Fire Place Research Articles

О НОВЫХ ПОДХОДАХ К СОЗДАНИЮ ВЫСОТНО-СПАСАТЕЛЬНЫХ АВТОМОБИЛЕЙ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ

Information is provided on the development and production of high-altitude rescue vehicles at the present stage, as well as on the transition of domestic standards to the international standardization system within the framework of the states belonging to the Commonwealth of Independent States. The differences between the requirements of modern standards for fire ladders and car lifts, which come into force in Russia on July 1, 2024, and those in force, are considered. The analysis of modern terminology in the design and operation of fire ladders and car lifts, new approaches to some of their parameters, as well as the introduction of additional parameters is given. The requirements for the chassis that ensure the prompt departure of high-altitude rescue vehicles to the place of fire (accident), the conditions for ensuring cargo static and dynamic stability when applying fire extinguishing agents, the need for equipment with control devices and pointers in connection with the use of computer technologies in their control systems have been formed. The technical solutions for providing modern fire trucks with automatic boom stage alignment systems are analyzed, promising approaches to creating boom stage alignment systems are substantiated. The conclusion is made about the compliance of modern high-altitude rescue vehicles with the requirements of Interstate standards.

"PROPOSAL FOR ESTABLISHING THE FRITILLARIA ORIENTALIS BOTANICAL RESERVE IN BERCHIEȘU, FRATA COMMUNE, CLUJ COUNTY "

Fritillaria orientalis Adams is an endangered central Balkan and Illyrian species with sporadic presence in Romania, declared "Natural Monument". A new protected area of 22.18 ha located southwards to the village Berchieșu (Frata commune) is proposed for conserving the most important and abundant population of F. orientalis in the Cluj county, assessment based on available literature and personal observations in the field. For this reason, the area has special botanical value and needs to be legally protected in order to preserve this isolated population. This paper presents floristic data and vegetation characteristics along with relevant illustration of the proposed protected area. In order to easily distinguish F. orientalis from F. meleagris L., reported as well in the Cluj county, morphological, biometric and ecological differentiation characters are presented. Plant individuals of F. orientalis from Berchieșu are characterized by a pronounced diversity regarding the height of flower stems and colour of perianth. Collection of flowers or whole plants, extension of cultivated lands, improvised fire places near the forest edge, logging, fertilization of agricultural fields and motorized access threatens this population. Therefore, we propose a set of measures to assure its sustainable conservation and monitoring of the phytocoenoses to assess the effectiveness of protective actions.

Method of information technology for structure analysis of urban network fire-rescue units

The subject of this study is the process of analyzing the structure of the network of fire-rescue units of the city in the context of optimizing their spatial distribution. The purpose of this work is to increase the objectivity of decisions made while forming a city network of fire-rescue units by creating an information technology (IT) method for analysis of its structure based on the use of spatially distributed data. Objectives: to find ways to improve the level of fire safety, analyze existing approaches to the formation of a network of fire-rescue units, considering the peculiarities of building and organizing a network, and adapt the classical problem of placement; to propose a method for solving it to minimize the distance between the fire-rescue unit and the possible place of fire while ensuring maximum coverage of the territory by fire service; and to develop IT structure for its implementation based on the information flow model of the process of analyzing the fire-rescue units network using a geospatial approach. The following results were obtained. The study of the classical location problem and its adaptation to real problems arising from the analysis of the urban network of fire-rescue units made it possible to represent it as a set of independent complete bipartite graphs. To search the location of network nodes while solving an adapted problem, an IT method is developed, which, based on the p-median model, combines the author’s methodology for studying information processes and methods of geospatial analysis. Summarizing the requirements of the current legislation, a set of input and output IT data and a set of operations have been formed. The representation of the IT structure in the form of a data flow diagram explains how the set of factors is processed and generalized when making decisions on the creation and / or improvement of the existing city fire department. Conclusions. The results of the bibliographic search confirm the need to consider the spatial features of the area where it is planned to create a fire-rescue unit, as well as the spatial configuration of the urban network of existing fire stations, to evaluate its effectiveness using an integrated indicator. This requires the development of specialized methods focused on the use of geo-information systems for their implementation in decision support systems. Scientific and methodological support for IT has been developed, which gives local authorities a tool for analyzing fire safety in the city to create and / or improve the existing fire protection. An experiment to study the capabilities of the proposed method based on volunteered geographic information on Kharkiv city showed the effectiveness of its use for solving classical problems of placement, considering the accepted restrictions on the spatial availability of fire-rescue units. At the same time, additional opportunities appear in the formation of options for improving the network of fire-rescue units, considering their spatial distribution, workload, accessibility, and the resulting areas of coverage / non-coverage by the fire service. For example, the fire service coverage area of the existing structure of fire stations has been assessed. During the regulated time, it reaches 70% of the Kharkiv city area, and depending on the real road traffic, it can vary from 64.61% to 73.44%. It is illustrated that the creation of two additional fire and rescue units in the northern and southern parts of Kharkiv will increase the coverage area by approximately 5%, on average increasing it to 75.1%

