Fire Pit Research Articles

Built-In Environmental Construction Mechanism and Sustainable Renewal Strategies of Traditional Qiang Dwellings in Western China

Indoor air quality (IAQ) has a significant impact on human health, as people spend 90% of their time in various indoor environments. Therefore, research on IAQ is extremely necessary. However, current research on traditional Qiang residences in western Sichuan mainly focuses on the indoor thermal environment and heritage protection, with relatively little attention paid to IAQ. This study investigates the IAQ of traditional Qiang residences in western Sichuan, which have open fire pits as the core of daily life, exploring the impact of passive renovation strategies on the indoor air quality. Using simulation methods, this study employs passive strategies, such as increasing the size of windward windows, changing ventilation methods, relocating the fire pit, and enlarging interior partition openings, to improve and optimize the IAQ through natural ventilation. The results show that when the windward window sizes are 0.8 m × 1.9 m and 0.7 m × 1.55 m, the reduction in the indoor CO2 concentration is the greatest, with a maximum decrease of 0.024% at the 1.5 m plane. This paper proposes passive renovation strategies to improve the indoor air quality of Qiang residences in western Sichuan. These strategies effectively enhance the indoor air quality of Qiang residences and address the research gap on indoor air quality in regional Qiang residences in western Sichuan. The insights and methods presented contribute to the improvement of the indoor air quality in traditional buildings and support the sustainable development of traditional architecture.

Characteristics and trends of pediatric firepit burns: insights for prevention and safety

IntroductionAs fire pits grow in popularity, so do the associated burn injuries. Our study examines pediatric fire pit burns characteristics to raise awareness and promote safety precautions.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective...

영남지역 청동기시대 조·전기 주거형태의 변화와 특징

A research on Bronze age in S.Korea has made remarkable progress, but most of the
 achievements are confined on recording chronologically by pottery. It is so difficult to
 understand transition in housing type more than pottery because it is so conservative to
 change compared with pottery. Also it is changing by climate, environment, economic
 structure, development of technology, human preference and so on. The research method is
 order by fundamental concept of housing type of early Bronze age in S.Korea, case
 review, transition and feature in housing type and implication of archaeology.
 First of all, to set up typical housing feature of four types, and making a division for
 Misari, Garakdong, Kwansanri and Heunamri type. In sequence, to observe transition and
 feature of all housing type in Youngnam region especially the middle and upper streams
 of the Nakdonggang River, inland area, the southwestern area and south-east coast. The
 housing type of Misari demonstrate for transition of floor plan, number of fire pit and
 structure. The housing type of Garakdong demonstrate for becoming longer and
 disappearing of foundation stone. The housing type of Kwansanri also demonstrate for
 disappearing stone fire pit and standardizing of wooden column. On the other hand,
 housing type of Heunamri demonstrate for reduced fire pit and becoming re-smaller floor
 plan. And it turns to type of Gumdanri that is the latter part of Bronze age in the
 southeastern region. In conclusion, I analyzed for transition and feature in housing type as
 characteristics of early Bronze age in the Korean Peninsula also as universality of
 hunting-gathering society. In other words, the appearance of early Misari type is
 characteristics for deportation and settlement especially Korean Peninsula while type of
 Kwansanri is understood for universality by being expanded floor plan, division of fire
 range, structure transition, standardization of intercolumniation, that is also understood
 longhouse culture where living high latitude area. Popularly, in such society is understood
 as a complex incipient agriculture and hunting-gathering society. This research regard that
 society as universality of prehistoric culture of Korean Peninsula.
 And a pull-factor of transition in housing type occurs by complex causes such as population
 growth, development of technology, natural environment change, livelihood strategy and so on.

