Fire Extinguishing Process Research Articles

Optimization Analysis of Water Supply Mode for Fire Protection System of Super High Rise Building

Abstract In order to improve the applicability and reliability of the fire water supply capacity of super high-rise buildings, the fluid analysis software Flomaster was used for simulation. Through the existing pumps, valves, pipelines, pressure reducing valves and newly developed fire hydrants and other components, the fire water supply system of super high-rise buildings is modeled. The pressure distribution of the system pipe network under a given fire water supply mode is studied. The research shows that the simulation can analyze whether there is excessive pressure in the fire hydrant system under different flow conditions in the actual fire extinguishing process. This paper simulates the actual fire extinguishing process of the fire hydrant system through a specific engineering case. The pressure distribution and flow distribution under different flow conditions are obtained. The excessive pressure position of the fire pipe network system under the given fire pump model is obtained. It provides a method for guiding the selection of fire pump and the design of fire hydrant system pipe network. It has certain guiding significance for the subsequent optimization of the design scheme of the fire water supply network and the prediction of the performance of the R&D equipment.

Numerical Simulation of Evaporative Gas Behavior Inside Fuel Tank During Fire Extinguishing Process

Numerical Simulation of Evaporative Gas Behavior Inside Fuel Tank During Fire Extinguishing Process

Mechanical properties of Q235 and 20# steel after CO2 fire extinguishing treatment

The carbon dioxide fire extinguishing process can produce temperatures as low as −80 °C. However, the effect of rapid cooling and ultralow temperatures on the properties of steel is not yet clear. To accurately evaluate the effect of CO2 fire extinguishing on the mechanical properties of crude oil tank walls (Q235-B) and accessory and pipe materials (20#), this study employs tensile, Charpy impact, and bending tests to analyze the changes in the primary mechanical properties of Q235-B and 20# steels after three pretreatments: high-temperature burning, CO2 spraying, and CO2 fire extinguishing. The results of the study show that 1) the high-temperature burning process and short-term spraying of CO2 after fire may damage the mechanical properties of steel; 2) the rapid use of CO2 spraying after fire does not damage the mechanical properties of Q235-B or 20#; and 3) the three pretreatments investigated have little effect on the bending properties of all the specimens.

Effect of flame retardant hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene on combustion characteristics of electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries

Hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene (HFPN) is a promising flame retardant to be applied in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to decrease the fire risk during the treatment of electrolyte. In this manuscript, the influence of HFPN on the combustion characteristics of LIB electrolyte was investigated, the combustion behaviors and flame retardancy of the electrolyte with or without HFPN were systematically studied by using cone calorimeter, flash point meter and a series of standard equipment, as well as self-made water spray fire extinguishing platform. The flash points of 3 kinds of control group as base solution and 3 kinds of flame-retarded electrolyte were measured and obtained by SCKB3000 closed cup automatic flash point tester. The combustion characteristics of 6 types of electrolytes were analyzed by a cone calorimeter. The heat release rate (HRR), fire growth index (FGI), fire magnitude index (FMI) and other important combustion parameters of the electrolytes were studied. Based on the self-made water mist fire extinguishing platform, the fire extinguishing effect on 6 kinds of electrolytes under the same water mist condition was compared, and the influence of flame retardants in the fire extinguishing process was analyzed. The results showed that the change of flash point was obviously related to the composition of electrolyte. Flame retardant could reduce the peak HRR (pHRR) during electrolyte fire to a large extent, while it could also prolong the combustion duration of electrolyte pool fire. Under the action of fine water mist, the electrolyte pool fire would quickly extinguish, but there would remain a lot of smoke.

Electro-chemical effects on combustion chemistry in electric field fire suppression

In order to investigate the role played by electro-chemical effects in the combustion of flames under an external electric field, it is necessary to simulate the chain effect brought about by the increase of electron energy during the combustion reaction by modifying the electron energy according to the ethanol combustion mechanism containing ionic chemical reaction. Due to the large amount of computation involved in carrying out numerical simulations using detailed chemical reaction mechanisms, the mechanisms are simplified in this paper in order to save computational resources. Combining the simplified mechanism, a finite rate chemical reaction model is used to simulate the chemical reaction of ions during the transverse electric field fire extinguishing process, and the relationship between the concentration of intermediate components in ethanol air diffusion combustion and temperature is analyzed.