Health-related quality of life after burn injury due to bioethanol-fueled fireplaces

ObjectiveCommercially available bioethanol-fueled fireplaces are a potential source of burns and are commonly used for home use. The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of life following burn injuries that were caused by bioethanol-related accidents. MethodsBurned patients who were admitted to our burn unit with burn injury due to bio-ethanol fueled fire places between January 2010 and December 2021 were contacted to ask for their willingness to participate in this study. They were asked to answer questions regarding the circumstances of the accident and three questionnaires to capture burn specific and general health related quality of life (Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B), Short-Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36)) and general information about the accident. Patients were matched and compared to a group of patients suffering comparable burns from other burn mechanisms, which were also admitted to our burn unit at the same time. ResultsOf 35 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 19 answered the questionnaire and were compared to 38 patients with other burn mechanisms. There were no statistical differences regarding age (bioethanol: 37.4 ± 14.7 years vs. control: 36.2 ± 14.3 years, p = 0.777), TBSA (9.9 ± 6.8% vs. 8.9 ± 10.4, p = 0.715), and sex (42.1% females vs. 36.8% females, p = 0.882). Most patients in the bioethanol-group reported that they did not follow the manual instructions (68.4%) and that the accident happened during the refilling process (52.6%).There was no significant difference in any subscale of the BSHS-B or the SF-36. DiscussionBurns related to bioethanol-fueled fireplaces are rare compared to other typical burn mechanisms. However, as they are used for personal pleasure and interior design, psychological impairment following burn may be even more critical. Detailed education on the use of these fireplaces needs to take place in order to reduce the risk of accidents.

Новый археологический объект финального каменного века Курсак-1 в нижнем течении Катуни (Горный Алтай)

The article presents the results of investigations aimed to discover Mesolithic and Neolithic sites in the Katun River valley in its lower reaches (Altai Republic, Chemalsky District). The research was carried out in 2022 by IAET SB RAS team and as a result, an archaeological object — Kursak-1 site — was discovered on the left bank of the Katun river in the estuary of the Karasu creek. During the inspection of the terrace from the surface we collected numerous archaeological material (274 stone artifacts, 3 small fragments of pottery). To determine the stratigraphic context of the deposits, a test pit was excavated; it revealed: 4 lithological layers, 2 cultural horizons, where 113 stone artifacts and 2 undisturbed objects (fire place and pit) were found. Blades are few, nuclei for blades and microblades are singular. There are also single specimens from the category of tools. About 80% of all stone artifacts are made from local raw materials, which are characterized by fracturing and heterogeneity, but were easily accessible. It is possible that a large number of amorphous flakes are associated with preparatory cleavage, when preforms were created. The results of the investigations indicate an active use of the site in ancient period, possibly as a workshop. At the present time, we can assume that the archaeological materials of horizon 2 belong to the Final Mesolithic, horizon 1 — to a later stage of the Final Stone Age.

