first marriage on the fertility of women of childbearing age in Badung Regency; 3) Indirect effect of migration status, employment status, education level, economic background, and age at first marriage on the fertility of women of childbearing age in Badung Regency. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistics and inferential statistics consisting of path analysis and Sobel test. The results showed 1) Migrant women have a lower age at first marriage than non-migrant women, women who work in the informal sector have a lower age at first marriage than women who work in the formal sector, education level has a positive and significant effect on age at first marriage, while economic background has a negative and significant effect on age at first marriage; 2) Migrant women have a higher fertility rate than non-migrant women, women who work in the informal sector have a higher fertility rate than women who work in the formal sector, education level has a negative effect on fertility, while economic background has no significant effect on fertility, and age at first marriage has a negative effect on the fertility of women of childbearing age in Badung Regency; 3) Age at first marriage mediates the effect of employment status, education level, and economic background on fertility, but does not mediate the effect of migration status on fertility of women of childbearing age in Badung Regency.

Analyzing factors associated with time to age at first marriage among women in Ethiopia: log logistic-gamma shared frailty model

ObjectiveThe main objective of this study is to fit Log logistic-Gamma shared frailty model for the determinant of time to age at first marriage among women in Ethiopia.MethodsThe data set in this study were obtained from Demography and Health survey conducted in Ethiopia in 2016. In this study, we used Log logistic-Gamma shared frailty model to account for the loss of independence that arises from the clustering of women in region of Ethiopia. A total of 12,066 women aged 15–49 in Ethiopia were included in this study.ResultsOf all 12,066 women aged 15–49, 9466 (78.45%) were married and the median & mean age at first marriage for women living in Ethiopia were 17.2 years and 17.5 years respectively, while the minimum and maximum age at first marriage observed were 8 years and 49 years respectively.ConclusionThe most significant contributing factors to delaying time to age at first marriage of women aged 15–49 in Ethiopia were increased education level of women, increased education level of the head, increased income, residing in urban and being followers of religion other than orthodox, catholic, protestant & Muslim. The heterogeneity of age at first marriage for women aged 15–49 among regions in Ethiopia was observed. The government of Ethiopia and the concerned bodies should revise the women's health policy and practice to reduce early marriage and give attention to women; illiterate, live in rural areas, and have illiterate and poor heads.

Assessing the Determinants of Women’s Age at First Marriage in Rural and Urban Areas of Bangladesh: Insights From Quantile Regression (QR) Approaches

This study aims to assess the determinants of age at first marriage of women in rural and urban areas of Bangladesh. The multiple linear regression (MLR) and quantile regression (QR) were employed for analyzing the secondary datasets collected from the 2006, 2012–2013, and 2019 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). The study reveals that the prevalence of early marriage in both rural and urban areas of Bangladesh was extremely high (79% vs. 21%) in 2019. An increasing trend of early marriage in rural areas is evident from 2006 to 2012 compared to a decreasing trend from 2013 to 2019. On the contrary, an opposite scenario is evident in the urban areas. The MLR and QR analysis consistently show that women’s age, geographical division, ethnic group, religion, wealth index, and women’s education are significantly associated with age at first marriage. More specifically, the higher likelihood of early marriage is evident for women living in rural areas, with a low family income, and lower education, living either in Barisal, Rangpur, Khulna, or Rajshahi, and believing in Islam. Generating and implementing more income opportunities for women, raising awareness about the drawback of early marriage, and designing new strategies would improve the current situation.

Modeling the determinant of time to age at first marriage among women in Ethiopia using Cox models with mixed effects

BackgroundTime to age at first marriage of women is the duration of time until the age at which they started living with their first partner. Time to age at first marriage is widely considered a proxy indicator for the age at which women begin to be exposed to the risks inherent in sexual activity. The purpose is to model the determinant of time to age at first marriage among women in Ethiopia using Cox models with mixed effects.MethodsThe 2016 Ethiopian Demography and Health survey sample was selected using a two-stage cluster design. The data set in this study were obtained from the Demography and Health survey conducted in Ethiopia in 2016. In this study, we used Cox models with mixed effects.ResultsOf all 15,683 women aged 15–49 years, 11,405 (72.72%) were married with the median and mean age at first marriage 17 years and 18 years, respectively. Cox frailty survival model showed that residence, educational level, occupation, work status of women& head education level of households were the most significant factors whereas religion, access to media and wealth index of a household of women were not significant factors at 5% level of significance. The significant clustering effect showed that heterogeneity among the regions on age at first marriage was present.ConclusionsThe present study determined the duration of time until the age at first marriage and indicated relevant solutions for marriage-related problems of women aged 15–49 years in Ethiopia. Women residing in rural area of Ethiopia and had lower education level were married earlier. Therefore, programs to reduce the high rate of early marriage in Ethiopia should give attention to women education and women residing in rural area.

Differentials in Female Age at Marriage in Pakistan: Have they Changed or Not?

Age at marriage is an important factor to study the marriage patterns of a country because of strong relationship between age at first marriage and childbearing. In this study, effects of one major socio-cultural factor female education and place of residence have been illustrated. The present study attempted to find differentials in female age at marriage in Pakistan since Pakistan has begun to face early demographic transition since 90’s. The investigation of differentials in female age at marriage in this study is generally based on data analysis of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2006-07. While comparative analysis also discussed in a separate section with findings of PDHS, 2012-13. The age at first marriage of women lived in major urban areas seemed to carry with them the influence of the urban lifestyle and are also influenced by the educational enrollment opportunities.