Современные направления в области разработки и создания пожарной техники (часть 1)

Purpose. Demonstrating achievements in the field of fire protection at the largest specialized exhibitions allows manufacturers of firefighting appliances to exchange experiences, as well as to report on the latest developments and their advantages. The article analyzes some samples of appliances presented at the international exhibition “China Fire – 2023” – one of the world largest fire-engineering exhibitions. The target of the study was firefighting appliances and equipment, the scope of the study was engineering innovations in firefighting appliances and equipment. Methods. When writing the article, methods of observation, analysis, and description were used. Findings. Considering the specifics and scale of the exhibition, it is impossible to fully cover all the presented samples of equipment and appliances, however, their selective analysis made it possible to determine the trends for the development of firefighting appliances. The first trend to be concerned is widespread implementation of unmanned aerial vehicles in fire extinguishing process. In addition, there has been an increase in capabilities of appliances developed for urban conditions, caused by emergencies associated with territories underflooding and flooding. Research application field. The results of the study are applicable in the further development of innovative equipment and appliances capable of effectively and safely extinguishing fires and eliminating accidents. Conclusions. Analysis of technical characteristics, design and other features of firefighting equipment and appliances provides an idea of existing innovations and tendencies in this area.

Hubungan Masa Kerja Dan Keikutsertaan Pelatihan Dengan Keterampilan Penggunaan Alat Pemadam Api Ringan (Apar) Pada Karyawan Rumah Sakit Mandalika Nusa Tenggara Barat Tahun 2023

Sytem by humans as managers or occupants of the building. Many of us encounter discrepancies regarding Light Fire Extinguishers (APAR) both in how to use, place, inspect and how to maintain APAR. This had an impact on the failure of the fire extinguishing process at the start of the incident, causing a fire. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the relationship between working period, training participation and skills in using Light Fire Extinguishers (APAR) for Mandalika Hospital employees in 2023. This study used analytic observation with a cross-sectional method and usus an observational approach. This study uses univariate analysis and bivariate analysis. The result of the study showed that 33.8% of respondents with long working period were skilled in suing Light Fire Extinguishers while 66.2% were unskilled. Respondents with new working period were 18.4% unskilled, while 81.6% new working period were unskilled with a chi-square P = 0.087 > 0.05. It meant that there was not any relationship between working period and Light Fire Extinguishers use skills. As many as 41.3% of skilled respondents had participated in training on the use of Light Fire Extinguishers, while 58.7% were unskilled. Respondents who had never participated in training but were skilled in using APAR were 20.3% and respondents who had never participated in training were 79.7% unskilled with a chi-square value P = 0.015 < 0.05 indicating that there was a relationship between participation in training and Light Fire Extinguishers use skills.

Determining the dynamic characteristics of a class B fire in the case of extinguishing by water spray

The object of this study is a class B fire, which is extinguished with sprayed water. The subject of the study is the characteristics of class B fires when they are extinguished with sprayed water. Diffusion burning of a flammable liquid is considered as such a fire, and its extinguishing is carried out by cooling the flame. Heat and oxygen balance equations are used to build a mathematical model describing the fire extinguishing process. The components of the heat balance equation are the power of heat during heat release due to the chemical reaction of liquid combustion and the power of heat dissipated to the environment. The second component takes into account heat removal due to radiation, convection, and evaporation. The component of removed heat due to evaporation takes into account the Sreznevsky constant. The mathematical model that describes the process of extinguishing a class B fire is built in the class of models belonging to differential equations with constant coefficients. Analytical expressions were obtained for these static and dynamic coefficients, which include thermophysical, kinematic, and geometric parameters of the flame and fire extinguishing agent. To determine these characteristics, the constructed mathematical fire model was transformed using the integral Laplace transform. The dynamic characteristics of the fire were obtained in the time domain – the transient function of the fire, and in the frequency domain – the amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics of the fire. It is shown that the parameters of these dynamic characteristics should be determined experimentally. Experimental methods for determining parameters of dynamic fire characteristics have been devised. The presence of dynamic characteristics of class B fire makes it possible to spread the proven methods of the theory of control systems to design effective fire extinguishing systems

Hybrid artificial cathode-electrolyte interphase stimulation layer (A-CEISL) to simultaneously improve stability and safety for lithium metal batteries