Determination of the center of gravity of multi-functional fire-fighting and rescue motorcycles used in Vietnam

Purpose. To determine a reasonable place for installing the equipment unit for the fire-rescue motorcycle, which allows maintaining the stability of the motorcycle when driving at a speed of v ≤ 70 km/h. Methods. To calculate the motorcycle motion model Matlab was used. Findings. The methods have been developed for determining the coordinates of the center of gravity of a multifunctional fire and rescue motorcycle equipped with an equipment unit. The effect of motorcycle speed on its stability when turning around was researched. Application field of research. The results of the work can be used in recommendations for motorcycles exploitation in case of moving to the fire place.

Assessment of the impact of waste fires on air quality and atmospheric aerosol optical depth: A case study in Poland

In this study the impact on air quality and on atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) of selected waste fires in Poland in the last few years was assessed using measurement results derived from the public air quality monitoring (AQM) system and satellite observations of the MODIS sensor. Additional meteorological data from nearest ground stations as well as results of HYSPLIT forward and backward modeling and high-resolution satellite imagery were used to initially identify locations potentially exposed to smoke from the fires and hours of exposure. The concentrations of selected air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, NOx, CO, and C6H6) were treated as characteristic substances of waste fires. Depending on the location of a given AQM station in relation to the place of waste fire and the prevailing meteorological conditions, a more or less significant air concentration peaks (lasting at least several hours) of the analyzed substances were observed. The study showed that the fumes from large waste fires spread over a long distance, so that the increase in air pollutant concentrations can be also recorded at AQM stations located further away (approx. 200–300 km) from the fire site. In the layer of the atmosphere where the smoke is transported, its influence on the AOD data from satellite observations was also visible.

The Use of Synecdoche in Social Speech Interaction

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole and vice versa (Nordquist;2014:1) or it is identified as substituting a more inclusive term for less inclusive one or vice versa such as fireside, hearth-refer to a part of the fire place.
 The present paper deals with the problem of how to understand the true meaning of synecdoche in the language of the society and how the native speakers use synecdoche in their speech and do they use it just in casual conversation or informal conversation?
 The paper concludes that people and writers, employ synecdoche in their speech by giving common ideas and objects deeper meanings and thus draw readers' attention. Furthermore , synecdoche is used in different fields of life such as social, political, educational etc..
 Finally ,Synecdoche ,like any other figure of speech, when it is used appropriately it adds a distinct color to words making them appear vivid .To insert this “life “ factor to literary, political, educational as well as casual conversation. Speakers and writers describe things in new ideas to enable speakers of English language to understand the true meaning of the used words.

Rethinking the Role of Shona Cultural Games and Activities in the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics at ECD Level in a Selected District in Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe

The qualitative study explored the role of Shona cultural games and activities in the teaching and learning of mathematics at ECD level in a selected district in Manical and Province, Zimbabwe. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was done to ten purposively sampled research participants. The questionnaire with qualitative questions and semi-structured in-depth interviews were used for data collection. The cultural games that participants used included arauru or pada, the play button game, Playing house (mamhuza) Tsoro or draft zairakaora, Nhodo /inota, sarurawako help learners to learn the concepts of balancing, mass and weight; observation, concentration, adding and subtraction in mathematics. Cultural activities which the respondents included making brushes/brooms using grass or reed (tsanga) pot making using clay, making fire places using mud or stones, Winnowing, to teach sets, shapes, area and direction. The study recommends that ECD caregivers should continue engaging pupils to participate in cultural games such as ‘nhodo’,’pada’, ‘mahumbwe’ and many other cultural activities that are found within their cultural context, with the norms and values of their society, which develop the holistic child. There is also need for teachers to make mathematics more relevant by linking it with activities familiar to the students so that they become motivated to do the subject. Teachers need to move away from the chalk and talk way of teaching mathematics and try to involve the learners as much as possible, informed about the research results, which show the existence of mathematical ideas in different cultures.

