Fire-fighting Facilities Research Articles

Stabilization of PFAS-contaminated soil with sewage sludge- and wood-based biochar sorbents

Sustainable and effective remediation technologies for the treatment of soil contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are greatly needed. This study investigated the effects of waste-based biochars on the leaching of PFAS from a sandy soil with a low total organic carbon content (TOC) of 0.57 ± 0.04 % impacted by PFAS from aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) dispersed at a former fire-fighting facility. Six different biochars (pyrolyzed at 700–900 °C) were tested, made from clean wood chips (CWC), waste timber (WT), activated waste timber (aWT), two digested sewage sludges (DSS-1 and DSS-2) and de-watered raw sewage sludge (DWSS). Up-flow column percolation tests (15 days and 16 pore volume replacements) with 1 % biochar indicated that the dominant congener in the soil, perfluorooctane sulphonic acid (PFOS) was retained best by the aWT biochar with a 99.9 % reduction in the leachate concentration, followed by sludge-based DWSS (98.9 %) and DSS-2 and DSS-1 (97.8 % and 91.6 %, respectively). The non-activated wood-based biochars (CWC and WT) on the other hand, reduced leaching by <42.4 %. Extrapolating this to field conditions, 90 % leaching of PFOS would occur after 15 y for unamended soil, and after 1200 y and 12,000 y, respectively, for soil amended with 1 % DWSS-amended and aWT biochar. The high effectiveness of aWT and the three sludge-based biochars in reducing PFAS leaching from the soil was attributed largely to high porosity in a pore size range (>1.5 nm) that can accommodate the large PFAS molecules (>1.02–2.20 nm) combined with a high affinity to the biochar matrix. Other factors like anionic exchange capacity could play a contributing role. Sorbent effectiveness was better for long-chain than for short-chain PFAS, due to weaker, apolar interactions between the biochar and the latter's shorter hydrophobic CF2-tails. The findings were the first to demonstrate that locally sourced activated wood-waste biochars and non-activated sewage sludge biochars could be suitable sorbents for the ex situ stabilization and in situ remediation of PFAS-contaminated soil, bringing this technology one step closer to full-scale field testing.

Delphi/AHP를 활용한 화력발전플랜트 고위험시설 선정 연구

Thermal power plants are large-scale plants made up of various types of buildings and equipment to produce electricity and consist of coal handling systems, oil storage facilities, boiler facilities, turbine/generator facilities, substation facilities, water treatment facilities, and auxiliary facilities for operating them. For these special fire-fighting objects, high safety is required in consideration of fire load and fire risk. In principle, the selection of fire fighting facilities applied to each space is primarily in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, and is installed and maintained by the power plant operating institution. However, most power plant operating institutions do not secure safety according to the characteristics of each major dangerous space and maintain fire fighting facilities under the same conditions, which is insufficient to secure actual fire safety. In this study, Delphi and AHP were used to assign weights according to the importance of dangerous spaces, and major dangerous spaces according to priorities were divided into fire/explosion risk facilities and leak/explosion risk facilities.

Direction of System Improvements through an Analysis of Performance and Foreign Cases Before and After Separate Ordering of the Fire-fighting System Installation Business Act

In Korea, separate orders for the fire-fighting facility system installation business act have been in effect since September 2020. However, the current research on performance analyses and overseas system reviews remains inadequate for efficient settlements after the implementation of the separate order system for the fire-fighting system installation business act. In this study, we collected and visualized performance data before and after the implementation of separate orders for the fire-fighting system installation business act over the past four years and analyzed domestic and foreign legislative cases. As a result of the analysis, for the fire-fighting system installation business act, following the implementation of separate orders in Korea, the growth rate of construction amounts from 2020 to 2021 was found to be 44.7%. Moreover, a case of overseas separate orders was implemented to prevent the occurrence of unfair orders in separate orders according to the type and amount of construction. Therefore, in this study, a legal plan to improve the appropriateness and ratio of the amount according to the size of construction is devised.