In recent years, there has been significant interest in lithium metal batteries (LMBs) because of the reduced redox level and impressive specific capacity of approximately 3860 mAhg−1. Nonetheless, the high reactivity of lithium metal with combustible electrolytes poses technical barriers, including issues with unstable cycling behavior and safety challenges. In this research, a hybrid artificial cathode electrolyte interphase stimulation layer (A-CEISL) that combines an inorganic metal hydroxide (i.e., Mg(OH)2) composite with an organic dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) compound is developed. The hybrid A-CEISL generates a robust and thin CEI layer (∼10 nm) during electrochemical cycling, maintaining an enhanced Coulombic efficiency as ∼99.1%. This leads to the enhanced discharge capacity on subsequent cycles. It is not only the improvement in the electrochemical properties, but also the flame-retardant and self-extinguishing features that make the hybrid A-CEISL a suitable application for LMBs. Despite multiple attempts to ignite the A-CEISL, the flame was immediately suppressed (<1 s) owing to the collaborative fire-extinguishing process between Mg(OH)2 and DMMP. Furthermore, the A-CEISL exhibits strong thermal stability, retaining its structural integrity up to 220 °C, and it still preserves its fundamental form even exposed to 300 °C. This study proposes a novel and practical approach, which benefits from the synergetic effects between Mg(OH)2 and DMMP, to concurrently tackle the primary challenges of LMBs.

Application of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis and Fault Tree Analysis in Determining Prevention Efforts Failure of The Fire Extinguishing Process

Banyumas is one of the regencies that still experiences frequent fires. The fire caused physical or material losses. To minimize fire losses, many efforts can be made to prevent the occurrence of these potential causes, which are the cause of the failure of the firefighting process. This study aims to implement the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) methods in determining efforts to prevent fire suppression failures. The result of the FMEA is Risk Priority Number (RPN) values to assess critical potential causes that need to be analyzed using FTA. In this research, there are ten important causes of potential, namely burned assets, difficult assets to save, victims panicking, witnesses/owners were not present, officers slipping, water sources being far from the location, victims being rescued too late, victims being trapped, officers being hit by debris, and officers inhaled excess smoke (congested). The result FTA obtained eleven minimum cut sets, which can fail the firefighting process in the Banyumas Regency, namely lack of awareness from related agencies, the protection system is not up to the firefighting standard and lack of maintenance of the fire protection system, lack of knowledge about how to evacuate yourself, the water source is far from the location, the owner does not live in the place (location), the victim has responsibility for the assets saved, high-priority asset value, a witness has not reported because the incident is considered to be handled by the residents, fire smoke is thick and firefighters not using self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Research on the fire extinguishing performance of new gel foam for preventing and controlling the spontaneous combustion of coal gangue.

Coal gangue, as an associated product of coal mining, can cause a large number of piles to undergo slow oxidation and spontaneous combustion, resulting in the production of toxic and harmful gases, leading to casualties, environmental damage, and economic losses. Gel foam has been extensively employed as a fire-retardant material in coal mine fire prevention. The thermal stability and rheological properties of the newly developed gel foam were investigated in this study, as well as its oxygen barrier properties and fire extinguishing effect which were evaluated through programmed temperature rise and field fire extinguishing experiments. The experiment indicated that the temperature endurance of the new gel foam was around twice that of the ordinary gel foam, and this resistance decreased with the increment of foaming times. Moreover, the temperature endurance of the new gel foam with a stabilizer concentration of 0.5% was superior to that of 0.7% and 0.3%. Temperature has a negative effect on the rheological properties of the new gel foam, while the foam stabilizer concentration has a positive effect. The oxygen barrier performance experiment results showed that the CO release rate of coal samples treated with the new gel foam rose relatively slowly with temperature, and the CO concentration of coal samples treated with the new gel foam was only 159 ppm at 100 °C, which was significantly lower than 361.1 ppm after two-phase foam treatment and 715 ppm after water treatment. Through simulating the spontaneous combustion experiment of coal gangue, it was demonstrated that the new gel foam has a much better extinguishing effect than water and traditional two-phase foam. The new gel foam cools gradually and does not re-ignite during the fire extinguishing process, while the other two materials re-ignite after being extinguished.

