Fin Heat Sink Research Articles

Thermal Effect of Cylindrical Heat Sink on Heat Management in LED Applications

Light Emitting Diode (LED) applications are increasingly used in various microelectronic devices due to their efficient light generation. The miniaturisation of the LED and its integration into compact devices within the weight limit have resulted in excessive heat generation, and inefficient management of this heat could lead to the failure of the entire system. Passive and/or active heat sinks are used for dissipating heat from the system to the environment to improve performance. An ANSYS design modeller and transient thermal conditions were utilised in this study to design and simulate the LED system. The modeller performs its function by utilising the Finite Element Method (FEM) technique. The LED system considered in this work consists of a chip, thermal interface material, and a cylindrical heat sink. The thickness of the Cylindrical Heat Sink (CHS) fins used in the investigation is between 2 mm and 6 mm, whilst ensuring the mass of heat sinks is not more than 100 g. The input power of the LED chip is between 4.55 W and 25.75 W, as required by some original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). A mesh dependency study was carried out to ensure the results were synonymous with what can be obtained practically. The simulation results suggest that the power ratings did not affect the thermal resistance of the CHS. In addition, the thermal resistance increased with the increased thickness of the CHS fin. The efficiencies of the heat sink were found to increase with an increased thickness of the cylindrical fin and the accuracy between the calculated and simulated thermal efficiency ranges from 84.33% to 98.80%. Evidently, the CHS fin of 6 mm thickness is more efficient than the other CHS fins, as depicted in this study.

Failure analysis on the pin fin heat sink for the power module of new energy vehicles

For new energy vehicles, the power module in the inverter plays a key role in electricity conversion. Considering that a large amount of heat generated by the power module during operation can cause thermal damage, a kind of special pin fin heat sinks with nickel-phosphorus coating is designed for achieving a better heat dissipation effect. Nevertheless, during the corrosion resistance test before assembly, many defects suspected to be caused by corrosion were found on the surface of pin fin heat sinks, which did not meet the design requirements and made the pin fin heat sinks fail in the test. In order to find out the root cause of the failure, the copper substrate qualities, hydrogen content of the coating, coolant compositions, macroscopic and microscopic morphologies, and the electroless nickel-plating process were systematically characterized and analyzed. Through comprehensive failure analysis, the corrosion factor inferred initially was excluded, and the explosive release of the local hydrogen aggregating in the nickel-phosphorus coating was finally determined as the root cause. Based on the conclusions, the corresponding countermeasures were proposed to avoid the reoccurrence of similar defects in the future manufacturing process. The obtained achievements would be helpful to improve the plating quality of pin fin heat sinks and enhance the reliability of the new energy vehicles.

A novel temperature prediction method without using energy equation based on physics-informed neural network (PINN): A case study on plate- circular/square pin-fin heat sinks

This study introduces a new physics-informed neural networks (PINN)-based prediction method to determine the temperature pattern of fluid and fins when flow passes over plate-circular/ plate-square pin fin heat sinks (PCPFHS / PSPFHS). The proposed method is based on calculating the velocity pattern on the fins' surface. For this target, a training algorithm based on the feed-forward neural network (FNN) (110 layers of learnable weights and 16 neurons in each layer), a nonlinear activation function (rectified linear unit, "ReLU") and the Adam method for optimization is used. The training algorithm is fed by transient large eddy simulation (LES) results at every 0.01 s time step for the total physical time of 100 s. According to the input parameter type, the training:validation ratio is varied between 70:30 and 90:10 in order to keep the coefficient of determination (R2) at its maximum. The automatic differentiation employed the forward accumulation approach to reduce calculation costs, while the transient training matrix fed the neural network. The adaptive gradient (AdaGrad) method is also to improve convergence process and its speed up. Based on the developed calculation tools, the temperature pattern for the flow and over the fins are calculated according to the energy balance on the fin surface and the transient pattern of velocity predicted by PINN. After careful validation with experimental data and sensitivity analysis on the number of neurons and layers, the thermal behavior of PCPFHS and PSPFHS are determined using the conduction heat transfer equation inside the fins via the finite element method and by assuming a heat balance between the fins' surface and airflow. As a result of the proposed method, it is possible to reduce the number of equations in the calculation process of these parameters. According to the results, it is found that PSPFHS has an average Nusselt number which is 9.63% greater than the one in PCPFHS. However, compared to PCPFHS, PSPFHS shows a -17.78% reduced vorticity ratio at Re = 4,865. The results indicated that, for long calculation times (for instance, at 2,000 s physical time), the PINN method reduces calculation costs up to 35% compared to the technique that directly solves the energy conservation in the whole domain.

