Finnish Approach Research Articles

Strengthening channeling policy: the Finnish approach to protecting domestic online gambling market.

Many jurisdictions struggle to curb offshore gambling as established approaches to gambling regulation no longer apply to online gambling. This study aimed to examine the arguments used by Finnish stakeholders who discussed channeling as a tool to curb offshore gambling and the monopolistic gambling regime as a sustainable framework to tackle the issue of offshore gambling. In total, 18 Finnish public servants employed in ministries in charge of gambling matters and representatives of Veikkaus, the state-owned gambling company, were interviewed for the purpose of this study. Channeling was described by the interviewees as an important policy tool but without a regulatory framework to block offshore operation, it would remain an ideal type of political strategy. Beside the monopolistic gambling regime, the pros and cons of a potential licensing regime were discussed. This study showed that legislative and regulatory changes form a lengthy political process; the decrease of the market share of online gambling marked the beginning of a new era in Finland's gambling policy.

GHG emissions from building renovation versus new-build: incentives from assessment methods

A variety of life cycle assessment (LCA) calculation methods and rules exist in European countries for building performance evaluation based on new-build. However, the increased focus on the retention and renovation of the existing building stock raises questions about the appropriateness of these the methods and rules when applied to renovation cases. Using a real renovation case, Danish, Finnish and Swedish LCA-based greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) assessments are assessed for how they position building renovation in relation to demolition and new-build reference values. The influence of these three different methods is examined for future development policies. Results show that upfront emissions for renovation are significantly lower for all approaches. The Swedish approach had the lowest GHG emissions compared with a scenario with demolition and new-build due to the method, which only includes upfront emissions of new materials. The Danish and Finnish renovation cases each performed worse in comparison with the new-build future emissions, specifically from operational energy use. Therefore, method development should consider incentives for upfront and future emissions. Furthermore, methods could account for the existing materials in the building, which are included in the Danish and Finnish approaches. This would provide incentive for renovation and reuse. Policy relevance Future policymaking needs to consider the influence of LCA methods on climate impact assessment of building renovations. The temporal differences occur when renovation is compared with demolition and new-build. Policy needs to take account of these temporal differences for apportioning GHG emissions between upfront and future emissions. A key question is whether existing materials should be included in the assessment as this would incentivise the reuse of these materials. Differences in accounting for the impacts of biogenic carbon in materials yields different results. This is a key issue in carbon accounting and will influence future practice.

Feeling Good, Living Well: The Importance of Happiness for Health

Feeling Good, Living Well: The Importance of Happiness for Health

‘Accidental’ procedural justice: The Finnish approach to policing

At a time when policing agencies are coming under increased scrutiny, the Finnish police are, reportedly, achieving very high levels of public trust. This article reports on the findings of research conducted into the Finnish approach to policing and considers whether and to what extent Finnish policing shows tendencies towards procedural justice. A mixed methods survey and focus groups approach was used to collect primary data that provided novel insight into the nature of policing in Finland from the perspective of police officers. The key findings of this research indicate that the Finnish police are operating in an apparently ‘accidental’ procedurally just manner. Rather than a fully planned implementation of procedural justice theory, a combination of cultural, legal and operational elements seems to have aligned to produce a form of policing that reportedly inspires high levels of trust and/or legitimacy in the general public. However, it was found that Finnish police officers are currently operating under high levels of fatigue and stress. Indeed, this may be compounded by the reported dissatisfaction with certain elements of the management structure and internal communication methods. Although many of the participants in this research appeared to have intentions very similar to those of procedural justice, it would seem that these are coincidental rather than an institutional application of procedural justice theory.

INTEGRATING POLLUTION REGULATION REGIMES: A COMPARATIVE SURVEY OF THE FINNISH AND SOUTH AFRICAN LEGAL SYSTEMS

The South African environmental governance, particularly the pollution regulation regime, is fragmented. Fragmentation ultimately leads to an unsustainable governance effort which negatively impacts on the environment and development in general. In 2000, Finland comprehensively revised the legal structure on which its pollution regulation regime is based. This new regime provides for an integrated environmental authorisation for polluting activities, integrated authorisation procedures and institutions, which result in a more integrated and efficient governance regime. The integrated Finnish approach is based on an European Union framework directive that provides for Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). The Finnish reforms may suggest strategies to integrate the fragmented South African regime. This article commences by investigating the nature and extent of fragmentation in South Africa. It then proceeds to analyse the European framework directive on IPPC, and then to reflect in detail on the new Finnish approach. It concludes by providing some comparative suggestions to achieve integration in South Africa.

