Fire Cases Research Articles

Clarification of fire characteristics in a road tunnel based on numerical and laboratory studies

Critical velocity for longitudinal ventilation, as is accepted under the emergency ventilation strategy, is a decisive factor to prevent backlayering. The results of physical and thorough numerical modeling showed that the critical velocity in inclined tunnels in case of descending ventilation and of strong fires would no longer be an important indicator within the projects. Besides, the location of the fire has a significant impact on the thermal physics and aerodynamics of the ventilation flow and the surrounding mining massif. A natural consequence of this is significant variation in critical velocity and backlayering length, which greatly affects the planning and implementation of life-saving measures. The article presents scenarios of underground fire development and analysis of accompanying processes, performed using numerical modeling in the FDS environment. The variation of the critical velocity of longitudinal ventilation, the length of the reverse flow of combustion products and the gradient-factor depending on the fire power, tunnel geometry and other variabilities is shown. It is noted that the critical value of the Froude number, like the critical ventilation rate, are not constant values in complex processes occurring underground. Specific numerical examples show that thermally and mechanically conditioned ventilation flows are algebraically summed, and without considering these circumstances, the processes of rescuing people from underground fires will certainly become more complicated. The paper found, both theoretically and through numerical modeling, that severe fires in tunnels can cause dynamic pressures greater than the static pressure of the fans. The observed dynamic pressures can reverse downward ventilation flows in tunnels with slopes of 3% or more. This work puts on the agenda not only a thorough detailed description and analysis of fire cases, but also the need to develop a clear algorithm of actions taking into consideration the geometry, location, natural conditions and ventilation systems of a specific tunnel, taking into consideration also the scenario of the expected fire. The results obtained should be communicated to rescuers and tunnel service workers through theoretical studies and training. The proposed paper is socially oriented, aimed at improving emergency ventilation technology and thus increasing safety in case of fires in road tunnels, which is an important socio-political and public task.

Research on Teaching Reform of Smoke Control and Exhaust Course under the Background of New Engineering

A large number of fire cases have proven that smoke is the main cause of casualties in fires, with over 80% of victims dying directly or indirectly due to smoke. Scientific and rational design of smoke control systems is crucial for slowing down the spread of fires and ensuring safe evacuation time. At present, the process of smoke exhaust in fire scenes is still the main way of fire rescue utilization, and industries related to smoke exhaust are also one of the main employment areas for undergraduate students majoring in fire engineering. However, traditional smoke exhaust engineering courses have outdated teaching content, teaching methods, and assessment methods, which cannot meet the demand for cultivating technical talents in energy engineering majors under the background of new engineering construction. This study first starts from the characteristics of smoke control engineering courses and the problems existing in teaching. Using advanced online teaching platforms, advanced teaching aids, mature commercial software, and computer programming language design environments, the teaching content of smoke control engineering courses is upgraded and transformed towards modular computing, intelligent design, and other directions. In the context of new engineering disciplines, students' learning interests are enhanced, and their practical, innovative, and comprehensive computing abilities are exercised.

Role of Autopsy Surgeons in Determining Firearm Types in Fatal Shootings: Insights from the Sambhal Firing Case

Role of Autopsy Surgeons in Determining Firearm Types in Fatal Shootings: Insights from the Sambhal Firing Case

유류화재 증거물의 검지 가능 기간 및 감식기법에 관한 연구

In the event of an oil fire, oil may not be found at the site because it was initially ignited, completely burned, easily flushed, or evaporated until the fire investigator arrived at the site after the occurrence of the fire. In investigating the causes of a fire, collecting evidence from oil fragments is very important for measuring and analyzing the oil composition. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted on how long the oil components can be measured with a symptom detector from the evidence of the debris collected from an oil fire, Based on an analysis of fire cases and investigations, the results were derived through a reproduction experiment. The oil detection period differed according to the fire extinguishing method and increased with natural, extinguishing, suffocation extinguishing, and using drinking water. In the case of suffocation extinguishing using a cover, the oil content could be measured for up to 12 days. The applicable identification technique was presented to strengthen the oil fire detection ability of fire investigators.