Studi Revitalisasi Fasilitas Ruang Tunggu Terminal Penumpang Domestik Bandar Udara Internasional El Tari Kupang Pasca Badai Seroja

&#x0D; Facilities at the airport are divided into two main parts consisting of the land side and the air side. Existing facilities on the land side consist of: passenger terminal, cargo terminal, operational building, air traffic control tower or Air Traffic Control (ATC), SAR (Search and Rescue) building, meteorological building, main/VIP class building, entrance , fueling building, as well as administrative and office buildings. While the facilities on the air side consist of: runways, taxiways, aircraft parking areas, runway strips or runway end safety areas, as well as aviation accident rescue and fire fighting facilities. This research uses a type of qualitative research and descriptive research type. The purpose of the authors using qualitative research is to describe and reveal the facts and symptoms contained in the research problem, namely to analyze and describe the revitalization of the waiting room for the domestic passenger terminal at El Tari Kupang International Airport.The strategy for repairing damaged and unfit for use due to the Seroja storm has been realized and the damaged and unfit for use facilities have received proper and prompt treatment due to good coordination and cooperation between operating units and related units that were damaged. In addition, efforts to maintain. The quality of facilities is an important thing to prioritize because it has a high level of importance, but in practice there are still many complaints from service users who feel unsatisfied regarding the quality of the facilities available at El Tari Kupang International Airport, especially in the waiting room.&#x0D; Keywords: Security,Waiting Room, and Comfortness

Appropriateness of Checklist Based on Structural Analysis in Seismic Safety Design of SMC Fire Extinguisher Tank

Recently, in seismic design analysis, some non-structural elements have been defined and analyzed as rigid bodies, which makes it difficult to ensure the safety of non-structural elements against earthquakes. In the recently revised “Seismic Design Standards for Fire-Fighting Facilities,” the seismic design of fire-fighting facilities for seismic load and structural safety prioritizes the seismic design of each connection. In particular, in a tank vibrating due to an earthquake, pressure from fluid flow is exerted on the tank wall due to the interaction between the liquid and structure; in fact, this pressure may increase the stress of the tank and cause structural damage. In addition, the frequency of the water tank and connecting pipe is different, which may alter each other’s wavelength. The water tank is crucial for supplying water, which acts as a fire-extinguishing agent, to the fire-extinguishing facility. In terms of earthquake damage to the water tank, the risk increases when water cannot be supplied during a fire due to damage to the continuous section of the tank wall and damage to the pipe connector connected to the tank. In this study, criteria for review items are presented such that the “Structural Safety Checklist for Seismic Design of Water Tanks” can be reviewed and compared by item in a structural review of the water tank during seismic design. Structural calculation via numerical calculation cannot adequately account for the structure of the water tank. Therefore, calculations for the structure are verified, a quantitative design that addresses the limitations of numerical calculation is considered, and a three-dimensional design that includes the relative displacement of connections is established. Structural safety is confirmed by examining the structural members and connections through modeling and structural analysis simulation.

Fault Warning and Location in Battery Energy Storage Systems via Venting Acoustic Signal

Although Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used, recent catastrophic accidents have seriously hindered their widespread application. In this study, a novel acoustic-signal-based battery fault warning and location method is proposed. This method requires only four acoustic sensors at the corners of the energy storage cabin. It captures the venting acoustic signal when a fault occurs in the cell and calculates the spatial location of the cell. The maximum spatial error is 0.1 m. Considering that the effective range of a fire-fighting facility is significantly greater than 0.1 m, such a location error is acceptable. Furthermore, a wavelet-transform-based anti-misjudgment method that ensures the reliability of the fault warning and location is proposed. Thus, a nonintrusive, timely, and effective solution to ensure the safety of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is provided.

Effectiveness Study of Artificial Intelligent Facility System in Maintaining Building Fire Safety (Case Study: Typical Public Building Cases of Fire-Fighting Facilities Management in China)

Artificial intelligence plays a decisive role in the healthy and sustainable development of society. The rapid development of the economy and society has put forward higher standards and requirements for fire supervision. The development of science and technology has advanced the intelligence on fire protection. Through the application of intelligent fire control, the fire department can better supervise the fire control of various units and further improve the pertinence and effectiveness of fire control supervision. Artificial intelligence technology is widely used in all stages of construction projects, which brings many conveniences to the construction and use of projects. Based on the analysis of the current situation and existing problems of the basic maintenance of fire-fighting facilities, this project analyzes the effect of the application of artificial intelligence technology in the management of fire-fighting facilities. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to study the role and effectiveness of artificial intelligence technology in the management of fire-fighting facilities and further verify this conclusion with questionnaires and interviews.