Antimicrobial activity of Hawan samagri against pathogens

In India majority of people practise’s an ancient ritual almost on every occasion in their homes, which is commonly known as ‘Havan’. Hawan is a Sanskrit word which refers to any ritual that involves making offerings into a consecrated fire. During the ritual special herbal/plant medicinal preparations (Hawan samagri ) are offered in the fire of medicinal woods ignited in a specially designed inverted pyramid shaped fire pit or container (called agni-kunda). Fire lead to sublimation, chemical conversion and/or transformation into vapour phase of the herbal/plant medicinal preparation leading to release of medicinal phytochemicals. This ritual is supposed to clean the environment as well as to cleanse the body from the toxins. Hawan fumes are not only used for the disinfection of air but also it can be environmentally oppressed for the physical, mental, intellectual and spiritual development. It is the easiest way, least taxing,least risky and most effective way for administering a medicine so as to reach every single cell of the body. Havansamagri is the key content to perform the havan, which is a mixture of herbs of superior quality like black till, Kapoorkachri, rose petals,long, kulinjan along with dhoop powders, sandalwood powder, lobaan,ghee, jiggery etc. This work aims to evaluate its antimicrobial potential against S. aureus, E.coli, and C. albicans via well diffusion method and simultaneously evaluates the effect on air quality of the chamber before and after hawan.

Новый археологический объект финального каменного века Курсак-1 в нижнем течении Катуни (Горный Алтай)

The article presents the results of investigations aimed to discover Mesolithic and Neolithic sites in the Katun River valley in its lower reaches (Altai Republic, Chemalsky District). The research was carried out in 2022 by IAET SB RAS team and as a result, an archaeological object — Kursak-1 site — was discovered on the left bank of the Katun river in the estuary of the Karasu creek. During the inspection of the terrace from the surface we collected numerous archaeological material (274 stone artifacts, 3 small fragments of pottery). To determine the stratigraphic context of the deposits, a test pit was excavated; it revealed: 4 lithological layers, 2 cultural horizons, where 113 stone artifacts and 2 undisturbed objects (fire place and pit) were found. Blades are few, nuclei for blades and microblades are singular. There are also single specimens from the category of tools. About 80% of all stone artifacts are made from local raw materials, which are characterized by fracturing and heterogeneity, but were easily accessible. It is possible that a large number of amorphous flakes are associated with preparatory cleavage, when preforms were created. The results of the investigations indicate an active use of the site in ancient period, possibly as a workshop. At the present time, we can assume that the archaeological materials of horizon 2 belong to the Final Mesolithic, horizon 1 — to a later stage of the Final Stone Age.

Monte Alban periphery (Oaxaca, middle Mesoamerica): New evidences on the early occupation trough archaeomagnetic study of pottery kilns

Aimed to obtain absolute chronology data for the early stage of Monte Alban, magnetic mineralogy and archaeomagnetic investigation were carried out of recently discovered pottery kilns. Oriented samples belong to four rectangular kilns, both single and double chambers, and one fire pit at the piedmont peripherical area. Susceptibility vs. temperature curves show market thermal instability while large pseudo-single domain grains seem to carry the major part of remanence for the kiln sample. Fire pit samples, in contrast, seem to be dominated by antiferromagnetic hematite. Alternating field demagnetization allowed to reach primary, characteristic magnetization components with reasonably well-defined mean archaeodirections. Possible archaeomagnetic age intervals were obtained considering currently available global models and local curves. The dates are consistent with the most important periods of occupation at the site, although the results may indicate that there was also a significant cultural presence in the Early Classic Period. Recently discovered kilns indicate constant manufacture of pottery. Although we cannot currently define the intensity of production, we believe that pottery could be a specialized activity in peripherical areas of Monte Alban to exchange ceramics or for its local consumption. Consequently, we propose that the piedmont area was an economically autonomous community whose inhabitants dedicated themselves to various tasks throughout their occupation.

НОВЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ ПО АРХЕОЛОГИИ ГОРНОЙ ШОРИИ

The article publishes and examines an archaeological collection of seven fragments of ceramic dishes, found in 2022 in the Kriminalnaya cave, which is located on the territory of Gornaya Shoria in the upper reaches of the Mrassu river. Archaeological objects were found in one cluster with animal bones and the remains of a fire pit near the entrance to the cave and probably make up a single cultural and chronological complex of finds of human life. Fragments of ceramic utensils, of which four were ornamented and two were corollas, probably belonged to three vessels. According to the results of comparing the described elements and motifs of ornamentation of fragments of the collection of ceramic dishes, a preliminary conclusion was made that these finds can be attributed to the circle of post-Andronian cultures of the transition from developed to late bronze.

The Ancient Town Residential Environment of the Elderly in Xiangxi Tujia: Survey, Questions, and Recommendations.

This study uses behavioral observation, interviews, and questionnaire research to investigate the residential environment. It also evaluates the elderly in four representative ancient towns of Xiangxi, namely, Liye Ancient Town, Furong Ancient Town, Liexi Ancient Town, and Xichehe Ancient Town. It includes indoor air (CO2, PM2.5, PM10) and light intensity monitoring for the residential environment. The results showed that the elderly had a significant sense of frustration and loneliness. Of the elderyly, 70% believed the current living environment had an impact on healthy living, and 45% believed the safety and convenience of the living environment should be improved. More than 80% of the elderly were dissatisfied with their indoor acoustic environment, and more than 70% were dissatisfied with their home transportation. More than 85% of the elderly considered traditional wooden components and spaces to be the source of cultural identity. Furthermore, the average indoor PM2.5 concentration during the fire pit fire was 350–600 µg/m3, about 4.7–8 times the Chinese standard value. The average concentration of PM10 in all rooms was more than 400 µg/m3, approximately three times the Chinese standard value. Also, targeted environmental improvement strategies were proposed. The study results provided actual information to develop a systematic approach and a targeted design based on the needs to improve the residential environment of the elderly in ancient cities.

From Toltecs to Franciscans: The history of El Cerrito pyramid (Middle Mesoamerica) revealed by the fire

In order to obtain the first absolute chronology data, a detailed rock-magnetic, archaeomagnetic and radiocarbon investigation was performed on some in situ features of the El Cerrito pyramid. Archaeomagnetic sampling was carried out on two rectangular fire pits and one burned soil located at the piedmont of the pyramid. Marked irreversibility between heating and cooling cycles and consequently thermal instability is observed on continuous thermomagnetic experiments which discouraged to perform paleointensity experiments. Alternating field demagnetization revealed essentially single component magnetization with negligible secondary overprint probably of viscous origin. Archaeomagnetic age intervals were obtained using available global models and local curves with rather concordant results. Calibrated radiocarbon age agrees well with archaeomagnetic date in one fire pit analyzed while slight differences are observed for the burned soil and the second fire pit. This may be interpreted as reuse and continuous use of these ceremonial areas involving fire as an essential element. The evidence of possible colonial occupation indicates that El Cerrito persisted as a ceremonial center over the centuries, as also attested by Franciscan historical documents.

Mathematical and Scriptural aspect of Mekhala in the Construction of Yagya Kund

Yagya kund has five parts - Khat, Nabhi, Kant, Mekhla and Yoni. The construction of Yagya kund shall be done with proper consideration of all of its parts. The final shape and appearance of the Yagya kund came after the construction of Mekhala. Mekhala is an object which surrounds another object by keeping that object in the middle. For Yagya kund, Mekhala surrounds the fire pit which provides the shape to the Yagya kund. The present paper attempts to describe the mathematical and scriptural aspects of Mekhala i.e. description of Mekhala and Khat, shape, number of Mekhala, and significance. The number of Mekhala varies by the size of Yagya Kund, the number of offerings, and the purpose of Yagya. The study also described the dimension of all types the Mekhala construction for 1 hast Kund indicating the important role of Mekhala in the Yagya Kund construction.

