Fireproof Construction Research Articles

Enhancing Fire Resilience in High-Tech Electronic Plants for Sustainable Development: Combining System Composition with Organizational Management

In the realm of sustainable advancements, high-tech electronics plants have evolved concomitantly with the innovations in environmentally conscious high-tech manufacturing. Nonetheless, the potential for fires in these establishments presents a profound challenge, jeopardizing both human resources and assets, while also bearing ecological implications. However, difficulty exists in understanding the system composition and fire protection features specific to the production environment. Meanwhile, sustainable development-oriented organizational countermeasures for fire resilience are rarely explored in the operations environment. Through a literature review, hypotheses development, an industrial survey, and PLS-SEM analysis using data from 84 questionnaires, this research aims to fill this gap by analyzing the system composition of high-tech electronics plants and its influence on fire resilience, emphasizing the organizational perspective. This study delves into the fire resilience of high-tech electronics plants, drawing particular attention to the imperative of fire prevention, detection, and mitigation measures. The discourse is framed within the paradigm of design-for-sustainability thinking, underscoring the integration of sustainable practices in enhancing fire resilience. By examining the interplay between various functional and organizational system composition elements, three key aspects are extracted to enhance fire resilience: (1) fire protection design measure improvement, (2) sustainable and fireproof construction facility, and (3) organizational management support. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the complex nature of high-tech electronics plants, and provide actionable insights for enhancing both fire resilience and sustainable practices in these establishments.

Report on Existing Fireproof Construction Guidelines for Dwellings against Wildfires

This work presents a state-of-the-art review of existing fireproof construction guidelines for dwellings against wildfires. The most important wildfire-proof construction guidelines and codes for dwellings are presented, and these are later associated with existing fire engineering chapters associated with building codes. It was concluded that the variability in this subject is very high, and the approach to classifying the thermal effects in construction still lags behind scientific consensus. Moreover, the constructive requirements depend severally on the country’s building code when assessing the fireproof requirements for wildfire. Moreover, the thermal actions of wildfires in dwellings are presented and compared with classical ISO-834 standard fire curves, in which the maximum equivalent fire exposure time can range from 2 to 4 h depending on the country’s code. The key contributions of this work consist of (i) thoroughly disseminating codes and guidelines to promote scientific discussion in order to advance the wildfire fireproof standards dedicated to WUI; (ii) emphasizing the void in current codes in order to promote conversation between future researchers.

Experimental Study on Construction Performance of Infilled-Type Fire Resistant Materials

In this study, the physical properties of the material were tested to ensure the applicability of the filling-type fireproof construction method when using spraying materials, and the changes in the material in different filling locations were evaluated. The filler, ET-1013 mixture without admixture, showed proper fluidity. When using the lower filling method, cracking and sagging occurred over time because of the increase in internal pressure. At the same time, cracking and deflection did not occur in the case of the upper filling method. The filling tests were performed using manufactured 1,000 and 3,000 mm columns. In the case of the lower filling method, cladding steel plates of the column underwent out-of-plane buckling, and the material separation occurred.

Rethinking How to Protect Dwellings against Wildfires

AbstractThis paper presents research concerning new fireproof construction guidelines for protection of dwellings against wildfires. The main subject of this study are newly-built houses, using cur...

THE ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS BEHIND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VICTORIAN TEXTILE FACTORY

Textile industry in the nineteenth century of the British empire was one of the milestone industries which center around cotton mills. The development of this industry attracted many people who wished to increase their life’ standard to migrate to area near the factories located in order to work there. As much as giving revenue for the country, these factories also gave impact to the environment as well as people living and working in it. There were three things behind the environmental impact during the Victorian era of textile industry, fire hazard, mills’ poor conditions and factory bill. Flammable materials, like raw cotton which mainly used in this industry, and high temperature room caused the factories engulfed in fire. The lacked protection from fire of the factories’ construction then led to a new building method being introduced and applied called the “Fireproof Construction”. Poor health condition of the workers who worked in high humidity and temperature of cotton mills brought a creation of factory bill (Factory Act) being passed. However, the act that was supposed to act as a regulation for factories owners to offer their worker a much more suitable place to work was hardly fully implied during this time. The writer used literature review method in collecting data. This article therefore intended to deliver the reader about the environment situation in the cotton factories while also giving the idea on how hardly an ideal comfort was achieved.