Location Recognition of Indoor Firefighting Facilities based on RGB-D Camera and 3D LiDAR

Recently, as fires frequently occur in large buildings, digital twin (DT) technology that enables remote and real-time monitoring and control similar to the real world environment is being studied as a disaster response technology in buildings. In order to use DT technology, it is essential to collect the spatial data of actual building indoor environments and firefighting facilities. This study proposes an indoor spatial data collecting system that can generate the modeling data inside the building and location data of firefighting facilities using laser imaging detection and ranging (LiDAR) and RGB-D cameras. First, point clouds from three-dimensional (3D) LiDAR and the FAST-LIO2 (Fast LiDAR-Inertial Odometry) algorithm are used to obtain odometry information in an indoor environment. The firefighting facilities located inside the building are detected using RGB images and the deep learning model Faster region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) with Inception V2 architecture trained using RGB images of four types of firefighting facilities: fire extinguishers, fire hydrants, exit signs, and fire detectors. When a firefighting facility is detected, the relative distance between the RGB-D camera and the firefighting facility is calculated through the depth image and intrinsic parameters of the RGB-D camera. Afterwards, odometry information obtained from FAST-LIO2 and the relative distance are combined to obtain the 3D location of the firefighting facility. Point clouds of the FAST-LIO2 algorithm are then converted into models of the building indoor environment. Through this method, spatial data of an actual building can be constructed and used with DT technology.

Active Utilization and Time Reduction of Connection Pipeline Facilities in Fire Sites

This study examined a method of confirming the location of connection water pipe facilities installed in buildings in a short time. The study aimed to help solve failure to supply firefighters with fire extinguishing water or delays because the location of the fire extinguishing facility’s water supply could not be timely identified. Owing to unclear regulations on the location of the fire-fighting facility’s water outlet installation as prescribed by the Fire Safety Technology, many apartments install it on the side or back of buildings. Given that the fire-fighting facility’s water outlet is not installed in a certain place, firefighters cannot quickly find the location of the fire facility’s water outlet at fire sites, leading to delays in securing fire extinguishing water. A solution is to attach “firefighting facility installation guide signs” to the indoor fire extinguishing tank on the first floor of apartment buildings. Additionally, the fire safety standards shall be stipulated on the installment of indoor signs indicating the fire-fighting facilities. These solutions can address difficulties in finding fire facility’s water outlet at the fire site and resolve delays. Above all, implementing these can ensure the timely supply of fire extinguishing water to firefighters.

Analysis of Life-Saving Facilities System and Fire Management Facilities at Ogan Ilir Police Station in 2020

Introduction: Fire cases in Indonesia continue to increase every year. Based on data from the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of South Sumatra, there were 116 cases of fires during 2019 in South Sumatra. An office building is a building that serves as a place for people to do office activities. Office buildings that have been relatively safeare actually faced with various risks of emergency hazards such as fires, earthquakes, floods and others. Ogan Ilir Police Station has experienced a life-threatening fire and losses, and therefore life facilities are needed according to the existing SNI. The purpose of this study is to analyze life-saving facilities and fire management facilities in Ogan Ilir Police Station, South Sumatera. Methods: This research used a qualitative descriptive method. Descriptive research was conducted by evaluating the fire protection system in accordance with the national standard in reference to the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works. Sources of information were obtained from key informants and other informants. Results: The suitability of the fire protection system at Ogan Ilir Police Station with the standards of the Minister of Public Works No. 26/PRT/M/2008 for the system of life-saving has complied with the requirements. Meanwhile, fire fighting facilities such as fire extinguishers have been installed, but there are some small elements that are not in accordance with the requirements. Conclusion: The fire protection system at Ogan Ilir Police Station, South Sumatera has not complied with the requirements of the Minister of Public Works No. 26/PRT/M/2008.

Development of a Framework for the Efficient Management of Unwanted Fire Alarms in Fire-fighting Facilities

This study aimed to develop a framework for efficiently managing unwanted fire alarms in fire-fighting facilities. To this end, as a method of analyzing and considering the actual situation, the unwanted fire alarm management framework for firefighting facilities was developed by checking domestic and foreign factor classification and investigating related standards, the domestic unwanted fire alarms-related statistical status, surveys and fields. The main contents of the unwanted fire alarm management framework are composed of basic information and response, space, device, cause and outcome in five steps and each step is explained as an explanation of the preparation method, step-by-step composition, preparation form and preparation example. To utilize the developed unwanted fire alarm management framework, it was proposed to develop an unwanted fire alarm reduction manual for each stakeholder, use it as educational material for fire safety managers, develop a testing method based on an unwanted fire alarm scenario and develop an evaluation method for performance degradation due to aging.