Ball court in la quemada, northern Mesoamerica: Absolute chronological contributions through the archeomagnetic study of associated fire pits

Since the Late Preclassic, the ball court has been one of the most widely distributed features throughout Mesoamerican territory. Despite its maximum splendor in sites in the Mayan and Olmec area, this ritual and political phenomenon has important architectural expression within the archaeological complex of La Quemada in Zacatecas. To place this enclosure in an absolute chronological framework, an archaeomagnetic study was carried out on two fire pits within rooms associated with the court and a burnt cavity on one of its walls. The dating exercise for the first fire pit yielded an interval between 931 and 1006 CE as the best estimate of temporality for its last use. Two equally likely intervals were obtained from the second one (693–947 CE and 1463–1623 CE), so it is not possible to rule out any of them. The burnt cavity revealed a single interval between 757 and 980 CE These periods would correspond to the La Quemada Phase and its transition to the Citadel Phase, which was the last period of activity in the area before the ball court was abandoned. However, the dating of fire pit 2, which shows a possible late occupation (1463–1623 CE), could be interpreted as a reoccupation during the Postclassic by Zacatecos groups.

Working with fire: Making glass beads at Amarna using methods from metallurgical scenes

A series of archaeological experiments were carried out at the site of Tell el-Amarna, the short-lived capital city of king Akhenaten (who reigned c. 1348–1331BCE), in Middle Egypt between 2017 and 2019. These experiments, which were based on the iconographic evidence presented in two-dimensional metal-working scenes chiefly from Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181BCE) and Middle Kingdom (c. 2050–1710BCE) tombs, had the purpose of demonstrating that it is possible to carry out small-scale glass working, in particular the manufacture of beads, at household level using small and simple fire pits, which were ventilated with blowpipes. While glass rods and other items indicative of glass working have been found in the smaller houses at Amarna, firing structures are often absent from the archaeological record from the early excavations (1911–1936). If these firing structures - if they existed - were insubstantial and superficial features (rather than being larger ovens) they could easily have been missed by the early excavations. The feasibility of producing small items, such as beads, from glass, using a rudimentary fire pit, which leaves only a faint trace in the archaeological record, would eliminate the necessity of a superior industrial setup for this activity, such as a sophisticated workshop with complex firing structures. The results of the experiments presented in this paper suggest that it was possible to produce glass beads using a small fire pit using technologies borrowed or adapted from metallurgical processes. This makes it possible that the working of glass into beads took place throughout the city of Amarna, rather than only in a set of specialized workshops.

Woodchip size effect on combustion temperatures and volatiles in a small-scale fixed bed biomass boiler

Biomass combustion performance is greatly affected by the particle size distribution, which influences heat and mass transport phenomena. The present work investigates the effect of woodchip size distribution on combustion in a 140 kW underfeed stoker boiler. Three different fuel sizes were prepared, and their combustion performance was measured by monitoring temperatures inside and above the fire pit and the gas composition above the fuel bed. The gas composition was then correlated to the particle mean diameter. Although minor effects could be detected in the temperature and composition of the flue gases, a more uniform spatial distribution of volatiles was observed when employing bigger woodchips. The present results can improve the understanding of the impact of fuel size on the performance of woodchip-fired boilers and can be valuably used for numerical model validation.

Fire Pit-Related Burn Injuries in Children and Adolescents.

Thermal burns are a leading cause of preventable injury in children and adolescents. Fire pits have become increasingly popular outdoor fixtures in U.S. homes. We aimed to identify trends in pediatric burn injuries related to fire pits that presented to a representative sample of United States Emergency Departments (EDs). A retrospective analysis of annual ED visits from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) from January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2017 using product codes specific to fire pits. U.S. Census population estimates were used to compute rates per 100,000 population. SAS and Joinpoint weighted regression analyses were used to analyze annual estimates and rate trends across the study period. There were 10,951 (95% CI = 8535-13,367) ED visits for burn injuries secondary to outdoor fire pits in patients 19 years of age and younger across the study period. The majority of injuries occurred in children under the age of 5, and were related to falls into or on a hot fire pit. The annual modeled rate change showed an overall significant increase in burn injuries of 7.16 per 100,000 annually from 2006 to 2017 (P = .02). Outdoor fire pits represent an increasing hazard to young children who are particularly susceptible to burn injuries from falls in or around lit recreational fires. Product modifications and public awareness campaigns are necessary to prevent future life-altering injuries in pediatric patients.