A Study on the Improvement Plan of Classification System for Beam and Slab of Fire Resistance Construction in Building's Law

To guarantee evacuation time and prevent the spread of fire and the collapse of a building on fire, the main structure is designed based on the fire resistance construction, depending on the number of stories, the purpose, and the scale of the building. Further, the fire resistance construction plan is designed using prescriptive or performance methods. Domestic laws prescribe materials and recommend certain thickness of fire resistance constructions, without considering the fire-resistant performance time. Issues such as over-design or under-design and lack of consideration of the recent technological advancements in construction materials and techniques persist, as considerable time would have elapsed since the enactment of the law. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to make improved modifications to the Building Code for Fire resistance Construction prescribed in Article 3 of the current “Rules for the Standards of Escapes/ Fire-Proof Construction of Buildings and Others.”

Standard Supporting and F-Class Structures for Improving the Firestop Recognition System

To prevent damage in cases of fire, buildings are constructed to be fireproof, and fire partitions are established. However, fire accidents frequently cause injuries and property damage. Therefore, in this study, a 2 h test was conducted to investigate the stud floor plate as a standard for horizontal support structures, and the possibility of fire spreading due to radiation from non-heated surfaces of ducts penetrating through the fire partition was analyzed. The experimental results revealed that the floor plate exhibited a good fire resistance performance for 2 h and the radiant temperature of the duct penetrating through the fire partition was less than 233 °C, the firing temperature of paper, indicating that there was little possibility of fire diffusion. Keywords: Fireproof Construction, Fire Partition, Recognition System of Firestop

Behavior of structural tunnel elements exposed to fire and mechanical loading

PurposeIncidents like the fire in the Channel Tunnel, where severe concrete spalling was determined, have led to requirements in limiting the spalling depth and involved zone to local and compatible magnitudes. Because the prevention of critical concrete spalling was also significant for the validity of the load-carrying capacity calculation for an existing railway tunnel, this paper aimed to investigate the spalling behavior of two contemplable concrete mixtures. The large-scale tests should show the load-carrying capacity over the whole duration of the fire exposure respecting all thermal and mechanical loads considered in the calculations.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the fire behavior of two concrete mixtures for an existing railway tunnel are investigated. Small-scale tests prior to the main tests were conducted to identify an appropriate concrete mixture for the large-scale tests. During the large-scale tests, a tunnel segment is loaded with horizontal and vertical loads derived from a calculation taking into account the existing boundary conditions. Resulting restraint forces were calculated using the soil stiffness and tunnel fire design curve as fire scenario and applied via hydraulic jacks. To avoid additional restraint forces during the experiment, thermal strains due to fire exposure were allowed.FindingsThe results of the small-scale tests did not allow for a clear statement whether one concrete mixture would perform better regarding the spalling behavior. The two large-scale tests showed different results regarding the spalling behavior. Over the whole duration of fire exposure, the first test specimen remains nearly undamaged. During the test of the second specimen, spalling started about 3 min after burner activation. Because of the results, a suggestion for the concrete mixture of the first test was made, and this mixture was then used for the redevelopment of the existing railway tunnel.Originality/valueThe test setup was capable of incorporating all relevant boundary conditions for the analysis of an existing railway tunnel as part of an important north – south connection. The results have shown that a fire-proof construction is possible by adding polypropylene fibers to the concrete mixture. Additionally, it was possible to avoid the mounting of expensive and time-consuming fire protection measures like the installation of thermal insulation boards.

Проблемы обеспечения огнестойкости противопожарных преград при прокладке инженерных коммуникаций

One of the main problems of fire-resistant technology for fills openings in fire barriers is providing of the required level of integrity between the contour of the opening and inserted into the opening fireproof construction (fire-door or fire-hatch frame, duct fire damper, etc.) is considered. Features of ensuring for fireproof constructions having only minor cracks or holes in its contours in width from 1 to 10 mm with using of special flame retardant foams and fire sealants to prevent the combustion products having high ignition capacity to penetrate from one room to another and cause a fire spreading in the building are appended. The necessity to take into account during fire tests a properties of mounting fire-foams are used for fire resistant sealing space between the bundle of cables, passing through the open doorway of fire barriers, especially depend on chemical properties of materials, and also the thickness and depth filling of openings, is substantiated. The designing of fire-resistant clearance leakage sealings between the bundle of cable products passing through the technological opening in a fire barrier that represents a special structure, called penetration seal, that should not only seal the all the free passages between the sheath of the cable, but also to maintain its integrity in the process of fire exposure, providing the required fire resistance for loss of insulating capacity (I), a loss of integrity (E) and the critical temperature of cabel sheaths heating (T), is examined.