Multi-Objective Optimization of a Heat Sink for the Thermal Management of a Peltier-Cell-Based Biomedical Refrigerator

Both storage and transport of medical products remains a challenging task because of many variables as well as infrastructures, territory, and so on. Among these variables, monitoring the medical products temperature is fundamental to guarantee their safety. On the other hand, for sectors like aerospace delivery, weight has a crucial role too. For such applications and especially for strongly variable external temperatures, Peltier cells might be employed for either cooling or heating medical products to be stored. Accordingly, this study addresses the optimization of a heat sink for the thermal management of a Peltier-cell-based biomedical refrigerator. In detail, a brute-force multi-objective optimization of an impinging-flow finned heat sink for the Peltier cell is carried out here. Thermal resistance, weight, and pressure drop are chosen as the three-objective functions to be minimized, with both geometrical and volumetric flow rate as design variables. The results present a very large bunch of optimal solutions to design such devices. With the utopia optimum criterion, Rth = 0.159 °C/W, msink = 0.550 kg, and Δp = 14.99 Pa are obtained. Finally, both multiple-linear regression and artificial neural networks are employed to relate design variables with the objective functions, in order to provide the final user with a practical tool for the optimal design of such devices.

Performance of a thermoelectric generator system for waste heat recovery utilizing plate fin heat sink in bronze ingot casting industry

This study presents a numerical investigation of the performance evaluation of a waste heat recovery (WHR) system from a bronze ingot casting mold via a thermoelectric generator (TEG). A rectangular plate fin heat sink is installed at the hot side of the TEG to recover the waste heat from the casting mold while the flow direction of the flue gas is found to be normal to the fin base. A multi-physics numerical model, which couples the governing equations of fluid, thermal and electrical models are presented and solved by using ANSYS 19.2 software. The numerical results for the thermal characteristics of TEG and its power output show good agreement with the experimental results. The study has been performed to analyze the effect of different fin parameters such as fin height ( H f = 12.6–52.6 mm) and fin number ( N f = 15 to 21), and flue gas parameters such as inlet velocity ( V in = 0.5–7 m/s) and inlet temperature ( T in = 550–650 °C) on the performance of the TEG system during WHR. Results indicate that TEG module power increases with the increase in fin height, fin number, inlet flue gas velocity, and temperature. The maximum net power output and maximum net efficiency are found to be 18.83W and 2.33% at inlet flow velocities of 5 m/s and 3 m/s, respectively. In addition, significant radiation has been observed through the numerical investigation. The fraction of radiation effect ranged from 5.01% to 24.15% in the test conditions.

Research on thermal performance and optimization design of phase change pin fin heat sink based on Lattice Boltzmann method

This paper reports a numerical research of the phase change materials (PCMs) based pin fin heat sinks for thermal management of battery and electronic device. The 58 semi-refined paraffin and several paraffin/CNTs composites (CNT mass fraction of 5 %, 8 %, 10 %) were adopted as PCMs filled in the heat sink. Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was used to numerically study the influence of fin geometry (square fin, circular fin, cross fin), fin number (one to five), fin arrangement (array arrangement, cross arrangement) and PCMs on the working performance (charging time and heat dissipation power) of the heat sinks. The LBM code was solved in Visual Basic. The results report that the four/five square fins (arrangement A) heat sink with 10 % CNT compound paraffin has the shortest charging time and the heat sink with four square fins (arrangement A) and 8 % CNT compound paraffin has the largest heat dissipation power. It is worth noted that compared with square fin heat sinks, the cross fin heat sinks still present 83 % of the heat dissipation power with only 36 % of the fin volume. Besides, aiming at acquiring the largest heat dissipation power, a back propagation neural network-genetic algorithm was developed to optimize the structure of the pin fin heat sink. The corresponding fin number, fin side length and fin distance for the optimized square fin heat sink (arrangement A) are 4, 2.13 mm and 5.88 mm, respectively.