Kesepakatan ASEAN dalam Menangani Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan Indonesia, 1990-2015

Indonesia is a country that experiences many cases of forest and land fires, so this has triggered ASEAN to take the initiative to resolve the problem through two agreements, namely the 1997 Regional Haze Action Plan (RHAP) and the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP) which was ratified by all ASEAN members. 2014. Therefore, this research focuses on Malaysia's and Singapore's responses to Indonesia in handling Indonesia's forest and land fire cases through the RHAP and AATHP from 1990 to 2015, as well as the impact of these two ASEAN policies on Indonesia in addressing forest and land fires. This research method is a historical research method using laws, written regulations, newspapers, articles, and books as research sources. The research results indicate that Malaysia's and Singapore's responses to Indonesia within the RHAP framework were effective because each country had its own focused tasks. Indonesia experienced positive impacts from the RHAP policy because the three countries took direct actions in addressing forest and land fires in Indonesia. Conversely, Malaysia's and Singapore's responses to Indonesia within the AATHP framework were less effective due to their persistent pressure on Indonesia to ratify the AATHP quickly. Indonesia experienced more negative impacts from the AATHP policy because it received a negative image from Malaysia and Singapore due to the prolonged AATHP ratification process.

Web-based spatial decision support system for optimum route to forest fires: A case of Viphya plantations

Efficient access to fire incidents is crucial for successful firefighting operations. This study aimed at developing a web-based spatial decision support system (SDSS) to determine optimal routes to forest fires and risk zones in the Viphya Plantations, Malawi. The system integrates remote sensing analysis to identify fire risk zones and a web-based SDSS to suggest optimal response routes. Remote sensing data was used to map areas prone to forest fires based on factors such as land use/cover type, terrain, and anthropogenic activities. These risk zones were incorporated into the GIS routing decision support system, enabling the generation of optimal routes from fire stations to fire risk zones and reported fire cases. System testing demonstrated the SDSS's capability to provide optimum routing options targeting fire risk hotspots and reported incidents within the plantations. The SDSS facilitated the identification of optimal routes to mitigate transportation costs and provided insights into spatial patterns of fire vulnerability, revealing areas that may be inaccessible within the optimal timeframe. This highlighted the necessity of establishing additional fire stations in high-risk regions to enhance rapid response times. The web-based SDSS proved to be an effective decision support tool for optimizing resource allocation and improving emergency response coordination for fighting forest fires in the Viphya Plantations.

Local-global buckling interaction in steel I-beams—A European design proposal for the case of fire

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the developments leading to the proposal of European fire design rules for steel beams with thin-walled I-sections. Thin-walled beams are favoured in steel construction due to their structural efficiency, however they are prone to buckle when subjected to in-plane loads, phenomenon which requires a thorough investigation. The focus lies on addressing the interaction between local and global buckling in these members. This study discusses modifications to the Effective Width Method at elevated temperatures, aiming to rectify underestimation of section capacity on certain cross-sections. Additionally, an overview of lateral-torsional buckling resistance is provided, being a new Effective Section Factor proposed to account for its interaction with local buckling. The paper revisits the European fire design proposal, comparing the improvements of the existing Eurocode 3 Part 1–2 (EN1993-1-2:2005) relative to the recent second generation of Part 1–2 of Eurocode 3 (FprEN1993-1-2:2023) through an extensive numerical study. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed, such as dependency on the section classification and broadening the application scope of these rules to higher steel grades.