Application of Nanotechnology in Extinguishing Agents.

Extinguishing agents are a very important tool in the field of security, both in terms of private and social aspects. Depending on the type of burning substance and place of fire, appropriately prepared and developed solutions should be used. We can distinguish, among others, materials, powders or foaming agents. Modifications introduced into them, including ones based on the achievements in the field of nanotechnology, can improve their safety of use and extend their service life. Such amendments also reduce the costs of production and neutralization of the area after a fire, and increase the fire extinguishing effectiveness. The introduction of nanoparticles allows, e.g., shortening of the fire extinguishing time, reduction of the risk of smoke emission and the toxic substances contained in it, and an increase in the specific surface of particles and thus increasing the sorption of pollutants. The elaborations use metal nanoparticles, e.g., NP-Ag, metal oxides such as NP-SiO2, as well as particles of substances already present in extinguishing agents but treated and reduced to nanosize. It should be noted, however, that all changes must lead to obtaining a tool that meets the relevant legal requirements and has appropriate approvals.

EXAMINATION OF COUNTERFEIT CONDUCTORS WITH SIGNS OF A SHORT CIRCUIT

The article reviews an expert study of conductors with melting due to a short circuit from the places of fires. Given the urgency of the problem of low-quality conductors on sale, the issue of studying such objects is considered. The use of counterfeit cable and wire products leads to fires, resulting in both material losses and deaths, while the number of fires caused by low-quality products is increasing. For the most used copper wires, the electrical properties are determined by the presence of impurities, some of which have a significant effect on electrical resistance. The technical standards for round copper electrical rolling (rolled wire) regulate 19 types of impurities, the content of which is limited to thousandths of a percentage only. Thus, the oxygen content is limited to 0.04 %. In counterfeit products the content of impurities can be limited only by the limit of solubility in liquid metal. In particular, the oxygen content can reach such limits when there will be a copper eutectic with an oxygen content of 0.39 %. In this case not only electrical, but also mechanical and external properties will change, which practically are manifested as a decrease in plasticity and defects in the conductor surface. The development of methods for studying conductors with melting has been going on for more than a decade, but nowadays not all of the issues of methodological support have been resolved. The use of such indicators as presence of an eutectic phase in copper conductors in the case of counterfeit products does not have methodological support and additional research is necessary. Given the possibility that low-quality conductors could be present among the objects of study, it is proposed to use the results of metallographic studies only for cases of undoubted use of only high-quality conductors. For express assessment in expert studies of the copper wire quality, it is recommended to use tests for twisting-untwisting (assessment of mechanical properties) and surface evaluation of the conductor under insulation on samples of areas which are not damaged by fire. The parameters of the surface condition and rejection signs, the number of twisting-unwinding cycles are set by the manufacturer depending on the diameter of the wire. Key words: research of conductors with signs of short circuit, counterfeit conductors, metallographic researches of conductors from fire places.

Developments and research on fire-induced progressive collapse behaviour of reinforced concrete elements and frame - a review.

Many studies have been carried out for understanding the mechanism of failure of RC structural systems under varying temperature circumstances. Similarly, several methods have been developed for improving the fire resistance of concrete buildings, with respect to material selection and detailing aspects. However, only some of the researchers have concentrated on composite behavior of interaction between the structural elements and functional elements, like interaction between masonry infill walls and RC frame elements in the emergence of fire. Several numerical models have been developed for analysis of infilled frames. For simulating the action of fire on full-scale reinforced concrete buildings, three factors, namely, presence of loading, place of fire, its intensity, and duration, must be considered since the material behavior depends on the stress level, intensity and duration of fire and the sensitiveness of structural element to the location and application of fire. To consider the combined effect of load and high temperature, finite element analysis is used. For simulating the intensity and time factor for temperature rise, transient state studies must be done.