Forest Fire Spread Simulation and Fire Extinguishing Visualization Research

There are three main types of forest fires: surface fires, tree crown fires, and underground fires. The frequency of surface fires and tree crown fires accounts for more than 90% of the overall frequency of forest fires. In order to construct an immersive three-dimensional visualization simulation of forest fires, various forest fire ignition methods, forest fire spread, and fire extinguishing simulation exercises are studied. This paper proposes a lightweight forest fire spread method based on cellular automata applied to the virtual 3D world. By building a plant model library using cells to express different plants, and by building a 3D geometric model of plants to truly capture the combustion process of a single plant, we can further simulate forest-scale fire propagation and analyze the factors that affect forest fire spread. In addition, based on the constructed immersive forest scene, this study explored various forms of fire extinguishing methods in the virtual environment, mainly liquid flame retardants such as water guns, helicopter-dropped flame retardants, or simulated rainfall. Therefore, the forest fire occurrence, spread, and fire extinguishing process can be visualized after the interactive simulation is designed and implemented. Finally, this study greatly enhanced the immersion and realism of the 3D forest fire scene by simulating the changes in plant materials during the spread of a forest fire.

Analysis of a fire extinguishing model with a p-Laplacian operator and with non-linear advection and reaction

We provide a new model to describe the fire extinguisher dynamics in an aircraft engine nacelle. We connect the mathematical properties introduced by a non-linear operator with the physical mechanisms of a fire extinguishing process. Some discussions about diffusion and non-linear parabolic operators are carried out to justify the governing equation. In addition, the model introduces phenomena like forced convection and fast reaction to account for the discharge of pressurized fire suppressant agent that is released from the fire bottles. The driving equation is firstly discussed analytically to obtain existence and uniqueness results concerning weak solutions. Afterward, we explore profiles of solutions and a characterization of the propagating extinguisher front is introduced. In order to provide a validity note on the analytical conceptions used, a flight test has been executed. Based on this, we obtain particular values for the parameters involved in the model. The proposed assessments permit to obtain different time levels, for which the suppressant agent extinguishes a fire. Such times depend strongly on the involved physical processes connected with diffusion, forced convection and reaction.

Determining the elongation of T-type pressure fire hoses based on full-scale experiments

The phenomenon of changing the geometric parameters of pressure fire hoses is manifested when they transport extinguishing liquids. Although the extension of pressure fire hoses does not have a significant impact on the fire extinguishing process, the energy costs associated with such changes should be taken into account. In fact, part of the power of the fire pump is spent not on transporting liquids and forming extinguishing jets but on the «optional» lengthening of pressure fire hoses. Latex pressure fire hoses with diameters of 51 mm and 77 mm and fire pressure hoses with double-sided polymer coating of 51 mm (all of type T) were randomly selected for the experiments. The temperature was 263 K and 298 K, the fluid flow rate was constant, the pressure values at the inlet of the Protek 366 fire barrel had fixed values. No significant changes in the diameters (expansion or narrowing) of pressure fire hoses were recorded during water transportation. An elongation of 79 cm with a hose length of 1960 cm (73 cm with a hose length of 1790 cm) was recorded when transporting water in the case of using hoses with a diameter of 77 mm, a pressure at their inlet of 0.8 MPa, a temperature of 263 K, and a water flow rate of 0 l/s. The force that provided such a stretch was 2.04 kN. When extinguishing liquid was supplied by pressure fire hoses with a diameter of 77 mm in the temperature range of 263–298 K, the elongation decreased slightly with decreasing temperature. A slight unevenness of stretching of pressure fire hoses along the length was found when stretching increased closer to their middle. The results indicate the dependence of the amount of stretching on the materials from which pressure fire hoses are made, as well as their diameter. The values of dynamic forces that cause stretching of pressure fire hoses established in the study can be used in practice when taking into account the forced energy losses for fluid transportation

Experimental investigation of the performance of modified expanded graphite powder doped with zinc borate in extinguishing sodium fires

Sodium is the main cooling medium in the circuit of fourth-generation nuclear reactors, and its leakage constitutes a severe fire hazard because of its high chemical activity. In this study, expandable graphite (EG), which is a traditional sodium fire-extinguishing agent, was modified with zinc borate (ZB) as an intercalator, and the modified EGZB was characterized. Moreover, the effectiveness of the modified EGZB in extinguishing sodium fires was tested using a self-developed fire-extinguishing experimental device. This study's results indicated that EG, EGZB had a smaller particle size, higher thermal stability, higher fire-extinguishing speed, and lower powder mass consumption than EG. During the fire-extinguishing process, ZnO decomposed by ZB captured free radicals and inhibited the combustion reaction. Furthermore, B2O3 was adsorbed on the surface of the EG layer, which strengthened covering and asphyxiation. The findings of this study provide crucial information for effectively controlling fires caused by active metals and metallo-organic compounds.