Assessing urban fire risk: An ensemble learning approach based on scenarios and cases

Urban fires represent a significant hazard to people’s lives and property, which makes it critical to estimate the risk adequately. Existing urban fire evaluation methods lack applicability because they do not take into account individual scene components and previous cases. As a result, this study offers the scenario- and case-based urban fire risk assessment approach (SCBUFRA), which seeks to achieve a more thorough and accurate urban fire risk assessment. First, the technique uses fire case and scenario data, as well as the recursive feature elimination method, to pick the elements utilized to assess urban fire risk. Second, the data-driven empowerment technique and stability analysis are utilized to determine the precise fire risk value and correctly quantify the fire danger level in each part of the city. Next, the Affinity Propagation (AP) technique is used to cluster scene elements. Ensemble learning is then used to create a risk prediction model by refining the weighting strategy of R2. Finally, Shapley additive explanations are used to investigate the elements causing urban fires. The findings show that SCBUFRA outperforms popular machine learning methods, that the number of crimes, gross population, and house price are the most important variables for fire prediction, and that the research is applicable to urban fire risk management and firefighting resource allocation.

A Case Study on the Integration of Remote Sensing for Predicting Complicated Forest Fire Spread

Forest fires can occur suddenly and have significant environmental, economic, and social consequences. The timely and accurate evaluation and prediction of their progression, particularly the spread speed in difficult-to-access areas, are essential for emergency management departments to proactively implement prevention strategies and extinguish fires using scientific methods. This paper provides an analysis of models for predicting forest fire spread in China and globally. Incorporating remote sensing (RS) technology and forest fire science as the theoretical foundation, and utilizing the Wang Zhengfei forest fire spread model (1983), which is noted for its broad adaptability in China as the technical framework, this study constructs a forest fire spread model based on remote sensing interpretation. The model improves the existing model by adding elevation an factor and optimizes the method for acquiring certain parameters. By considering regional landforms (ridge lines, valley lines, and slopes) and vegetation coverage, this paper establishes three-dimensional visual interpretation markers for identifying hotspots; the orientation of the hotspots can be identified to simulate the spread of the fire uphill, downhill, in the direction of the wind, left-level slope, and right-level slope. Then, the data of Sentinel-2 and DEM were used to invert the fuel humidity and slope of pixels in the fire line areas. The statistical inversion data from pixels, which replaced fixed-point values in traditional models, were utilized for predicting forest fire spread speed. In this paper, the model was applied to the case of a forest fire in Mianning County, Sichuan Province, China, and verified using high-time-resolution Himawari-8 data, Gaofen-4 data, and historical data. The results demonstrate that the direction and maximum speed of fire spread for the fire lines in Baifen Mountai, Jiaguer Villageand, Muchanggou, Xujiabaozi, and Zhaizigou are uphill, 16.5 m/min; wind direction, 17.32 m/min; wind direction, 1.59 m/min; and wind direction, 5.67 m/min. The differences are mainly due to the locations of the fire lines, moisture content of combustibles, and maximum slopes being different. Across the entire fire line area, the average rate of increase in the area of open flames within one hour was 3.257 hm2/10 min (square hectares per 10 min), closely matching the average increase rate (3.297 hm2/10 min) monitored by the Himawari-8 satellite in 10 min intervals. In contrast, conventional fixed-point fire spread models predicted an average rate of increase of 3.5637 hm2/10 min, which shows a larger discrepancy compared to the Himawari-8 satellite monitoring results. Moreover, when compared to the fire spot monitoring results from the Gaofen-4 satellite taken 54 min after the initial location of the fire line, the predictions from the RS-enabled fire spread model, which integrates remote sensing interpretations, closely matched the actual observed fire boundaries. Although the predictions from the RS-enabled fire spread model and the traditional model both align with historical data in terms of the overall fire development trends, the RS-enabled model exhibits higher reliability and can provide more accurate information for forest fire emergency departments, enabling effective pre-emptive measures and scientific firefighting strategies.