A structure from the sixth millennium cal BC with no artifactual content at San Quirce (Palencia, Spain): a multidisciplinary study

During the course of the excavations of the San Quirce open-air archaeological site in Spain, an unusual negative structure was identified in the Holocene level dated ca. sixth millennium cal BC. A fire pit alongside a single post-hole and intense fire-burning activity was recorded. Yet, the most striking feature of the structure is the absence of any artifactual or faunal record associated to it, something without a known archaeological parallel. Its interpretation represents an archaeological challenge addressed through a multidisciplinary approach including geoarchaeological, palaeobotanical techniques and experimental archaeology. Fifteen stratigraphically distinguishable combustion events showing a diachronic fire record, the significant structure’s dimensions and particularly the post-hole, indicate its anthropic origin. Archaeomagnetic and micromorphological data allowed reconstructing and temporally sequencing some formation and post-depositional processes, some involving water flows. Maximum heating temperatures between 480 and 525 °C were determined in one of the combustion features studied. The identification of grassy tufts would suggest a seasonal settlement of the site. We cannot yield a definite explanation for the artifactual absence, but the available data and an experimental archaeology recreation suggest that the structure could be used as a small hut/open-air bivouac, over which short-lived occupations were repeatedly carried out.

Delights

Delights Ross Gay (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution [End Page 28] The Jenky Yesterday I was working in the yard, getting it into some kind of order (order a very loose usage in this case), and I noticed the goumi bush, with its thousands of unripe speckled berries, crowding the blueberry bush, shading it almost completely. I grabbed a rickety one-armed magenta rocking chair I'd plucked from the street on trash day a couple years back and wedged it beneath the light-hogging goumi branches such that nothing needed to be cut, and the goumi branches became a kind of arbor over the rickety one-armed chair in case someone decided to sit in it, which I wouldn't recommend. As I stepped back to admire my work, I thought, rubbing my chin, Now, that's jenky. Just like the [End Page 29] pear tree whose limb I spread with my friend Brooke's old Adidas trail runner, with her permission of course. And like the old window I propped on a stray log to make a little hot box for my squash, cucumber, and watermelon starts. So jenky. One of the many delights of a garden, I am finding, are the ways it encourages jenkiness. Something about the delirium incited by lily blooms or the pollinators' swooning over the bush cherry interrupts one's relationship to commerce, perhaps. The garden makes you grab the nearest thing so you can keep crawling through it. It might be that the logics of delight interrupt the logics of capitalism. (Aside: Shouldn't we pause to admire the onomatopoeicness of jenky? Because no word I know sounds more like my crooked shed door. Sounds more like duct tape being ripped from the roll.) To be clear, my efforts at the jenky are modest compared to my folks', from whom I learned it in part, probably to their upwardly mobile chagrin. Which is a good place to say the plain, which is that jenky is a classed designation. It often implies a degree of judgment, often by people still haunted by and sprinting from the tendrils of poverty, about broke people. About broke people things. I am no longer a broke person, and so you would be right to read my affinity for the jenk complicatedly, with a nod to privilege and inheritance both. My folks were, mostly, mostly broke people who had neither the time nor the resources to always fix things the boring way, which is called replacement. And so the hatchback cracked up by a trash truck, the insurance money from which they needed to pay some bills, got fixed (affixed) with a bungee cord. Me and my brother's wristbands were made of the tops of striped tube socks. The hammer we kept under the seat to tap the stuck starter until it went completely kaput. A rectangle of sheet metal screwed into the rusted-out floorboard of the Corolla. A sheet of plywood tossed over the dinner table for holiday dinners. Taped glasses. Shoe goo. Duct-taped car hood. Oh, I could go on. I think I am advocating for a kind of innovation, or an innovative spirit, which seems often to be occasioned by deprivation, or being broke. Or broke-ass. Which condition I am adamantly not advocating. But I am advocating for the delight one feels making a fire pit with the inside of a dryer, or keeping the dryer door shut with an exercise band, which is probably caused by endorphins released from a bout of cognitive athleticism. Which is also called figuring something out. Which is something we all go to school, some of us for years and years, to forget how to do. (Apr. 27) [End Page 30] "My life, my life, my life, my life in the sunshine" Which delight landed in my lap from the open window of a passing car, and is simply (although the plaintive synth chords and watery triplets betray somewhat the simplicity) an argument for the sunshine, which, true, maybe I am the choir, but I like the argument for its simplicity, which is that everybody loves it, and everybody loves it, and...

