First Information Report Research Articles

Information Hiding and Digital Transformation: Strategies for First Information Reports (FIR) and Police Records

Throughout the last few years, it has become increasingly obvious that everything is moving from a traditional world to a digital one. In order for police organizations to remain competitive, they need to keep up with the rapid technological advancements that are taking place in order to stay ahead of the competition. The First Information Report (FIR) in South Asian and Southeast Asian countries is a legal document which provides police with information about an apparent crime which has been reported to them by the victims of crimes. It is part of the police's investigation process. The police still have a difficult time getting accurate information from victims in terms of what exactly occurred during the incident, which makes getting accurate information from them very difficult. The filing of a police report presents a wide range of challenges as far as police organizations are concerned. There is a major challenge in the investigation of crimes involving victims concealing information about critical knowledge subsets and the complexity of these sets from the police authorities. For police records to be managed effectively it requires an organisational transformation that is driven by well-established digital strategies that offer an overall view and full transparency of both the knowledge about FIRs as well as the access to them. There is no doubt that an organization such as a police force cannot underestimate the importance of adopting the right technologies and frameworks as part of its digital transformation strategy in order to be able to meet the needs of its customers. The challenge of solving the long-standing problem of police organizations with limited resources concealing knowledge is going to be a long-term task that can be quite challenging. This paper presents several strategies and best practices which can be adopted by law enforcement organizations so that they can successfully transform digitally and achieve their goals through the implementation of these strategies and best practices.

FIR Security System Using Blockchain Technology

Abstract: FIR (First Information Report) datamanagement is a critical task for law enforcement agencies to maintain law and order. Traditional FIR data management system often plagued by issues of data tampering, unauthorized access, and lack of transparency. In order to overcome this blockchain technology has been implemented which offers a decentralized, secure, and transparent solution to these problems. Storing FIR data on the blockchain can provide several advantages, including increased security, transparency, and immutability. Blockchain technology is a decentralized system that is resistant to modification, making it ideal for storing sensitive data such as FIR data. This system proposes a blockchain-based FIR data management system that utilizes smart contracts to automate the process of registering and accessing FIR data. The immutability of blockchain records can increase the reliability and trustworthiness of FIR data, while the decentralization of the blockchain ensures that there is no single point of failure. The user interface provides a graphical user interface for authorized users to interact with the system, Crime Investigators can view the data from database using their authentication credentials. Thereports, which are prepared by witnesses and police officers, are accessible to the investigator (admin).Investigators have the authority to edit data (i.e., update,remove, and so on), and this data aids investigators in speeding up their investigations and identifying offendersmore quickly. The evidences are secured using Block chain technology with SHA algorithm to create the hash values for each record. Secure cryptography functions to encrypt FIR information before storing on server has beenimplemented. The blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize FIR data storage and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of law enforcement agencies.

Text similarity algorithms to determine Indian penal code sections for offence report

<p>Taking decisions by comparing two text documents is a new innovative idea. Text documents contain details, rules and information related to a domain. The judiciary system is an area where many textual documents are available. In some documents, rules related to the judiciary are mentioned, such as the Indian penal code (IPC) section documents and other documents like first information report (FIR), and Investigation report. contain details of incidents. Our assumption is that the system can help in making the decision by finding the right IPC Section from the result of text similarity between IPC section document and FIR, investigation report. In this research paper, we preface a new research problem to make decisions to suggest appropriate IPC Section for crime related information from user’s input by using vector space model and natural language processing techniques.</p>

Studying the Causes of Delay in Criminal Trials under the Criminal Justice System of Pakistan

The present study aims to identify the causes of delay regarding the criminal trials under the criminal justice system of Pakistan. A society cannot survive where the justice system does not respond to wrongs in time. An inefficient justice system not only jiggles the confidence of people but also creates unrest among the people. On one hand, it loses its efficacy, and on the other, it promotes the culture of private vengeance. The Criminal Procedure Code1898 (CRPC) expressly states that when the cognizable offense is reported to the police for lodging First Information Report (FIR) under section 154 of CRPC. The police is legally bound to lodge FIR and initiate an investigation in terms of recording statements and collecting evidence to fix the responsibility within the stipulated time, if any. However, the study indicates that there are ample reasons for causing a delay in criminal justice for the administration of justice sternly.Further, Study also reveals that lack of provision of security to participants in the criminal justice system is also one of the reasons for causing the delay. Moreover, the researchers have adopted doctrinal research methods by using primary and secondary sources and suggested certain recommendations to remove the inappropriate delay in the criminal justice system of Pakistan.