Реализация взаимного страхования «от огня» строений духовного ведомства в России в 1910–1917 годы (по материалам Усть-Сысольского уезда Вологодской губернии)

The paper deals with the study of the pre-revolutionary experience of mutual insurance against fires of real estate of the Russian Orthodox Church. Based on financial and office documents of the Ust-Sysolsk Uyezd of the Vologda province, the process of practical implementation of insurance of buildings of the ecclesiastical department on the principles of reciprocity is recreated. The regulatory framework for mutual insurance was based on the legislative act of 1904, but the insurance assessment of buildings was carried out only in 1910. Information is provided on the structure of insurance documents, cases of fires and payments for damage “from fire” from sources deposited in the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive. By January 1, 1911, diocesan buildings in the Russian Empire were insured for over 800 million rubles, in the Ust-Sysolsk Uyezd – for over 859 thousand rubles. Information on the number of insured buildings and their insurance assessment, the amount of annual premiums and compensations for insurance cases in the Ust-Sysolsk Uyezd is systematized. The analyzed materials made it possible to correlate insurance premiums and insurance business costs, to access both the negative aspects and the benefits of mutual insurance for policyholders. The author comes to the conclusion that the practices of mutual real estate insurance, organized by the Holy Synod, demonstrate valuable experience in finding solutions to eliminate material damage “from fire”, when fire losses were compensated through small contributions. Insurance on the principles of rerciprocity was most important for regional parishes, that did not have large incomes and were often unable to independantly restore destroyed buildings. Due to compensations, it was possible to repair and restore many buildings of the ecclesiastical department. Despite bureaucratic, travel, and clerical expenses for insurance business, the remaining funds allowed to form a “reserve capital”, that performed the function of a reserve fund.

Identify the Region's Flagship Products: Focused on the Sustainability of Resources and the Environment

The purpose of this research is to identify in Mak Teduh Village, where most of the area consists of peatland with oil palm, rubber, and acacia plantations, the local potential that can be developed into superior products for the village as a means to enhance the community's economy through development focused on the sustainability of resources and the environment. The identification method is applied by the OVOP (One Village One Product) criteria and SWOT analysis. The results of the research indicate several local potentials that can be developed into superior products, namely creative industries in the form of pandan leaf crafts and crafts from recycled plastic, fisheries such as salted fish, and livestock including acacia honey cultivation. In addition, there is also the potential for tourism that can be developed. Based on the OVOP criteria and SWOT analysis, the potential of the village that can be developed as a flagship product is in the cultivation of acacia honey. The availability of land and bee feed in acacia and palm plantations, as well as opportunities in national and international markets, means that acacia honey cultivation also provides a chance for communities to engage in sustainable businesses while enhancing public awareness of forest and environmental conservation. The cultivation of acacia honey also serves as a preventive solution to the cases of forest and peatland fires that frequently occur in Mak Teduh Village.

Modeling the Dynamics of Forest Fires: A Vector Autoregressive Approach Across Three Fire Classifications

The problem of forest fires is one that, with each passing year, gets more difficult to mitigate. A significant number of people will be affected by this case, particularly in terms of their health. The need for targeted initiatives must be balanced. Look at the forecasts for the number of forest fires expected to occur in the following period. Cases of forest fires reported to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry are categorized into three distinct categories: high, medium, and low. In addition to future estimates, it is reasonable to anticipate that classifications will also affect one another. The vector autoregressive (VAR) model is a statistical tool that may produce future projections based on three categories of forest fires in a specific period. This information can be utilized to make predictions. The aim of the study was to model 3 classifications of forest fire cases using the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model. The data utilized is a summary of the number of forest fire cases in Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan, categorized as low, medium, and high, from January 2013 to March 2024. During this study, the VAR modelling process was broken down into three primary stages: order identification (the findings that were achieved were VAR(4)), parameter estimation, and diagnostic testing (VAR(4) was declared to fulfil the requirements for the diagnostic test). It is possible to generate a predicted value for the subsequent three times based on these stages, which may be considered when calculating the proper amount of effort to put forward. The accuracy of forest fire case modeling utilizing the VAR(4) model is 70.23%. Moreover, the predictive outcomes for each categorization indicate a rise in medium and low-level forest fires compared to previous data, although the contrary is observed for high-level forest fire incidents.