Autonomous Fire Fighting Robot Using Arduino

A fire outbreak is a hazardous act that leads to numerous consequences. Detecting a fire at an early stage and extinguishing it can aid in prevention of various accidents. Till now we rely on human resource. This often leads to risking the life of that person. Therefore, fire security becomes an important aspect to save human lives. In this a fire extinguishing robot has been proposed and designed which detects the fire location and extinguish fire by using sprinklers on triggering the pump. This robot uses flame sensors for accurate fire detection. This proposed model of Fire Extinguishing Robot using Arduino used to detect presence of fire and extinguishing it automatically without any human interference. It contains gear motors and motor driver to control the movement of robot when it detects any presence of fire and will automatically start the water pump to extinguish that fire breakout. This model robot has a water ejector which is capable of ejecting water at the fire breakout place. The water ejector pipe can be move towards the required direction using servo motor. The whole operation is controlled by an Arduino UNO. Fire-fighting is an important but dangerous occupation. A fire-fighter must be able to reach the situation quickly and safely extinguish the fire, preventing further damage and reduce fatalities. Technology has come to rescue this issue, fire-fighters and machines are now having more efficient and effective method of fire fighting. This is gives you the design idea of fire fighting robot using autonomous operation. The robotic vehicle is loaded with fire extinguisher and a water pump which is controlled over solenoid valve to throw water. An Arduino UNO is a is used for the desired operation. A water tank and fire extinguisher setup along with water pump is mounted on the robot body and its operation is carried out from the output through appropriate signal from the sensor. The whole operation is controlled by an Arduino UNO.

Fire Fighting Robotic Machine

Afire outbreak is a hazardous act that leads to numerous consequences. Detecting a fire at an early stage and extinguishing it can aid in prevention of various accidents. Till now we rely on human resource. This often leads to risking the life of that person. Therefore, fire security becomes an important aspect to save human lives. In this paper a fire extinguishing robot has been proposed and designed which detects the fire location and extinguish fire by using sprinklers on triggering the pump. This robot uses three flame sensors for accurate fire detection. This proposed model of Fire Extinguishing Robot using Arduino used to detect presence of fire and extinguishing it automatically without any human interference. It contains gear motors and motor driver to control the movement of robot when it detects any presence of fire and will automatically start the water pump to extinguish that fire breakout. This model robot has a water ejector which is capable of ejecting water at the fire breakout place. The water ejector pipe can be move towards the required direction using servo motor. The whole operation is controlled by an Arduino UNO micro-controller.

Pre-History and History of legumes to 1900

Legumes are thought to be one of the earliest human-domesticated plants. We know from Bible that Lentils were also the ingredient of the cultivation and food of ancient Egypt. In Turkey, fossilized seeds of pea, lentils and other leguminous plants have been discovered from the fire places of Neolithic age, approximately 7000 to 8000 years B. C. ago. The human population inhabiting around the lakes during 4000-5000 B.C. in Switzerland, grew peas and a dwarf field bean. Farmers in China started to cultivate soy bean during 2000-3000 B.C. These crops were introduced and then started to cultivate in America and Asia nearly 3,000 years ago. For soil improvement Romans used used legumes in pastures dating 37 B. C. [1]. In Finland, pea cultivation has been documented since the 17th century it was common in the southwest, where soils contained enough clay and arable fields were available, and spread slowly throughout the country [2]. In Sub-Saharan Africa regarding the trends in production, distribution, trade of legumes, the approximate used area for total harvesting of all the leguminous crops was 20 million ha in 2006-2008, which is 28% of total area used for cultivating crops worldwide. From this area, 54% of the area was used for cow peas, 28% for dry beans and 18% for all other lentils. West and Central Africa produced estimated 2.6 million tons of cowpeas on 7.8 million ha per annum in 1990s, which was about 69% of the global production and harvesting [3]. There is an estimated 10% of pulse contributions to protein intake and the top 16 developing countries out of 28, that are producing these crops, are from Sub-Saharan Africa. The top 5 countries in this list (Braudi, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Comoros) are also in Sub-Saharan Africa. For the production of lentils in Sub- Saharan Africa, the area specified for this purpose is 17% while it is 10% in rest of the world [4]. The land required for the cultivation of legumes is of poor quality, meaning that there are no strict criteria for land and can be grown easily on any type of land. On the other hand, cereals such as wheat, maize, rice, barley requires fertilized land, temperature and humidity-controlled conditions for proper growth and they are also very sensitive crops. Legumes can be grown in areas with scarcity of water and are resistant to tough weather and land conditions. Unfortunately, the pulses and legumes do not get investment, resources and the Governments in most of the countries do not pay much attention to these crops as they are mostly consumed as secondary food while cereals are mostly assumed as priority attention crop. Cereals are considered as food security crops and policies are devised for their growth and protection [5]. The proportions of cultivated legumes have great differences across the world. The cultivation of legumes uses 16% of total cultivated land globally and the soybean crop among these is the most important crop in America in terms of food choice, trade and financial impact. In Europe the area of grain legumes is about 4 million, in this area 8 million t legume seeds are produced. Pea is the dominant legume seed in Europe, which is cultivated on about 1 million ha [6]. Regular consumption o legumes are highly recommended due to their nutritional value among the food stuffs. In Middle Ages, they were one of the most important sources of energy (starch) and protein in the human diet. But now legumes have been replaced by potatoes, food of animal origin or cereals by their role [7]. However, attitudes towards legumes have been improving for some time now, and they are no longer consistently viewed as old-fashioned. The reasons for this are health benefits of legumes are being increasingly recognized and acknowledged [8].