Discourses on differentiated integration in Finland – Controversy over the Prüm Convention, credit-claiming for Pesco

This article discusses discourses on differentiated integration (DI) in Finland both from the quantitative and qualitative perspectives. It illustrates how salient DI has been in Finland between 2004 and 2019 and how government and opposition parties have approached DI, with special focus on the Prüm Convention and Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in defence. It also examines approaches towards polity differentiation, i.e., the idea of multi-speed or multi-end Europe, as well as discourses on DI mechanisms, namely enhanced cooperation and opt-outs. The article concludes that the Finnish approach towards DI is pragmatic and generally positive, as the country has joined almost all instances of enhanced cooperation, unlike its Nordic neighbours Denmark and Sweden. This may be due to the lack of politicisation of DI in Finland, which has also allowed the country to join those instances.

Transfer Pricing of Trademark: Valuation of Trademark – The Finnish Approach – Part II

This article is the second of a two-part article and focuses on determining the transfer price for a trademark from the Finnish perspective. The aim of such pricing should be a fiscally acceptable valuation outcome. The valuation of a trademark in transfer pricing is a multi-stage process that requires a broad and in-depth valuation perspective. This article considers the transfer pricing of a trademark from a theoretical and practical perspective by taking into account all the relevant factors that affect the transfer price. It concludes with interpretative statements on how the arm’s length principle should be approached in the transfer pricing of a trademark, taking into account the legal restrictions set by the national legal order determined in Part I of this article.

Transfer Pricing of Trademark: The Legal Restrictions Regarding the Application and Interpretation of the Arm’s Length Principle – The Finnish Approach – Part I

This article discusses the legal restrictions regarding the application of the arm’s length principle contained in the Finland’s national tax law and how the national arm’s length principle can be interpreted, taking into account the principle of legality and the doctrine of sources of law. In addition, this article includes a brief analysis of the reasons why the national arm’s length principle contained in Finland’s national tax legislation differs from the arm’s length principle contained in article 9 of the OECD Model Tax Convention.

The Finnish way of CLLD: place-based or half-hearted implementation?

ABSTRACT The European Commission proposed the community-led local development (CLLD) approach as a specific tool for place-based local development, offering a unique chance for an integrative use of European Structural and Investment Funds on a sub-regional level. But in Finland, as in most countries of the EU, the adoption of CLLD has so far been limited. Providing an insight into the rationales and the ways of reconfiguring the ‘original’ CLLD concept in Finland, this paper contributes to debates concerning a place-based approach to local development in the context of the European Union’s Cohesion Policy. It particularly addresses the persistent questions of what is gained and what is lost through adjusting a top-down policy instrument to diverse national and local situations? Despite its emphasis on a multi-scalar and cooperative application, the Finnish approach is by design mono-funded, remaining administratively and geographically distinct, and thus cannot serve as a truly integrated local development tool as envisioned by the EU. However, across governance scales and cross-cutting networks, processes of learning and policy negotiation have taken place, which are crucial in the creation of ‘place-based’ variants of the ‘European’ place-based approach.

Analisis Perbandingan Motif Geguritan Rajapala dengan Cerita Jaka Tarub dalam Babad Tanah Jawi

This study examines the Geguritan Rajapala, from Bali with the story of Jaka Tarub, from Central Java. The purpose of this study is to find out the structure and motives of anything that builds between the two literature work, and how is the relations between Geguritan Rajapala with the story of Jaka Tarub within Babad Tanah Jawi. In this study uses structural theory and a Finnish comporative literary approach. This research method and technique uses the listening method, assisted with written and translation technique. While the data analysis stage uses qualitative methods, namely research that is descriptive and tends to use analysis and assisted with historical comparative technique, that is a technique carried out with aim of reconstruction and tentative mapping of literary kinship patterns with evidence based on types and motives. next one, the stage of presenting the results of data anlysis using informal methods assisted with deductive inductive technique. As for the results that can be obtained from this research are, knowing the structure that builds between the Geguritan Rajapala with the story of Jaka Tarub and knowing the motives contained therein. Based on these motives, the literary patterns of kinship can be mapped.

Curricular approaches to algebra in Estonia, Finland and Sweden – a comparative study

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to investigate and compare approaches to algebra in the Estonian, Finnish, and Swedish national core curricula (Grades 1–9). Despite the similarities in the school systems of these neighboring countries, the analysis reveals three quite different curricular approaches. The Estonian approach shows influences of the Russian Davydov School. The Finnish approach to some extent resembles the traditional one whereby algebra is addressed first at the lower secondary level and then in a formal manner. However, there are also characteristics typical of the functional view, which dominates the Swedish curriculum. Here, as opposed to the documents from the other two countries, a transition to more formal sophisticated methods at the secondary level is not visible at all. We discuss the results in relation to earlier research and students’ different learning outcomes in light of international evaluations.