Exhumation and its Procedural Aspects in Pakistan

The instant study mainly emphases on procedural matters pertaining to exhumation in Pakistan. It discusses the main aim of exhumation is to find the real cause of death in case of any suspicious foul play. It deliberate arguments on issues concerning locus standi, limitation, second petition for exhumation admissibility, jurisdiction concerns, and fate of application for exhumation in case of non-registration of First Information Report (FIR). Further, the study also discusses the nature of inquiry under Section 176(2) Code Procedure Code (CrPC), 1898.

Information to Police and police investigtion

This paper is about information to police and police investigation as in accordance to the Criminal procedure code 1898 of Pakistan. It mainly talks about the First information report (F.I.R) in cognizable cases and how investigation is to be carried out in these offences. It also covers the non-cognizable offences and how its investigation is conducted. This paper mainly derives its authority from section 154 to 160 of CrPC 1898.

Public Perception towards Police Corruption: A Case Study of Tehsil Takht Bhai

Throughout the world, the department of police has been established for enforcing the law, protecting the life and property of the people, and ensuring peace. Police play a vital role in maintaining law and order in the society as well as controlling crimes and their services are considered as good, but police corruption has also occurred throughout history and therefore it is by no means a new phenomenon. The issue of corruption in police in terms of lodging first information report (FIR), during investigation and detention, calls for immediate attention from the researchers because it negatively affects justice delivery in society. The current study was conducted in Tehsil Takht Bhai, of district Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, which examined the perception of the general public, drivers, elected representatives, lawyers, past prisoners, and the police tout about police corruption. The study was qualitative specifically based on thematic research design. A stratified purposive sampling technique has been utilized, while the Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were used as a tool for collecting primary data. Further, focus group discussions were elaborated narrated and linked with the literature (thematic analysis) to extract findings. Research findings show that corruption is prevalent in police at different levels, and it is suggested that media campaigns, public awareness, and legislation about corruption need to be implemented to control corruption in the police.

Registration of Second FIR (First Information Report) in Sughran Bibi Case: A Landmark Judgement of the Supreme Court of Pakistan

The registration of First Information Report (FIR) has remained a challenging area for the judicial system of Pakistan; the multiplicity of the FIRs means separate investigation and separate police report. Precedents were available far and against the second FIR which had been creating perplexity and nuisance for law enforcement agencies. First Information Report is contaminated by the inclusion of exaggerated facts by the aggrieved parties. Moreover, there are several allegations on the working of police in Pakistan for drafting the FIR arbitrarily. Although FIR is a mere document to report the incident, however, it has gained a significant role in deciding the fate of a criminal trial in Pakistan. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the status of FIR in criminal-trail framework of Pakistan. To do this, Sughran Bibi Case is very significant in interpreting the status of multiplicity of FIRs in the criminal trail framework. Seven judges of esteemed Supreme Court decided the fate of second FIR in this human rights case. The study investigates the doctrinal aspects of the judgement by presenting a theoretical examination of the status of FIR, its evidentiary value, and effectiveness in the criminal trial framework.

Zero First Information Report: Indian Laws and Practices

The Indian criminal justice system has been efficiently preventing the crimes and punishing the offenders and culprits which is in furtherance of State’s legal obligations to protect its subjects from the wrongs/crimes committed against body or property or both. It is gradually developing new concepts and providing platforms maintaining the rule of law. The concept of Zero FIR (First Information Report), inter alia, is new one which entitles a person to bring into notice of police (irrespective of jurisdiction) the occurrence of an offence. This paper unearths the legal provisions relating to Zero FIR. Further, it gives some sensible suggestions also.

Evaluation of first information reports of Delhi police for injury surveillance: Data extraction tool development & validation.