ڕۆڵی پراكتیزه‌كردنی مۆدیلەكانی سیستەمی زانیاریی جوگرافی لە چارەسەری گرفتی‌ شوێنی بنكەكانی بەرگریی شارستانی (شاری هەولێر وه‌ك نموونه‌)

Abstract: The problem of the study is that there is inequality in the distribution of the fire places in the study area, and many people cannot benefit from the service because the stations are far. The aim of this study is to show the development of the firefighting service in the city of Erbil and the current distribution of the fire places, and to implement the spatial analysis for the distribution of the fire places and to show the relation between their distribution and the density distribution and the numerical distribution of population to build the model of choosing the best places to establish or to relocate the fire places in the study area. In this study the inductive method is used. The comparative analysis method is used. The geographical means such as maps and aerial photographs are used as well. This study depended on the software (ArcGIS 10.4) in some analytical works and producing some maps. The study concluded that the civil defense institutions in the Erbil city are distributed in dispersion form, and their service scopes do not reach many areas, so it is possible to benefit from building models in geographic information systems because they give excellent results in solving spatial problems for the distribution of these services. The title of the study, which represents the city's fire stations, is an important topic of interest for urban studies due to the uneven distribution of fire station in the city of Erbil that's not Mach of increasing population. Many headquarter suffering from the maintenance of fire stations. This study used GIS to build models and other statistical tools in the arc map programmer. in this research, found that many of the fire stations are scatter in the distributions in the study area.

Yttrium orthovanadates phosphors as up-conversion luminescent markers for gunshot residue identification

In this work, yttrium orthovanadate phosphors doped with Er3+ and Yb3+ (YVO4: Er3+, Yb3+) were synthetized by the combustion method. After a post-synthesis heat treatment (1100 °C for 6 h), samples were highly crystalline, with only the tetragonal zircon phase remaining. Additionally, all samples presented promising down and up conversion properties, exhibiting a strong green luminescence when excited by either UV or IR radiation. The up-conversion process involved the absorption of two-photons, with the intensity of the Er3+ transitions (2H11/2–4I15/2, 4S3/2–4I15/2 and 4F9/2–4I15/2) heightened with the Yb3+ content. The co-doped orthovanadate samples were introduced into 9 mm non-toxic ammunition (NTA) for evaluation as luminescent markers for gunshot residues (GSR). After shots with marked ammunition were fired, these phosphors enabled the visual detection of luminescent GSR (LGSR) on the shooter, firearm and firing place, facilitating an analysis of the simulated crime scene. These residues also presented a chemical signature that enabled their identification as LGSR. Besides, the down and up conversion properties observed in the residues provide an additional security feature for the unequivocal characterization of the LGSR.