Engaging High School Students with Forensic Science: Bringing CSI into the Classroom to Teach Multiple Disciplines [Pipelining: Attractive Programs for Women

Patricia Bertino places a raw, grocerystore roasting chicken in a shady area of the woods, slices into its side with scissors, and then covers it with a grated fire pit so the larger scavengers won't drag it away. After a few minutes, attracted by the scent of mortality, female blowflies start landing and laying their eggs. Then, there is a flurry of insect succession and activity, as carrion and other beetles arrive to feast, mate, and deposit and defend their eggs on the decomposing chicken. For the next seven days, Bertino observes this ever-changing habitat, as she calls it.

Directionality and axiality in the Bronze Age: cross-regional landscape perspectives on ‘fire pit lines’ and other pitted connections

ABSTRACTA fireplace represents one of the most fundamental and time-transgressive gathering points for humans. However, when situated in pits that are organized in lines running sometimes hundreds of metres, fire pits represent a significant challenge in terms of interpretation, and may evidence a particular perception of space. This paper argues that in a Bronze Age context, pits associated with fire remains marked out directionality and axiality in the landscape as part of ceremonial events of a temporary nature. Adopting a landscape approach and going beyond regional and chronological borders, the authors argue that in northwestern Europe such events took place in relation to unbounded barrow landscapes in open spaces and could often be linked to the orchestration of funerary events. In some regions, the depositional activities evident in relation to these aligned pits have added significance. Furthermore, the authors argue that the aligning of fire pits is incompatible with divided or parcelled landscapes, thus challenging interpretations of pitted lines as territorial and field boundaries.

Amasya – Oluz Höyük Ateşgedesi ve Erken Zerdüşt Dini Kutsal Alanı

The contributions of Oluz Hoyuk to the Iron Age of Halys Basin took a religious turn including its cultural, historical and military properties. The evidence and the small finds uncovered in 2B Architectural Layer (425-300 BC) and 2A Architectural Layer (300-200 BC) presents important data regarding the Early Zoroastrianism and the earlier periods of Cult of Fire, a topic where unknown data far surpasses what is known. The remains started to be uncovered by the discovery of Sacred Fire Pit is understood to belong to a Atashkadah and a Sanctuary with the work of 2017. In this context the presence of a people in Oluz Hoyuk who worships or reveres fire, believes in the unity in god and does not care or believe in the figurines of deities is proven. It is understood that these people who concretized their beliefs by building a Atashkadah, a Sanctuary and a sacred road (Persian Road) which leads to them between the years of 425-200 BC are Persian in origin and created one of the first communities of the Early Zoroastrianism. When the historical process of the Zoroastrianism has been taken into account, the fire burning and preserved outdoors in the earlier period (5th century BC) seems to be the central practice of the new religion which institutionalized in Oluz Hoyuk. In Oluz Hoyuk, the presence of the rituals and the practices which constituted the Early Zoroastrianism in the Early and Middle Achaemenid periods proves that North-Central Anatolia (Pontika Kappadokia) and Kappadokia should be evaluated in the sacred geography of Avesta.