Economy is not a barometer of the age of woman's first marriage

One of the most interesting topics in studies related to women, family to marriage is the issue of the age of first marriage for women. This study aims to determine the social, economic and demographic factors on the age at first marriage of women in Indonesia. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was applied to the results data. The results indicate that singulate mean age at marriage (SMAM) and the average age at first marriage for women in Indonesia are around 23.42 years and 19.52 years, respectively. The results of both bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis show that all independent variables significantly determine the time of women's first marriage in Indonesia. The variables level of education, residence and female birth cohort are the most significant variables in the model. This study found that women from the youngest generation (gene Z) had a higher likelihood of marrying earlier than women from the previous generation. Overall, it was found that there was a shift in the factor at determinant age the first marriage of women, where education was the barometer, so that more vigorous efforts are needed to keep Indonesian women in school for a long time, in this case, girls who come from economically disadvantaged households should be given a full free scholarship up to the level of undergraduate education.

DETERMINANT AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE AMONG WOMEN IN EAST JAVA

Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest percentage of child marriages in the world (rank 37) and the second highest in ASEAN after Cambodia. Government has issued regulations in order to reduce child marriage rates, however the results are still not significant. Economic, social, and cultural factors are significant factors in child marriage phenomenon. This study aims to analyze the relationship between spouses' age, knowledge of Adolescent Reproductive Health, age when first sexual intercourse happened, education, spouses' education, media exposure, wealth quintile index and the age of first marriage for women in East Java. This study is non-functional research using The Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey 2017 (IDHS) data with a sample size as many as 4,491 women whom got married at 15–24 years old. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate techniques. The results of this study prove that the spouses' age, knowledge of Adolescent Reproductive Health, age when first sexual intercourse happened, education, spouses' education, media exposure, wealth quintile index variables are significantly related to the determinants of women's first marriage age in East Java. This study provides recommendations, including revitalizing 8 family functions, strengthening creativity and innovation in the Marriage Age Maturing program, and fostering life skills through training and empowerment programs.

Factors Affecting on Early Marriage of Women in Rural Areas, Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world where population growth rate is 1.6 percent (Wikipedia). Early marriage is one of the important factors of population growth. This paper uses data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011 to examine different socio-economic and demographic factors that are correlated to age at first marriage of women in the rural area. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyzes have been used to estimate the factors effect on age at first marriage. The results show that respondent’s education, husband’s education, husband’s occupation, religion, region and socio-economic status have a significant effect on age at first marriage of women in the rural area by both Cross-tabulation and Logistic regression analyzes. Moreover, access to mass media has found a significant association with age at first marriage in the rural area by Cross-tabulation analysis.

FERTILITAS MENURUT ETNIS DI INDONESIA: ANALISIS DATA SENSUS PENDUDUK 2010

Indonesia is known as a country that has the largest ethnic groups in the world with 1,128 ethnic groups as reported on the 2010 Population Census. Ethnic diversity is one of the important factors that determine the amount and distribution of the population in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine variations and patterns of fertility by ethnic groups in Indonesia and its association with their socioeconomic characteristics. By using the 2010 Population Census raw data that obtained from the IPUMS website, this study calculated the average number of children born alive born to ever married women aged 15-49. The results show a relationship between fertility and ethnic groups. Among fifteen major ethnic groups analyzed in this study, Batak ethnic has the highest fertility rate followed by Acehnese and Bantenese, while ever married Maduranese women have the lowest fertility rate. The high level of fertility in some of the major ethnic groups in Indonesia is associated with the desire to have many children, the low age at first marriage of women, and the existed perception that those with many children would get higher social value. Low level of education and rural residential areas also contribute to high fertility rates.

Trends in Age at Marriage and the Onset of Fertility Transition in sub‐Saharan Africa

In this chapter the author adopts a comparative approach to examining longterm trends in female age at marriage and fertility in sub-Saharan Africa with a focus on continental countries having at least 1 million inhabitants. The author’s database on nuptiality includes over 360 censuses and national surveys conducted in these 39 countries since the 1960s. The author analyzes the association between changes in age at first union and the onset of fertility transition examining whether there is a typical pattern of association followed by most countries in the region.

Demographic and Socio-economic Determinants of Age at First Marriage of Women in Bangladesh: An Analysis

Bangladesh is one of the Lower Middle Income Countries (LMIC) where about half of the total population is women who are getting involved in all spheres of life as educational, professional, political arena and contributing to the economy. But lower age at first marriage of women is a serious impediment to this contribution. This paper dissects various demographic and socio-economic factors that affect the age at first marriage of women in Bangladesh. The population of the study is comprised of individual level married women of different areas in Bangladesh. A sample of 350 married women has been constructed through purposive sampling technique and surveyed through structured questionnaire. Research data have been analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics as one-way ANOVA, zero order correlation. In the study, mean age at first marriage of women is 16.25 years in rural and 18.46 years in urban and the overall mean is 17.01 years. The findings of this study also reveal that mean age at first marriage of women is changing with the change and promotion of women’s education, occupation, place of residence, husband’s education, husband’s occupation, consent to marry, parents’ education, biological maturity, economic condition, age and religion. In zero order correlation, it is found that most of the factors selected have significant impacts on age at first marriage of women. The results of analyses have also identified a few crucial issues that may be taken into consideration for further studies and policy formulation by the concerned ones.