Risk Analysis of Fire Disaster in Modern Warehousing System Based on The Data of Idealized Transit Warehouse

In the modern logistic system, the modern warehouse plays an important part in it, affording more functions than just storage. Fire disaster is one of the most common disasters in the modern warehouse, causing huge problems. It is necessary to protect the security of the modern warehouse by specific measures. This study takes a modern logistics transit warehouse as an example, and mainly discusses the fire risk probability in the different areas and the total fire disaster risk assessment using the total probability formula and Gustav civil fire risk analysis method. This study uses the actual data of the warehouse itself and some quantitative methods to calculate parameters indicating the fire risk of goods and people in the Gustav method, and puts them together for a final assessment. Results show that the main storage area have the highest risk for both facilities and stuff, even though the whole warehouse is relatively safe. Finally, this study gives out some practical suggestions for this kind of warehouse, mainly in the aspects of the completeness of fire warning system and Installation of fire-fighting facilities.

Research on the Countermeasures for the Design and Construction Quality Control of Indoor Water Fire Fighting System

Water and fire protection design in buildings is a very critical part of construction projects. The main purpose is to effectively prevent fire hazards, and to conduct fire control in a timely manner when a fire accident occurs suddenly. The related design is very critical. Requires relevant workers to attach great importance to it, strengthen the design of upgrading water supply and drainage fire-fighting facilities, and strictly control the construction quality to ensure the safety of residents’ lives and property. Therefore, the article integrates the actual situation of the construction project, focuses on explaining the problems that should be paid attention to in the water supply and drainage and fire protection design work of the building, and proposes effective measures to control the construction quality, hoping to provide some help to relevant workers.

GIS 네트워크 분석을 활용한 중구 화재 취약 지역 분석

Purpose: A fire in the city, classified as a social disaster, does huge damage to life and property. In Particular, the threat is being increased by the concentrated population density, the increase in the number of buildings and complex land use according to the deepening urbanization.Therefore, it is important to prevent a fire in advance by observing the golden time for fire suppression, rescue and first-aid activities. However, the issue of illegal parking is continues to be discussed as one of the factors that hinder the dispatch of fire trucks, and the increase in private vehicles in Seoul is expected to further increase the difficulty of accessing fire trucks in the future. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to grade vulnerable areas for fire through comprehensive judgment on the arrangement of emergency medical facilities and 119 safety centers and illegal parking. Method: Using fire outbreak data and Arc GIS Pro for Jung-gu, Seoul, comparison of fire fighting jurisdictions of the 119 Safety Center and areas that can be dispatched within golden time, emergency medical treatment After analyzing the correlation between the possible emergency transport distance to the facility within 5 minutes, public parking lot and illegal parking CCTV, and the occurrence of fire, the fire safety area and vulnerable area were derived through density analysis. Result: In the event of a fire in each administrative dong in Jung-gu, areas that are marginalized from initial suppression and evacuation measures were derived, and realistic and reasonable complementary measures according to the regionalization of administrative districts were suggested by proposing the relocation and expansion of fire fighting facilities and emergency medical facilities, and regional adjustment.

A Study on the Durability of Fire Hoses of Fire Hydrants

Although the number of fires has not changed considerably in recent times, property damage and casualties due to fires are increasing every year. Maintaining the performance of fire-fighting facilities installed in buildings has been emphasized for maximizing human safety and minimizing property damage caused by fires. As a result, since 2017, the maintenance of fire extinguishers throughout their service life, has been mandated. In case of a fire, initial fire extinguishing and fire spreading prevention are crucial. There have been no available measures for the maintenance and verification of indoor fire hydrants and outdoor fire hydrant hoses used for extinguishing fires and preventing combustion expansion. This study was therefore intended to present measures for ascertaining the service life of these fire extinguishers, by evaluating their firefighting abilities through sample analysis and case analysis of the fire hoses. Research shows that the degradation of performance of the fire hoses becomes evident between 9 and 10 years, so that 10 years of service life is considered appropriate for the fire hoses.