Background & objectives:Policymakers and health professionals need to know the distribution, patterns, trends and risk factors of injury occurrence to develop strategies that reduce the incidence of injuries. The first information report (FIR) of Indian police is one potential source of this information. The aims of this study were to identify the minimum data set (MDS) recommended for injury surveillance, to develop a tool for data extraction from FIRs, to evaluate whether FIRs contain this MDS and to assess the inter-rater reliability of the tool.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study of incidents reported to Delhi Police in 2017. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify the MDS recommended for injury surveillance. A tool was designed for extraction of data, and its inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen's kappa and the percentage availability of each MDS data item in the FIRs, was calculated.Results:The literature review identified 24 reports that recommended 12 MDS for injury surveillance. The FIRs contained complete information on the following five MDS: sex/gender (100%), date of injury (100%), time of injury (100%), place of injurious event (100%) and intent (100%). For the following seven MDS, information was not complete: name (93.1%), age (67.2%), occupation (32.8%), residence (86.2%), activity of the injured person (86.2%), cause of the injury (93.1%) and nature of the injury (41.4%). The inter-rater reliability of the data extraction tool was found to be almost perfect.Interpretation & conclusions:Information on injuries can be reliably extracted from FIRs. Although FIRs do not always contain complete information on the MDS, if missing data are imputed, these could form the basis of an injury surveillance system. However, use of FIRs for injury surveillance could be limited by the representativeness of injuries ascertained by FIRs to the population. FIRs thus have the potential to become an important component of an integrated injury surveillance system.

Shakthi, A Mobile Phone Application to Promote Legal Redressal Awareness Among Young Indian Women

Shakthi is a mobile phone application launched for spreading awareness of legal redressal procedures available for women in India. It was designed to gauge the need for legal awareness and was tested on a group of 30 young women between 18 and 25 years old. Many heinous crimes committed against women remain under-reported because of social stigma, illiteracy and lack of reporting knowledge. The application addressed topics such as what is a First Information Report (FIR) and how to file one, the redressal process for sexual harassment at work, etc. The analysis of the tests showed that the participants were keen on learning more information on women’s rights. Future programmes can help equip women with more knowledge on how to address crimes, and a more extensive app can add meaning to the technology-enhanced lives of women in developing countries.

MODERNIZATION OF FRONT DESK PROJECT (FDP) TRAINING CURRICULUM FOR PUNJAB POLICE

Front Desk Project (FDP) was initiated by the Punjab government to bridge the gap between police and public in 2015. Punjab police was facing too much complains and lack of confidence from public as a friendly service oriented organization. FDP was aimed to bring educated people in police station to deal with the complainants by using latest technology to make it easier to lodge a complaint and First Information Report (FIR). Previously Police manage their records manually but after initiation of FDP, everything was computerized and easy to follow up a case in short period of time. A training program of FDP was devised to train the front desk officers who deal with public. It was initially designed as forty days training based on computer typing skills and law at police training centers. This program consisted of basics of Law, typing skills and motivational lectures. This paper aims to identify the short comings in the training program i.e. traditional curriculum which doesn’t match with the job requirement, which requires software training, physiological, behavioral, ethical trainings and also requires practical exposure. Moreover, exploring the opportunities to propose a system for the transformation of traditional FDP curriculum composed of state-of-the-art training methods. The proposed FDP curriculum has a capacity to enhance capabilities and real time experience for the trainees. This would also help trainers to automate the course and be helpful in police working and management.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Child Sexual Abuse.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is the involvement of children and adolescents in sexual activities (usually for adult sexual stimulation or gratification) that they cannot fully comprehend and to which they cannot consent as a fully equal, self-determining participant, because of their early stage of development [Box 1]. Open in a separate window Box 1 Defining child sexual abuse

Power of the Court to Direct Registration of First Information Report (FIR) A Study

Section 156(3) of the Criminal Procedure Code, which operates at the pre-cognizable stage, confers powers on a magistrate, who is empowered to take cognizance under Sec 190 of Criminal Procedure Cod, to order investigation into any cognizable case. In Panchabhai Popatbhai Bhutani & Others, the Supreme Court ruled: “A petition under Section 156(3) cannot be strictly construed as a compliant in terms of Sec 2(d) of the code and absence of a specific or improperly worded prayer or lack of complete and definite details would not prove fatal to a petition under sec 156(3) in so far as it states facts constituting ingredients of a cognizable offence. Such petition would be maintainable before the magistrate”.