변전소 철골 내화뿜칠 부착강도 기준설정에 관한 실험적 연구

내화뿜칠재는 주로 철골구조물 위에 시공하여 내화구조기준을 만족하기 위한 것이다. 국내에서는 원자력발전소를 비롯하여 철골구조물에 내화뿜칠재를 시공하여 왔지만, 재료특성 중 중요한 요건인 부착강도기준이 제정되어있지 않았다. 다만, 원자력발전소는 원전의 기준에 따라 부착강도 기준이 있었다. 본 논문에서는 변전소에 시공되는 내화뿜칠재의 부착강도 기준을 정하고자 하였다. 기준설정 방법은 현재 사용되는 제품으로 실험체를 제작하고, 변전소 환경에 따라 열화시키며 부착강도를 측정하고 구조물 내구연한 기간 동안 열화시킨 후 변전소에서 발생하는 충격하중 실험을 통하여 탈락여부를 평가하여 부착강도기준을 설정하였다. 본 논문에서의 부착강도는 시중에서 사용되는 제품을 기준으로 실험한 것으로 최소한의 값이라고 판단된다. Sprayed fire resistive materials are mainly used at steel structures to satisfy fireproof construction standard. However, the regulations on bond strength have been not considered with the exception of structures in the nuclear power plants, although it is an important factor showing material properties. Therefore, this paper suggested guidelines for bond strength of sprayed fire resistive materials used in the substation, by measuring bond strength according to aging of structures and impact loading considering environment of substations. It is judged that the bond strength suggested in this paper is the minimum value because it was measured from specimens widely used.

Synthesis of Geopolymers Using Local Resources for Construction and Water Purification

Large deposits of impure kaolins exist in Jordan and many parts of the world; geoplymers can reduce environmental impacts and have multi-application in many fields, such as water purification, waste treatment, fire proof construction, etc. The aim of this research is to investigate the use of alkali activated zeolitic tuff and low purity metakaolin as precursors for the production of functional geoplymers exhibiting proper mechanical properties and high potential for water storage and decontamination of polluted solutions. The results confirmed that this type of geopolymers showed superior mechanical characteristics and higher adsorption capacity towards heavy metals such as Cu(II) ions, which was similar to natural zeolite. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that phillipsite, a major zeolite mineral, disappeared upon geopolymerization, while scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that geopolymers exhibit a porous matrix of nano-particles. The geopolymers have also displayed high compressive strength and tensile bending strength of about 7.8 MPa and 45 MPa respectively, compared to reference geopolymers. This functional-geopolymers indicate that they are efficient, cost effective and have a potential for number of applications including construction, water storage and wastewater treatment.

DEVEROPMENT OF FIREPROOF GLUED LAMINATED LUMBERS WITH FIER-RETARDANT LAMINE

In this study, we are attempting to develop fireproof construction that consists of common wood species without any inorganic layers. The specimens we suggest are glued laminated lumbers that have flaming-die-out layer consisting of fire-retardant wood between the surface layer and the core zone. Fire-retardancy is provided by treatment with fire-retardant chemicals. We carried out fire resistance tests and loaded fire resistance tests on several types of Japanese cedar (Cyptomeria japonica D.DON) column specimens. As a result, we demonstrated the column specifications that have 2-hour fire-resistance performance. We confirmed the usefulness of utilizing the laminas impregnated with fire-retardant chemicals as flaming-die-out layer.

A STUDY ON AFTERFLAME MEASURES FOR WOODEN FIREPROOF STRUCTURES USING RECYCLED GYPSUM

The growing problem of hydrogen sulfide resulting from the disposal of waste gypsum boards has yet to find an effective solution. Recent years have brought urgent calls for a means of recycling waste gypsum boards.This study focused on applications in floors, which among major structural parts are subject to particularly severe conditions. The author examined the form of gypsum after pouring, as well as the formwork and pouring methods, employing the properties of gypsum hemihydrate recycled from waste gypsum boards. The study has established specifications that overcome the problem of afterflame following a fire involving wooden fireproof construction.