선박화재와 보험보상 문제

Fire is not only defined as one of maritime perils under the Marine Insurance Act of the UK, but also provided as one of risks covered by insurers under the Institute Cargo Clause (B) and (C), and the Institute Time Clauses-Hulls. Fires onboard particularly, unlike fires on land, cannot be extinguished with instant assistance of land fire-fighting facilities and resources, and should be therefore addressed by crews onboard using fire-fighting equipment of ships. In addition, due to flammable cargoes, fuels, paints, and logs, fires onboard extend easily by wind, while fire-fighting against the fires in practice should be restricted by limited onboard spaces. Thus, damages by fires onboard can more likely expand owing to distinctive environments of seas and ships, in contrast to land fires where fire-fighting team or special resources can instantly provide assistance. Once initial fire-fighting of crews has failed to address the onboard fires, significant damages to property and injuries/fatalities will be likely expected. Whereas fundamental measures against the fires onboard is to prevent damages from it in advance, unfortunately, the annual number of damages caused by the onboard fires is increasing. Forms of the damages can be classified as; (1) Loss of or harms to cargoes onboard in transit as damages to cargoes; (2) damages caused by fires to parts or whole of ships, or ships being inoperative for a period of time as damages to ships; and (3) due to onboard fires, missing/injuries/fatalities, or loss of belongings of crews as damages to seafarers. However, an issue can be raised in terms of basis and ways to remedy such damages since these have not been properly addressed and reviewed as follow-up measures. Therefore, this paper firstly classifies forms of damages that can be caused by the onboard fires, then examines basis of possible indemnity, and lastly reviews whether the indemnity can be provided in accordance with classified forms of damages.

DESAIN KESIAPSIAGAAN TANGGAP DARURAT KEBAKARAN DI PASAR TRADISIONAL BOJA KABUPATEN KENDAL 2021

Boja Market is the main market in Boja District, Kendal, Central Java. Products from agriculture (fruits and vegetables) as well as industrial goods (clothing and electronics) can be sold in this market. Boja Market experienced a fire accident in 2007. As a result, traders suffered losses in the form of burned goods and trading activities in the market were hampered because traders lost their places to trade. Therefore, it is necessary to do fire prevention efforts to prevent fires from occurring. The purpose of this study was to design fire prevention efforts in the Boja Traditional Market, Kendal Regency based on the standard. This research is qualitative descriptive research. The research uses in-depth interviews and field observations, then the existing data is compared with standards for further analysis and design processes. The variable in this study is fire prevention efforts, includes: fire management and fire fighting facilities. The results of the study carried out a comparative analysis with applicable regulatory standards. The proposed design for supporting fire prevention efforts include: organizational structure for fire prevention, standard operating procedures for fire prevention and design of fire facilities layout plans. Traditional Boja Market, Kendal Regency, has carried out fire prevention efforts but has not been maximized so that researchers provide suggestions in the form of designs that are expected to be applied in the market.

Double Covering 모형을 활용한 인천광역시 소방시설 최적위치 선정에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to find the optimal locations of fire fighting facilities in Incheon to prevent the spread of accidental fires and efficiently extinguish them. In the event of a large fire difficult to cope with in one fire fighting facility, additional support from nearby facilities will be necessary. The model proposed in this study firstly ensures that all demand nodes in a network will be able to be reached from the minimum number of facilities in a given time. At the same time, we locate the given number of facilities so that they can cover as many demand nodes as possible multiple times. This problem can be considered as a facility location problem which aims at maximizing the number of demand nodes that are covered at least twice while minimizing the number of facilities needed. The proposed model is applied to conduct a case study using road network information and administrative district data in Incheon.

Efficient Operating Control of Fire Protection of In-House Inspection Systems

Installation of ancillary facilities such as electrical rooms is crucial due to the complicated structure and division of the interior of a complex building. Furthermore, carbon-dioxide extinguishing systems are mainly installed in these ancillary facilities, and the number of systems installed has been increasing annually. Accordingly, the importance of in-house inspection is being emphasized. In this study, the literature and statistics related to the in-house inspection of fire-fighting facilities were reviewed. Based on the results, problems were derived from the overlap between in-house inspection and similar inspection, the installation location of the pressure switch, the installation standard of the air respirator, the safety awareness of people involved, and the technical qualification level of the in-house inspection assistant. Additionally, improvement measures to enact, amend, and establish public notices were proposed for self-inspection systems.

Operation Method of a Load Test Device Using an Energy Storage System for Site Acceptance Test of a Fire-Fighting Emergency Generator

Emergency generators are important facilities that supply emergency power to fire-fighting facilities in the event of a power outage. Accordingly, a load test of the emergency generator should be performed by cutting off the power source of the fire-fighting target in order to accurately confirm the performance and condition of the emergency generator in normal circumstances. However, the test has usually been carried out without loads due to serious problems, which are caused by a shutdown of the power source for the load test of emergency generators, such as the shutdown of emergency load, etc. In order to overcome these problems, this paper proposes an operation method and algorithm of a load test device using ESS, which can conform to characteristics of emergency loads installed in fire-fighting targets by interconnecting it with the emergency generator. In addition, this paper performs a modeling of an emergency power system using PSCAD/EMTDC, and then this paper confirms the usefulness of the proposed method and operation algorithm of the load test device using ESS.