JOURNEYING THEMES OF DATA MINING IN FELON AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY PROFILING

Crimes are social nuisance and cost our society badly in several ways. Duties of federal agencies like federal and central bureau of investigation (FBI and CBI), police is to maintain law and order into countries crimes analysis and visualization mainly poor in the Indian police force. The reason behind that is poor and unclean data, missing electronic data is a common phenomenon in the developing countries like India. Police often have vast amount of least utilized crime data in the form of FIR (First Information Report) and subsequent inquiries reports of the particular case registered. If we analyzed reports could give us useful information to help in predicting the crime like crime committing trends, hidden information. To boost the efforts of police force we can use advance technology aspects of data mining for finding information and for visualizing in effective manner we apply GIS. In this paper if crime data is stored in computerized format then we will analyzed how data mining agencies in tracking the activities of criminals. But in developing country like India the major problem is unavailability of criminal data. Criminal or suspect data is not well documented. Once we have data in electronic techniques we are able to get analyzed data and statics more accurate when compare to manual system. In this paper were discuss the loo holes of existing system in India and purpose a new practical model that will provide us with efficiency, accuracy, drop in crime rate , suspect reorganization and provide us better society to live. It is possible with mathematical prediction and data mining techniques for analyzing and visualization.

Why do three-wheelers carrying schoolchildren suffer very low fatal crashes?

This paper investigates the possible causes of low fatalities in three-wheelers (autorickshaw) carrying schoolchildren in India. The data was collected in the form of First Information Report (FIR) from local police stations from 2007 to 2012 and video-graphic surveys were done on four arterial roads running through Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Surveys were also done on one subarterial road near school zone which was used by three-wheelers carrying schoolchildren. The objective of the study was to investigate the hypothesis that drivers behave differently while following or overtaking three-wheelers carrying children. Many researchers have investigated the effect of passengers on the driver of the same vehicle, but there was no evidence of any study which investigated the effect of child passengers on nearby vehicles. It was found that heavy vehicles maintain more gaps while following or overtaking three-wheelers carrying children as compared to those not carrying children. It was also found that this effect is more prominent at speeds higher than 40km/h. On the other hand lighter vehicles keep the highest lateral and longitudinal gaps to heavy vehicles and three-wheelers without children respectively.

Evidentiary Value of First Information Report (FIR)

Evidentiary Value of First Information Report (FIR)

First Information Report (FIR) — Modes of Lodging and Legal Aspects of Credibility

To study the various legal aspects of Section 154, Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, and whether telephonic information comes under the umbrella of the said provision‘ We have, so far, attempted a detailed and searching analysis on the legal issues with regard to the statutory duty of an officer-in-charge of a police station in registering the First Information Report and commencing the investigation thereon as well the principles relating to the exercise of extra-ordinary and inherent powers of the High Court in quashing either the FIR or the entire criminal proceedings as the case may be; and bearing in mind the enunciations of law, we have given our anxious consideration and careful thought to all the related legal issues emerge therewith. We shall also focus on the evidentiary value of FIR, its validity when it is unreliable and ingenuine and the legality of mere oral intimation or telephonic information. To begin any investigation, it is quite obvious that the police need to know that an offence has been committed. This can be possible if someone approaches the police station and gives the details of the offence committed. This is often called as the First Information Report (in short, FIR) and has been contemplated under Section 154 of the Criminal Procedure Code of 1973 (hereinafter referred to as “Cr.P.C.”). The basic requirements of FIR as per the section are that, in case of a cognizable offence, if information is given to an officer-in-charge of the police station orally, then, 1. It shall be reduced to writing by such officer; 2. Such information shall then be read out to the informant; 3. The signature of the informant shall be received on the written information; 4. And. finally, it shall be entered in the diary \book meant for this purpose, by such officer. 5. A copy of the report is also to be handed over to the informant under clause (2) of the section.