Digital propaganda, counterpublics and the disruption of the public sphere: the Finnish approach to building digital resilience

Drawing on the case of Finland and its model of ‘resilience’ to digital disinformation, the article provides an original framework for understanding the logic of digital propaganda and the conditions that may facilitate an effective response. Building on recent research connecting digital propaganda to the disruption of the public spheres in democratic societies, the study argues that the logic of digital propaganda could be unpacked by examining the mechanisms that facilitate the diffusion of disinformation from the microsphere of the daily individual experience to the macrosphere of political decision-making. It is thus argued that the connection between the two spheres is enabled by the formation and political mobilization of ‘unruly’ counterpublics, that is, of arenas of textual and visual contestation of politically marginalized groups promoting issues aligned with the disinformation agenda. Using this framework, the study shows that Finland’s resilience progress has mostly occurred on the macrosphere level, where effective institutions have been applying transparent and proactive policies grounded in collaboration and research. However, these efforts are at risk of being weakened by the rise of influential counterpublics unless Finland takes further measures to protect its public sphere by reducing divisions in the microsphere.

Quality conventions in the exported Finnish master\u2019s degree programme in teacher education in Indonesia

In recent higher education research, quality in education export action has been explored from the perspective of traditional education export countries such as the UK and USA. However, less attention is given to novice education export providers that rely on different educational traditions. In this article, we explore quality of education as it is done in one exported Finnish master’s degree programme in teacher education in Indonesia. Our theoretical premise is based on the convention theory that relies on pragmatic sociology. The empirical data consist of 16 semi-structured students’ and staff members’ interviews gathered between the years 2016 and 2017 in Finland and in Indonesia. The results of this study stress the plurality of the quality factors that indicate the expectations by the students and the staff members, but also the priorities of the providers as to what is essential in exported degree-based education. From the perspective of convention theory, these considerations emphasize that the successful implementation of the exported master’s degree programme in teacher education is based on the professional-academic convention (as research-based teacher education) that together with the civic-domestic convention (as societal impact, local traditions and Finnish approach to pedagogy) influenced the content of the educational programme through personal interaction.

The three-tiered support system and the special education teachers’ role in Swedish-speaking schools in Finland

ABSTRACTIn 2010, new amendments regarding special education were made to the Finnish Basic Education Act (642/2010), and they were officially adopted in 2011. The three-tiered support system that was introduced can be considered the Finnish approach to moving education toward a more inclusive system since it emphasises all teachers’ responsibility to deliver support within the regular educational setting, representing a new feature in the policy documents. This has brought about new expectations for special education teachers’ (SETs’) roles. Our research aims to contribute to knowledge about the implementation of the three-tiered support system and SETs’ roles in Swedish-speaking schools in Finland. The data were collected using a questionnaire (N = 158). The results indicate that the SETs have an important role in the three-tiered support system, both as those with the knowledge and those who share this knowledge. The SETs’ role is more evident when it comes to pupils receiving support on the second and third tiers. Although inclusive values are emphasised in the policy documents, the SETs still use most of their time teaching pupils in educational settings that are often relatively segregated (individual or small-group teaching), and for example, co-teaching seems to be a less frequent approach to collaboration.

Simple yet effective. Remarks on Finnish approach to design promotion

This paper gathers and analyses the main parts of the Finnish model of design promotion. It starts with providing the clear idea of division into global and national mechanisms as well as into commercial and cultural initiatives. Global mechanisms work on an international level, raising the design awareness and building the global perception of Finland as the country of design. They include works of the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (now the World Design Organisation) and UNESCO. The promotional efforts taken on the national level focus on establishing the position of the designer and raising the understanding of the importance of design in public spaces. Those are supported by national organisations such as the Arts Promotion Centre Finland (Taike), the Finnish Association for Designers (ORNAMO) and Design Forum Finland (the official organisation of the Finnish Society of Crafts and Design), as well as local initiatives. The last section looks at the role of commercial initiatives, such as fares and marketing strategies, applied to design and the importance of cultural projects, such as museum exhibitions, publications, lectures, etc. All of the measures amalgamate to form a well-established model of design promotion which has been proven to work on many levels. Keywords: design promotion, marketing, d