Модель и алгоритмы задачи идентификации ситуаций при ведении действий по тушению пожара

Introduction. With the purpose of identification of initial information for setting tasks for fire-fighting subdivisions on place of fire, the model of general class of tasks solved by fire-fighting subdivisions (fire protection) at organization of planning of conducting combat operations is formalized, algorithms of identification of attributes of situation developing on the fire are resulted. The model and algorithms, as boundary conditions, contain the requirements of the current Combat Regulations. Identification of signs of the situation developing in a fire, depending on the preferences of the fire extinguishing manager, is based on the classical solution of the tasks set that have developed in the course of the development of the socio-historical development of society and are formalized in regulatory and administrative documents, and / or theoretical provisions. Purpose of research. It consists in development of mathematical toolkit (model and algorithms) of management decision-making support at planning of conducting combat operations on the objects of economy, social infrastructure and adjoining territory, based on mathematical logic with the purpose of application of mathematical methods. Methods. The methods of algebra of logic were used. Results and discussion. The genesis of the management problem was formalized. A toolkit (a model and algorithms) for modeling and identification of features of the situation developing in a fire, to which the head of fire extinguishing has to react adequately, has been offered – to set tasks to the personnel on fighting positions. The choice of normatively-administrative documents, results of scientific researches and experience of the head of fire extinguishing allows generating different algorithms for solving the posed problem, differing only by key steps (conditions) and the order of checking the properties of the signs, in the quality of the properties of the sign identifying the development of the task on fire. Three aspects are described for modeling and identifying a fire situation. Conclusions. The modeling and identification of attributes of the situation developing on the fire allows revealing the critical defects of information-analytical support of the fire extinguishing activity of participants on the initial stage of analysis. Keywords: logic algebra, algorithm, combat operations, task, modeling, model, planning, fire, fire extinguishing manager, control.

IGNIS, INCENDIUM, FORTUITUS CASUS – D. 19, 2, 9, 3 I OPASNOST ŠTETE OD POŽARA KOD LOCATIO FUNDI

The paper discusses the issues of the contents and the significance of Ulpian’s text D. 19, 2, 9, 3 within a wider context of allocation of risk in lease agreements and the place of fire, conflagration (incendium) among the different forms of vis maior in Roman legal sources. Considering the problem of subsequent impossibility of performance in locatio conductio (rei), D. 19, 2, 9, 3 stands out as the one mentioning periculum in relation to locatio fundi, however, it is burdened by different interpretations. The analysis in the article starts with the D. 19, 2, 9, 3 and then continues setting it in the context of other related texts in which the Roman jurists dealt with the problem of fire in lease agreements. The conclusion is drawn on the probable changes in the text as well as on the function of the term fortuitus casus in the line of the texts dealing with fire. It emphasizes the connection between fire (ignis) and conflagration (incendium) marked by the words fortuitus casus, which would show a differentiated approach to incendium as a form and an example of vis maior.

Architects of the Engaruka Techno-Cultural Complex: Testing the Sonjo Connection

Abstract Engaruka is an archaeological site that became known to the world of scientific researchers for the first time in 1883. Since then the site has been the subject of many research undertakings varying in purpose and intensity. Most of the published literature about Engaruka has focused on its economy, technology, population, probable reasons for its success and demise, as well as speculations about its first settlers. Several different ethnic groups have been proposed as Engaruka’s architects: the Iraqw, Tatoga, Maasai, and the Sonjo. Despite the impressive scope of collected evidence, the original occupants of Engaruka have yet to be determined conclusively. The analysis of available evidence assembled here supports the hypothesis that the Sonjo people were the creators of Engaruka, by virtue of these indicators: (i) terrace patterns, (ii) pottery technologies, (iii) stone structures, (iv) fire places, and (v) contemporary ethnography.