Prediction of flashover time in a compartment fire by CNN-LSTM based deep neural network considering wearable data collection equipment

Real-time prediction of flashover in a compartment fire is of great significance for rescue. This paper investigated a CNN-LSTM neural network to predict the flashover based on the temperature and radiative heat flux in 24 compartment fire cases simulated with FDS. Multiple conditions affecting compartment fires have been taken into account, like room size, room height, fire source location, opening size, number of vents, and fire load. Radiative heat flux meters and thermocouples were positioned at specific heights, to simulate sensors worn by firefighters entering a fire scene. The proposed model consisted of a convolutional layer and three LSTM layers. After training, the deep learning model effectively identified the flashover in compartment fires, with an average relative error of 4.1 % for temperature prediction and 11.2 % for radiative heat flux prediction. In addition, the model was validated on other simulated fire cases and full-scale experimental data, and the results showed good performance. In this paper, the sensitivity of the model to lead time was analyzed, and the application range of the model was determined. The model performed well within the lead time of 25s. In view of the strong performance of the proposed deep learning model in predicting flashover based on wearable sensors (temperature and radiative heat flux), it is believed that this model holds potential for application in a broader range of fire scenarios. This demonstrates the feasibility of using deep learning artificial intelligence models to predict compartment fire development, providing scientific guidance for smart firefighting technology.

Hot spots for risk-based planning in Greece – the cases of floods and forest fires

ABSTRACT Recent flood and forest fire disasters in Greece highlight the local spatial development history and territorial vulnerability as principal causes. However, despite the strong spatial aspects of disaster risk, disaster management rarely finds its way into spatial planning. The article attempts to locate high disaster risk areas (hot-spots) in Greece and activate risk-based planning. The approach combines theoretical assumptions on the spatial dimension of disaster risk; macro-scale hazard zoning at the national-regional level through past disaster event mapping; meso-scale territorial vulnerability analysis to delimit disaster risk hot-spots; and discussion on statutory planning tools and scales of intervention for risk mitigation.

An Evaluation Modeling Study of Thermal Runaway in Li-Ion Batteries Based on Operation Environments in an Energy Storage System

According to the green growth and carbon-neutral policy in Korea, the installation of large-capacity ESSs is rapidly being increased, but a total number of 50 ESS fire cases have occurred since the end of 2023. ESSs are typically composed of series-parallel connections with numerous Li-ion batteries, and when the temperature of a deteriorated cell increases due to thermal, electrical, and mechanical stress, thermal runaway can occur due to additional heat generated by an internal chemical reaction. Here, an internal chemical reaction in a Li-ion battery results in the different characteristics on the decomposition reaction and heat release depending on the operation conditions in the ESS, such as the rising temperature rate, convective heat transfer coefficient, and C-rate of charging and discharging. Therefore, this paper presents mathematical equations and modeling of thermal runaway, composed of the heating device section, heat release section by chemical reaction, chemical reaction section at the SEI layer, chemical reaction section between the negative and positive electrodes and solvents, and chemical reaction section at the electrolyte by itself, based on MATLAB/SIMULINK (2022), which were validated by a thermal runaway test device. From the simulation and test results based on the proposed simulation modeling and test device according to the operation conditions in ESSs, it was found that the proposed modeling is an effective and reliable tool to evaluate the processing characteristics of thermal runaway because the occurrence time intervals and maximum temperatures had almost the same values in both the test device and simulation modeling. Accordingly, it was confirmed that the rising temperature rate and the convective heat transfer coefficient were more critical in the thermal runaway than the C-rate of charging and discharging.