Numerical investigations on the effect of multi-dimensional stepness in open micro pin fin heat sink using single phase liquid fluid flow

In present work, the square shaped micro pin fin configuration of microchannel heat sink has been numerically investigated under different geometrical variation. Considering effectiveness of open microchannel, the pin fin height has been varied in two different styles. Firstly, the consecutive pin fins are varied in step of two and three rows. Secondly, the step variations were opted along only the channel length (unidirectional) and along both channel length and channel width (bidirectional). Furthermore, all configurations are having equal convective area so that influence of out of plane mixing can be studied more precisely. Estimated findings clearly indicated that stepped configuration has superior thermo-hydraulic performance compared to uniform configuration due to out of plane fluid motion resulting in enhanced flow mixing. Afterwards, bidirectional step has shown augmented performance compared to unidirectional step heat sink configuration because of enhanced secondary fluid flow and distinct vortices formation behind each pin fins. Among all considered configurations, three stepped bidirectional micro pin fin heat sink has yielded best performance i.e. 28.3% higher heat transfer rate and 2% lesser average bottom wall temperature compared to uniform height pin fin configuration.

Hybrid nanofluid turbulent transportation through a tube with an innovative twisted tape combined with helical fins heat sink

To ameliorate the convective flow of testing fluid inside the absorber pipe of solar water heater, new design of twisted tape combined with helical fins heat sink has been suggested in current article. While there are benefits in existence of turbulator, the greater pressure drop stems from this too. To consider the main efficacy of mounting such device, numerical simulation based on finite volume approach was presented considering assumptions of incompressible steady turbulent flow. Besides, to ameliorate the thermal features of water it was mixed with hybrid alumina-grapheme nanoparticles with ϕ = 0.035 which is reasonable range for approximation of homogeneous mixture. Different simulations were simulated to detect the efficacy of Re (ranging from 4500 to 18000), distance between fins (b = 0.33R, 0.5R) and fraction of hybrid nanomaterial (ϕ = 0, 0.035). Nu enhances around 2.61 % with rise of ϕ because of augmentation of convective flow when b = 0.33R, Re = 4500. As five helical fins were mounted and Nu has been augment around 70.52 % while Darcy factor has been increased around 692.08 %. As Re rises from 4500 to 9000, Darcy factor declines around 22.72 % while Nu increases around 76.31 % in absence of helical fins. The same change in Re when b = 0.33R, leads to augmentation of Nu about 63.21 % and reduction of Darcy factor about 24.53 %.

Numerical investigation of heat transfer performance for rectangular, elliptical, and airfoil shaped pin fin heatsinks through the novel combination of perforation and bulge inserts

There is a desire to improve the forced convection heat transfer for various innovative shaped pin fin heatsink designs. Hence, a numerical investigation is conducted to observe the effect of convection heat transfer for various shaped pin fin heatsinks by changing various parameters on fluid and solid domains. Different shapes of perforations and bulges are added to create more surface area and flow pattern change. Several pin fin configurations are proposed for the design to increase the performance. Navier-Stokes's equations and RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) based k − ε turbulence model governs the study's modeling. The investigations are performed using the CFD program for Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from 8547 to 21,367. The results reveal that elliptical shape pin fins play a crucial role in enhancing hydro-thermal performance factor (HTPF). The circular perforated elliptical pin fin provides a maximum HTPF of 1.72 as the Re changes from 8547 to 21,367. A performance improvement of 56% to 72% is found, which merits consideration in the pin fin heatsink design. Furthermore, the heat transfer performance for the elliptical-shaped circular perforation pin fin is examined using copper-diamond composite material. The Cu-diamond composite has a maximum HTPF of 1.75 at a Reynolds number of 21,367.