The Development of Fireproof Construction in Brussels Between 1840–1870

Fireproof mill construction had been developed in England at the end of the 18th century. In Brussels, the first large fireproof building was constructed in 1844–1847. All at once, the backlog of 50 years was eliminated. Moreover, for Brussels, the experimental period just started. Not bound by traditions, new techniques and materials were soon adopted. The evolution of the construction history of fireproof building in Brussels is discussed by going more deeply into the construction of six buildings, erected between 1844 and 1870.

The Fireproof Building: Technology and Public Safety in the Nineteenth-Century American City

From the first American attempts at fireproof construction in the 1790s to the steel and concrete high-rises of the early 20th century, this text traces the development of structural fire protection in America and its important consequences for building construction as well as for the safety of cities. Urban conflagrations destroyed many downtowns in the 19th century. To protect their property, some owners made their buildings fire-resistive - or as they were called in the past, fireproof - by using new kinds of non-combustible materials and arranging the space inside to control the spread of fire. As these methods improved and owners replaced combustible buildings with fireproof ones, urban firestorms became a thing of the past. Sara E. Wermiel explores the work of the pioneers of structural fire protection, such as the architect Peter B. Wight. She explains when and why the materials of fire construction, including structural iron and hollow tile, came into use. The relatively high cost of these materials discouraged many owners from adopting them, however, and the system finally began to be used widely only at the end of the 19th century, after large cities had enacted building laws mandating fireproof construction for tall buildings and theatres. Wermiel shows the impact of building laws on the development of technology: the laws stimulated demand for fireproofing materials, which spurred innovation and drove down costs. Although introduced simply as non-combustible substitutes for wood, the materials of the fireproof building - notably, structural iron and steel, and concrete - became the standard for commercial buildings in the 20th century. Not only did they reduce the risk of fire, but after architects adapted them to create the skeleton frame - the sine qua non of the modern skyscraper - they revolutionized building construction.

F210 IS0834に基づく積層型中空耐火壁の加熱シミュレーション(オーガナイズドセッション17 : 材料およびデバイス製造の熱工学)

The Building Standards Act designates fire zones and semi-fire zones for the purpose of decreasing the number of damages caused by serious city fires, and requires fireproof construction or fire protection for buildings. A fire resistance test is one of the methods of estimating the performance of fireproof construction, and is done by using the ISO method or the JIS method. However, these tests require large scale and expensive appliances, much preparation time, and the expenses for making specimens are huge. To cope with this issue, we have been developing numerical simulation codes for predicting mutual relation between the fireproof construction and the fire resistance test results. In this study the results of numerical simulation of the multi-layered cavity wall, which is one of the fundamental structures in building construction, is shown.

Patents in Imperial Russia: A History of the Russian Institution of Invention Privileges under the Old Regime by Anneli Aer