A Case of FIRES with Favorable Response to Tocilizumab

A Case of FIRES with Favorable Response to Tocilizumab

Penegakan Hukum terhadap Pelaku Pembukaan Lahan yang Menyebabkan Kebakaran Hutan

Abstract Forest fires caused by land clearing activities are a serious problem that threatens the ecosystem, public health, and the economy. Pollution and environmental damage in forest fire cases in Indonesia are serious problems. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the regulation and implementation of law enforcement against perpetrators of land clearing that cause forest fires. The research method used is normative juridical. The legal materials used are laws and regulations related to the environment and court decisions 205 / Pid.B / LH / 2023 / PN Kgn. The results of the study are that law enforcement can be used as a rule to overcome environmental problems by referring to the Law on Environmental Management and Protection, the Law on Plantations, the Law on Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction. The law enforcement carried out is to impose a criminal sentence on the perpetrators to imprisonment for 10 (ten) months and a fine of IDR 30,000,000.00 (thirty million rupiah). Conclusion: The Indonesian Government continues to strengthen regulations and law enforcement to address this issue, although major challenges remain regarding law enforcement in the field and compliance of perpetrators with existing regulations. Suggestions include strengthening regulations and strict law enforcement, educating the public about the dangers of forest fires, and developing firefighting infrastructure. Collaboration between stakeholders is also important in this effort. It requires commitment to handling and preventing forest fires and also requires participation from all parties to continue to protect and preserve Indonesia's forests, in order to become useful provisions for future generations

Quantitative risk assessments of hydrogen blending into transmission pipeline of natural gas

Recently, considerable attention has been paid to blending hydrogen with natural gas transmission pipelines. However, risk assessments using different hydrogen blend concentrations in natural gas pipelines have not been thoroughly investigated. Thus, the main objective of this study is to carry out a quantitative risk assessment of hydrogen blending into the transmission of natural gas. For this, six different concentrations of hydrogen blending, three pipes and four different release holes are used in this study. The effect distance decreased with increasing hydrogen concentration for the jet fire case. For case of vapor cloud explosions, the downwind distance of the maximum explosion overpressure increased with increasing hydrogen concentration. It was also found that as the hydrogen concentration increased, the individual risk was sensitive to adjacent to the pipelines, however, it was less for far-fields. This study is expected to contribute to the safety measures for business sites with hydrogen blending into natural gas pipelines.

АНАЛИЗ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ОРГАНОВ ДОЗНАНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ПОЖАРНОГО НАДЗОРА ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЙ ПРОТИВОПОЖАРНОЙ СЛУЖБЫ ПО ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЮ ДОЗНАНИЯ ПО ДЕЛАМ О ПОЖАРАХ ЗА 2023 ГОД

The authors show the statistics of the work of the state fire supervision authorities of the EMERCOM of Russia for 2023. The article reflects statistics on the number of accepted reports of crimes, considered reports of crimes, on the number of criminal cases on fires under articles 168, 219 and 261 of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation. Data on the number of suspended criminal cases on fires, solved criminal cases on fires, the amount of property damage in fire cases in 2023 are shown. The authors show typical violations in the investigation of criminal cases on fires.

Phenomenological Nondimensional Parameter Decomposition to Enhance the Use of Simulation Modeling in Fire Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Nuclear Power Plants

Simulation modeling is crucial in support of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) for nuclear power plants (NPPs). There is a challenge, however, associated with simulation modeling that relates to the time and resources required for collecting data to determine the values of the input parameters. To alleviate this challenge, this article develops a formalized methodology to generate surrogate values of input parameters grounded on the decomposition of phenomenological nondimensional parameters (PNPs) while avoiding detailed data collection. While the fundamental principles of the proposed methodology can be applicable to various hazards, the developments in this article focus on fire PRA as an example application area for which resource intensiveness is recognized as a practical challenge. This article also develops a computational platform to automate the PNP decomposition and seamlessly integrates it with state-of-practice fire scenario analysis. The applicability of the computational platform is demonstrated through a multi-compartment fire case study at an NPP. The computational platform, with its embedded PNP decomposition methodology, can substantially reduce the effort required for input data collection and extraction, thereby facilitating the efficient use of simulation modeling in PRA and enhancing the fire scenario screening analysis.