Программный робот-проектировщик для выбора автоматических установок пожаротушения

Автоматические установки пожаротушения (АУП) широко применяются для защиты пожароопасных объектов, при этом выпускается большое количество АУП разных типов. Актуальная задача для проектировщиков – выбор АУП, обеспечивающих эффективную защиту объекта. Для выбора оптимального варианта важно провести сравнительную оценку возможных типов АУП. Для решения этой задачи предлагается использовать программный робот-проектировщик RPA. Разработана автоматизированная программа выбора АУП, которая выполняет функции робота-проектировщика, а пользователь ведет с ним диалог по исходным данным, оценке и выбору предлагаемых вариантов. Automatic fire extinguishing systems (AFESs) are the basis for the protection of fire-hazardous facilities. Currently, a large number of AFESs of various types are produced. The issue of selecting AFES is of significant importance because it influences both the cost of the technical means used and the efficiency of the facility protection. Recommendations for the choice of automatic fire extinguishing system are given in the VNIIPO paper “Selecting the type of automatic fire extinguishing systems”. The calculation of technical means and efficiency indicators is carried out for each type of AFES for the comparative evaluation in accordance with these recommendations. The calculations are entered manually and require considerable time with the assistance of specialists. The estimated figures used are difficult to compare and are very approximate for the comparative analysis, because they are based on average data. The human factor has a significant impact on the objectivity of the evaluation. Automation of calculations, according to the established methods of calculation, would greatly simplify the selection of the AFES and make the choice objective. The use of estimated figures based on actual data increases the reliability of the evaluation significantly, including the starting of fire extinguishing response time and the response time of fire extinguishing process, being the most optimal criteria for evaluating the efficiency. The possibility of using AFES, accepted in SP 485.1311500.2020, should also be taken into account, including the rate of combustion propagation of combustible materials used. During the evaluation it is reasonable to take into account the damage from a fire, determined, for example, by the area exposed to fire. Reliability is the most important indicator of the AFES efficiency. Nowadays, program-controlled RPA robots are widely used to perform the control functions of typical processes in a dialogue with a human. The challenge was set to create a program-controlled robot for selecting the AFES, according to the initial data of the protected facility, being the same for all used AFESs. The robot performs an independent automatic evaluation of technical means and selection of the optimal AFES according to comparable estimated figures, based on actual data for all AFESs simultaneously. An automated program for selecting AFES was developed to accomplish this task. The program performs the functions of a program-controlled robot (Certificate of state registration No. 2022664536), and is presented in the Internet web application available at: https://firerobots.ru/calculate. A unified approach based on the general requirements of the code of practice SP 485.1311500.2020 makes it possible to compare different fire extinguishing systems. The initial data of the protected facilities entered into the program, and the system makes calculations of technical means, and determines the estimated figures for effective fire extinguishing. The proposed technical solutions make it possible to create an AFES selection system using a service program that performs the functions of a design robot, including: interactive input of information, automated calculations in accordance with regulatory requirements and calculation formulas, receiving the necessary objective evaluation data on efficiency and pricing, selection of the optimal AFES from a number of AFESs used for the protection of facilities

Numerical Simulation Analysis of the Transformer Fire Extinguishing Process with a High-Pressure Water Mist System under Different Conditions

To thoroughly study the extinguishing effect of a high-pressure water mist fire extinguishing system when a transformer fire occurs, a 3D experimental model of a transformer is established in this work by employing Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software. More specifically, by setting different parameters, the process of the high-pressure water mist fire extinguishing system with the presence of both diverse ambient temperatures and water mist sprinkler laying conditions is simulated. In addition, the fire extinguishing effect of the employed high-pressure water mist system with the implementation of different strategies is systematically analyzed. The extracted results show that a fire source farther away from the centerline leads to a lower local temperature distribution. In addition, as the ambient temperature increases, the temperature above the fire source decreases, while the temperature and the concentration of the upper flue gas layer both decrease. Interestingly, after the high-pressure water mist sprinkler begins to operate, both the temperature distribution above the fire source and the concentration of the flue gas decrease, which indicates that the high-pressure water mist system plays the role of cooling and dust removal. By comparing various sprinkler laying methods, it is found that the lower sprinkler height has a better effect on the temperature above the fire source, the temperature of the upper flue gas layer, and the concentration of the flue gas. Moreover, when the sprinkler is spread over the whole transformer, the cooling effect on both the temperature above the fire source and the temperature of the upper flue gas layer is good, whereas the change in the concentration of the flue gas above the fire source is not obvious compared to the case where the sprinkler is not fully spread.