Effect of cold-side heat sink configurations on thermal performance of thermo-electric compartment of a hybrid household refrigerator

Thermoelectric cooling has a high quality of temperature control compared to Vapor Compression Cooling. This paper presents a numerical and experimental study on the effect of the cold-side heat sink design and the operating condition of its fan on the performance of thermoelectric compartment of a hybrid demotic-refrigerator. The hybrid refrigerator had three compartments. One of them was cooled by thermoelectric cooling system. A 3-D lumped model was used to simulate the cold-side fan. In the experimental part, temperature at ten points inside the TE compartment was measured. The numerical results of temperature field and coefficient of performance of thermoelectric refrigerator were in good agreement with the measured values. Performance of the thermoelectric refrigerator was investigated using the numerical simulation in the states of: (i) varying the cold-side fan rotational speed, (ii) creating vertical slots through the cold-side heat sink. Width and number of slots were varied. Results showed that running the fan at a speed, 2000 rpm, was associated with 20% increase of COP relative to running it at 500 rpm. Using plate fin heat sink resulted in bad air distribution in the compartment. Generating vertical slots in the heat sink improved the temperature uniformity inside the TE compartment.

Effect of gradually expanding flow passages on flow boiling of micro pin fin heat sinks

In this paper, effect of gradually expanding flow passages on saturated flow boiling characteristics of micro pin fin heat sinks is experimentally investigated. In this regard, a comparative analysis is performed based on three different heat sinks having straight parallel channels, uniformly distributed micro pin fins, and decreasing number of micro pin fins in flow direction. For these three geometries, visualization supported experiments are conducted, approximately, at the mass flux of 212 kg m–2 s–1, inlet temperature of 75 ± 1 ᵒC and effective heat fluxes of 132 – 272 kW m–2. Working fluid was deionized water. It is concluded that gradually expanding flow passages towards the outlet significantly improves the two-phase heat transfer coefficient up to nearly 501% and 365% compared to straight parallel channels and uniformly distributed micro pin fins, respectively. The structure having decreasing number of micro pin fins obviously suppresses flow boiling instabilities, and also presents lower pressure drop (lower up to 1.45 times) than uniformly distributed micro pin fins. Gradually enlarging flow passages provide escape-ways in the highly saturated region; thus, accelerate the flow and shorten the waiting period of vapor on heat transfer surface. Important conclusions are obtained regarding flow mechanism via flow images.

Heat Transfer Performance of Plate Fin and Pin Fin Heat Sinks Using Al2O3/H2O Nanofluid in Electronic Cooling

The thermal management of electronic devices has become a major problem in recent years. Therefore, there is a growing need for research on many new materials and innovative fluids due to the developing technology and increasing cooling need in electronic systems. In this paper, heat transfer from a plate fin and pin fin type heat sinks that were placed in a water block that are used in electronic systems was investigated. A base fluid (pure water) and 0.1% mass concentration Al2O3-H2O nanofluid were used as cooling fluids. The experiments were carried out for volumetric flow rates varying between 100 and 800 mL/min and heat flux values of 454.54 W/m2 and 1818.18 W/m2. The results demonstrated that the Al2O3-H2O nanofluid on the empty surface provided a maximum improvement of 10.5% in heat transfer compared to the base fluid. In the use of plate finned heat sink, the maximum amount of improvement in heat transfer compared to the empty surface was obtained approximately 64.25% for the base fluid and 82.8% for the nanofluid. A similar comparison was made for the pin-fin heat sink, a maximum thermal improvement of 56.4% in the base fluid and 70.27% in the use of nanofluid was determined.

Numerical and experimental investigation on heat transfer of multi-heat sources mounted on a fined radiator within embedded heat pipes in an electronic cabinet