A review of the relationship between Pyeonggeo-dong site and Sinigai culture of Maritime Province

It has been discussed that Pyeonggeo-dong site has the Northeastern factor but the characteristics of potteries are closed to the c factor, and the native ‘Pyeonggeodong double-rimmed pottery’ were dominated. However, some potteries of BAL styled pottery as well as pot styled pottery that were characterized by its rim of pottery, made of the same techniques, were found. There are BAL styled pottery and pot styled potteries that were not made with folded rim of pottery and attached clay ribbon. In addition to these potteries, not- doble rimmed pot typed pottery, little pottery, beak styled stoneware, chipped stone hole, polished stone knife, oval pestle, disk styled stoneware, etc. are the main factors found in Sinigai culture of Maritime Province. I believe that the reason why Pyeonggeo-dong is considered as the filiation of the Sinigai culture of Maritime Province is because that Sinigai culture has been not well known. Therefore, I want to review that culture in this paper. Sinigai culture has been studied only for its regional boundary and characteristics. However, it is needed to review the chronological change of the potteries and start period of the culture and then compare to Pyeonggeo-dong site. Sinigai culture can be divided in to two types in each region, the West and East, based on chronological order and artifacts. The West 1 type had lasted from 3,400 to 3,200 years ago when people still used Neolithic potteries and started to make MOOMOON pottery. DOLDAEMOON pottery with pattern neolithic, one handle pottery, big pottery, polished stone dagger, polished stone ax, stoneware shaped star, disk styled stoneware, chipped stone hole, etc. were used at the same timew. The West 2 type lasted from 3,200 to 2,500 years ago. This is dwelling pit of square-shaped fire pot with stone and foundation in HARIN site. DOLDAEMOON pottery with pattern neolithic, pot withwith pattern neolithic on the surface, one handle pottery, BAL styled pottery, pot styled pottery, bottle styled pottery etc. are MOOMOON pottery. There are difference in their types based on the length of rim and neck in pot styled pottery and bottle styled pottery. In terms of the stone tools, there are oval pestle, stoneware shaped arrow, polished stone spear, polished stone knife, disk styled stoneware, chipped stone hole, etc. The East 1 type had lasted from 3,300 to 3,000 years ago. The symbolic potteries of this type are pot styled pottery with folded rim of pottery, BAL styled pottery with attached clay ribbon Knapped stone tools had been continuously used while the ground axe were appeared. The East 2 type lasted from 3,000 to 2,500 years ago. When it comes to dwelling pits, there are 3 rectangular fire pit, with foundation, and 4 lined pillar holes on the ground. notdoble rimmed pot styled pottery and bottle styled pottery are also found. People used various ground stone tools including stone axe, stoneware shaped arrow, stone arrow, polished stone spear, polished stone knife and etc. in addition to the knapped tools. BAL and pot styled pottery of doble rimm wth clay ribon, pot typed pottery with folded rim, and smaller potteries are related to the East 1 type of Sinigai culture. not-doble rimmed pot styled pottery rectangular mano, polished stone knife, chipped stone hole, etc are the factor of the West 2 type of Sinigai culture. Therefore, is can be considered that the material culture of Pyeongggeo-dong is combined with the East 1 type and the West 2 type of Sinigai culture. It is assumed that the Sinigai culture came to the west Gyeongnam Provinec continuouly from about 3,300 years ago until the second type that includes bronze artifacts. On the other hand, Daepyeong site located alongside of the Nam river has Gokok bronze which can be the earlier than Korea Liaoning bronze dagger. It is possible that the Gokok bronze was also a remain of Sinigai culture.