Optimizing Forest Fire Prevention: Intelligent Scheduling Algorithms for Drone-Based Surveillance System

Given the importance of forests and their role in maintaining the ecological balance, which directly affects the planet, the climate, and the life on this planet, this research presents the problem of forest fire monitoring using drones. The forest monitoring process is performed continuously to track any changes in the monitored region within the forest. During fires, drones’ capture data is used to increase the follow-up speed and enhance the control process of these fires to prevent their spread. The time factor in such problems determines the success rate of the fire extinguishing process, as appropriate data at the right time may be the decisive factor in controlling fires, preventing their spread, extinguishing them, and limiting their losses. Therefore, this research presented the problem of monitoring task scheduling for drones in the forest monitoring system. This problem is solved by developing several algorithms with the aim of minimizing the total completion time required to carry out all the drones’ assigned tasks. System performance is measured by using 990 instances of three different classes. The performed experimental results indicated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms and their ability to act efficiently to achieve the desired goal. The algorithm RID achieved the best performance with a percentage rate of up to 90.3% with a time of 0.088 seconds.

Visualization of 3D forest fire spread based on the coupling of multiple weather factors

Combustibles, topography, and weather factors are the three essential factors affecting forest fire behavior, and current forest fire spread models need to consider weather factors fully. This paper proposes a forest fire spread method based on environmental weather factors to present a visualized simulation of forest fire spread in the natural environment. Forest pyrolysis differs based on water content, so a single-tree pyrolysis model with temperature as its core has been constructed to describe the differences in forest pyrolysis during different seasons visually. In addition, based on the improved Huygens principle as the theoretical basis for forest fire spread, weather factors such as wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation controlled by weather are coupled with the forest fire spread process. And the forest fire spread in three-dimensional scenarios is simulated by considering environmental factors. The visualization of the forest fire extinguishing process caused by precipitation is realized. Finally, the interaction between rain and snow, terrain and trees is realized when precipitation affects the corresponding landscape and vegetation texture to enhance the realism of the constructed forest environment. In short, this paper proposes a forest fire spread method based on environmental weather factors, which intuitively expresses the influence of different weather factors on forest fire spread, thereby improving the immersive experience of the related senses and realizing realistic scene roaming.

Design and Analysis of All-Terrain Differential-Driven Caterpillar-Wheeled Based Unmanned Fire Extinguisher Robot

The usage of wheeled robots in service robots such as planetary exploration robots, pick-and-place robots, cleaning robots, surveillance robots, etc., is continuously increasing day by day. The primary purpose of these service robots is to reduce human resources and minimize human life risk in a hazardous environment. Therefore, in this article, the authors purpose and design the all-terrain differential-driven caterpillar-wheeled based unmanned Fire Extinguisher Robot (FER), which can detect and monitor the fire by using gas (smoke) sensor and temperature sensor. Also, it can extinguish the fire by spreading the fire extinguisher gas. The proposed unmanned FER has been divided into the two assembled units, one unit drives the FER, and another unit is for spreading the fire extinguisher gas through the nozzle of the cylinder. The driving unit of unmanned FER consists of six DC geared motors, two dual DC motor drivers, caterpillar driving wheels, Arduino MEGA microcontroller, Bluetooth module, gas sensor, temperature sensor, and rechargeable lithium-polymer (LiPo) battery. Next, the one DC motor connected with a motor driver controls the fire extinguisher gas cylinder's open and close valve through a Bluetooth signal from an android phone. The specially designed chassis and caterpillar driving wheel arrangement help the FER to travel in any terrain, including stair climbing. Real-time experimental tests have been carried out on the designed unmanned FER during the fire extinguishing process to prove the effectiveness of the developed FER.