Are We Finnished Yet? Teacher Preparation and the Rise of “Glocalization”

The successes of the Finnish approach in teacher preparation and related school practices and policies are discussed. A narrative literature review methodology is used to determine the key policy underpinnings, program designs and methods, and other essential elements related to teacher preparation in various countries. An international perspective is used, focusing primarily on Finland, but also considers the island city-state of Singapore, and the United States. Following this, the success of teacher preparation in the United States is discussed using case study research of seven exemplary university/college programs including one Texas university. Finally, recommendations for teacher preparation programs are posited based on Stoll and Fink’s typology of effective schools/programs identifying “moving” and “sinking” strategies and approaches in teacher preparation programs.

Impact of Prostatic-specific Antigen Threshold and Screening Interval in Prostate Cancer Screening Outcomes: Comparing the Swedish and Finnish European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer Centres

BackgroundThe European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer trial has shown a 21% reduction in prostate cancer (PC) mortality with prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening. Sweden used a 2-yr screening interval and showed a larger mortality reduction than Finland with a 4-yr interval and higher PSA cut-off. ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of screening interval and PSA cut-off on PC detection and mortality. Design, setting, and participantsWe analysed the core age groups (55–69 yr at entry) of the Finnish (N=31 866) and Swedish (N=5901) screening arms at 13 yr and 16 yr of follow-up. Sweden used a screening interval of 2 yr and a PSA cut-off of 3.0ng/ml, while in Finland the screening interval was 4 yr and the PSA cut-off 4.0ng/ml (or PSA 3.0–3.9ng/ml with free PSA<16%). Outcome measurements and statistical analysisWe compared PC detection rate and PC mortality between the Finnish and Swedish centres and estimated the impact of different screening protocols. Results and limitationsIf the Swedish screening protocol had been followed in Finland, 122 additional PC cases would have been diagnosed at screening, 84% of which would have been low-risk cancers, and four leading to PC death. In contrast, if a lower PSA threshold had been applied in Finland, at least 127 additional PC would have been found, with 19 PC deaths. ConclusionsThe small number of deaths among cases that would have been potentially detectable in Finland with the Swedish protocol (or those that would have been missed in Sweden with the Finnish approach) is unlikely to explain the differences in mortality in this long of a follow-up. Patient summaryA prostate-specific antigen threshold of 3ng/ml versus 4ng/ml or a screening interval of 2 yr instead of 4 yr is unlikely to explain the larger mortality reduction achieved in Sweden compared with Finland.

Pedagogical development in TAMK – Finnish approach to paradigm shift in education

Higher education has changed a lot during the past 25 years in Finland. The universities of applied sciences (UAS) were established in the 1990s when the former college system became higher education. At the moment there are 22 universities of applied sciences and 14 universities. Universities and universities of applied sciences have their own profile and legislation as well. About 23 000 bachelor-level students and 2200 master-level students graduate from the UASs annually. It is quite normal that in universities all students will complete the master’s degree with about 15 000 students getting their master’s degree and 1821 getting their doctoral degree annually. In UASs it is not possible to complete doctoral studies.

The Life Trajectory of the Finnish Religious Educator

ABSTRACTReligious education in Finland is currently adapting to new national religious and secular pluralities. In this pedagogically and socio-politically contested space, a distinctive Finnish approach to religious education is emerging which, the authors argue, reflects tensions between old and new diversities (Vertovec) in a rapidly changing Finnish society. Mindful of this complexity, and the importance of professional religious educators in determining curricula change and societal transformation, the authors use a qualitative life history methodology to assess how Finnish religious professionals view and manage such changes in the light of their own life trajectories.

Adapting Open Dialogue for Early-Onset Psychosis Into the U.S. Health Care Environment: A Feasibility Study.

Open Dialogue (OD) is a Finnish approach to crisis intervention and ongoing care for young people experiencing psychosis and other psychiatric crises. OD engages the individual and family (or other supports) in meetings, with open discussions of all aspects of the clinical situation, and in decision making. Although psychiatric assessment and treatment occur, the initial emphasis is on engagement, crisis intervention, and promoting dialogue. Finnish studies are encouraging, with excellent clinical and functional outcomes after five years. The authors conducted a one-year study of the feasibility of implementing an outpatient program based on OD principles, serving 16 young people ages 14-35 experiencing psychosis-the first study of OD in the United States. Qualitative and quantitative findings suggest that this model can be successfully implemented in the United States and can achieve good clinical outcomes, high satisfaction, and shared decision making.