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 517 he then devotes little space to describing these buildings, dismissing them as technologically stagnant. Consequently, the reader never learns exactly what ordinary cast iron front buildings were (and are) like. Most of this chapter is devoted to a discussion of the fire resis­ tance of cast iron, a matter that was much debated in the 19th cen­ tury, and Friedman does his best to convince the reader that cast iron is an unsatisfactory building material. However, his evidence does not support this conclusion. One example he uses to show the vulnerability of cast iron fronts was the burning of the Manhattan Savings Institution Building in 1895 (p. 37). Yet contrary to what Friedman writes, this building did not have a cast iron front. Unfortunately, readers searching for the informative nuggets will probably be discouraged in their quest by the writing. This book needed a thorough editing, which it did not get. The text is repeti­ tious; for example, the material on pages 36-37, even the quotation, is repeated on page 57. The awkward phrasing, extraneous detail, and repetition, moreover, will not only put offall but the most deter­ mined readers; they often obscure the author’s point. Yet the case studies that discuss the structures of extant old build­ ings are worth reading. The most memorable of these concerns an early-20th-century skeleton frame building that, during recent re­ pairs, was found to have no column in an outside corner of the top floor. As a result of leaks, the column, which should have been car­ rying wall beams, had rusted to nothing, and the beams were resting on the brick curtain wall. This result is what skyscraper-skeptics in the 19th century feared would happen to steel in exteriorwalls. More such case studies and some discussion of how well actual practice conformed with experts’ recommendations, and even with the build­ ing laws, would have made for a better book. Sara Wermiel Dr. Wermiel is a visiting scholar with the STS Program at MIT and specializes in 19th-century high-tech building construction technology. She is completing a book manuscript on the history of fireproof construction in the United States. Patents in ImperialRussia: A History oftheRussian Institution ofInvention Privileges under the Old Regime. By Anneli Aer. Helsinki: The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, 1995. Pp. x+231; figures, tables, appendices, notes, bibliography, index. FIM140 (paper). The author takes as his task the examination of the origins and development of the Russian institution that governed the granting of patents. Aer seeks to fill a gap in the literature on both Russian economic institutions and Russian legal concepts. Specifically, he uses “the institution of invention privileges” as a point of departure to gain insights into Russian conceptions of property rights as they 518 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE pertained to inventors’ patents. The study thus addresses the much larger question of how Russia was able to import the Western institu­ tion of the patent and make it conform to the Russian political, so­ cial, and cultural environment, even though the patent was based on concepts of property rights that arose in an entirely different legal tradition and culture. The main focus is on the period from 1861 until 1896, at which time a new patent statute was enacted, but Aer also gives some attention to the 18th-century background and to the first half of the 19th century. Readers interested in comparative European perspectives will find this book useful. Although it is not meant as a truly comparative study, a general comparative approach informs the work. Aer dis­ cusses patent systems in France, Germany, Finland, Great Britain, and the United States in order to establish the context for Russian policies. In addition, his coverage of international developments in patent agreements during the 1870s and 1880s and of Russia’s re­ fusal to sign the Paris Convention in 1883 is very thorough. One area of direct comparison concerns the confidence of inventors in their respective systems. Aer concludes that British inventors had a strong faith in their legal system even though their patent system actually worked poorly, whereas in Russia inventors’ faith was low...

The Performance Of Fire Protection Of Buildings Against The Fires Following The Great Hanshin-awaji Earthquake

High levels of amplitude acceleration ( 300 to 800 cmis2 ) and velocity ( 80 cmis ) were observed over a wide area at the time of the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. The locations where the fires started are almost uniformly distributed in areas where buildings suffered severe structural damage, mainly areas where the seismic intensity reached seven on the JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency ) scale. Thanks to the weak winds at the time of the earthquake, the speed of the fire spread was far below that of past urban fires. Seven large fires that destroyed an area of more than 33,000 m2 each, broke out in areas with large concentrations of wooden houses. Most of the fireprotected wooden buildings that caught fire did so mainly because fire spread through the building's openings, not through their walls. Most of the cease-burning lines in urban areas were wide streets, railways, parks and similar large spaces, rows of buildings of fireproof construction, and fire proof buildings constructed on large building lots. This confirms that it is extremely important to provide more space between buildings and improve buildings' fireproof performance in order to prevent the spread of urban fires following earthquakes.

The Exported Iron Buildings of Andrew Handyside & Co. of Derby

Research Article| May 01 1970 The Exported Iron Buildings of Andrew Handyside & Co. of Derby Malcolm Higgs Malcolm Higgs Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (1970) 29 (2): 175–180. https://doi.org/10.2307/988651 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Malcolm Higgs; The Exported Iron Buildings of Andrew Handyside & Co. of Derby. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 1 May 1970; 29 (2): 175–180. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/988651 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of the Society of Architectural Historians Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1970 The Society of Architectural Historians Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

An Indoor 138/26/13-Kv Switching Station for Newark, N. J.

Newark Switching Station is the first indoor switching station on the Public Service Electric and Gas Company system supplied at 138 kv and incorporating distribution facilities at two voltages, 13 and 26 kv, within a single building. The station design successfully accomplishes several aims, namely: Capability of enlargement to an ultimate of 330,000 kva within the property dimensions. The most economical arrangement compatible with the high degree of reliability essential to supply a concentrated metropolitan load. Ease of expansion. Economy through maximum practical transformer size. Minimized fire hazard by segregation of equipment, fireproof construction, and elimination of all major elements of combustible material except in the transformers, which are equipped with automatic water spray. Quiet operation by incorporation of noise reduction construction and methods. Appearance in keeping with the city's modernization trend.