In this paper, a finned heat sink for thermal management inside electrical cabinets was proposed to address the heat dissipation problem of some electronic equipment which are high heat flux and compact structure. The cooling system is mainly composed of four identical radiators, eight water-charged wickless L-shape heat pipes are embedded at the bottom of each radiator, and hollow fins are used in the condensation section of the heat pipes to enhance heat transfer. A thermal resistance network model of the heat pipe electric cabinet based on the superposition method was conceived. At the first part, experiments are conducted to measure the temperature of the heat source and the air in the air-flow passage. Transient and steady-state studies were carried out under different heating powers at the ambient temperature of 30 °C–35 °C. The maximum temperature difference between each heat source under forced convection is only 3.2 °C, which is more uniform than 10.36 °C in natural convection. The second part proposed a three-dimensional numerical model to further evaluate the heat transfer performance of the heat sink. The distribution characteristics of temperature field and flow field inside the cabinet are obtained by numerical calculation, and the variation of Ra number with height is further calculated. Taking the continuous junction temperature lower than 85 °C as the condition that the components in the cabinet can operate safely, the limit heat dissipation of the cooling device through natural convection can reach 763 W.

CFD studies on thermal performance augmentation of heat sink using perforated twisted, and grooved pin fins

In the present study, a numerical investigation is conducted to observe the effect of forced convection heat transfer for various innovative shaped pin fin heatsink designs by altering the effect of various parameters on the fluid domain and the solid domain. The study illustrates the possible configuration of such heat sink design implementing Twisted and Grooved shaped innovative pin fins. Different perforation shapes and alignments are applied to extend the surface area resulting in increased heat transfer rate and hydrothermal performance factor (HTPF). Navier-Stokes's equations and RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) based k−ε turbulence model govern the modeling of the study. Compared to available recent literature, the HTPF has increased by about 9% for Grooved Circular perforated pin fin at Reynolds number (Re) = 21367. The results showed an improvement of the average Nusselt number (Nu) by 32%. The grooved-shaped circular perforated heat sink has been observed with an improved HTPF of about 27% from the baseline case. Also, the Cu-Diamond composite on grooved circular perforated pin fin has shown improvement in HTPF by 33% at Re = 21367. Pressure drop has also been observed to be lowest in the case of the grooved fin with circular perforations. Hence, this design significantly benefits the HTPF.

Effectiveness of heat sink fin position on photovoltaic thermal collector cooling supported by paraffin and steel foam: An experimental study

Forced convective cooling effectiveness on photovoltaic thermal collector electrical and thermal performance was experimentally studied with phase change material (paraffin) + steel foam mixture and two different angular positioned finned heat sink attachments. Fins are positioned flat and inclined, and air was forced with fan to flow between them. Solar radiation, temperature, electrical and thermal power, energy, and exergy efficiencies were determined and compared with reference photovoltaic module data. The first photovoltaic thermal collector was constructed with phase change material (paraffin) + steel foam mixture application to the back surface and covering with an incline finned heat sink. The second one was assembled with phase change material (paraffin) + steel foam filling to back surface and covering with a flat finned heat sink. Incline and flat finned heat sink attached collectors were cooled 12.23% and 21.67% relatively more than photovoltaic module. Electrical efficiency improvement with incline finned and flat finned heat sink application acquired approximately 5.09% and 6.18% relative to the photovoltaic module, which has 4.38% electrical efficiency, thanks to the cooling provided. The overall efficiencies were 41.4% and 59.53%. Photovoltaic module exergy efficiency is 4.67%, it is increased to 5.59% and 6.87% by cooling with incline finned heat sink and flat finned heat sink applications. Utilizable energy enhancement is identified approximately 140.32 kWh/year and 207.42 kWh/year by assuming 2738 h annual sunshine time in Turkey. These potentials rely on increase in electrical efficiency and heat recovery during cooling of PV/T collectors with incline and flat finned heat sinks. The predicted energy profit can be estimated at $7.01/year and $10.37/year, and its equivalent in emission reduction can be 115.76 kg·CO2/year and 171.12 kg·CO2/year.

Thermo-hydraulic performance in ceramic-made microchannel heat sinks with an optimum fin geometry

Efficient heat rejection from modern microelectronic equipment plays a substantial role in increasing the functionality and longevity of these products. Microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs) are one of the liquid-cooling technologies, and it is needed to increase their heat transfer performance to acquire higher cooling capacity. In the current numerical study, two distinct strategies are suggested to ameliorate the heat transfer behavior of the MCHSs. First, straight-slot fins with different aspect ratios (b/a = 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, and 5) are added to the microchannels. The heat transfer and pressure drop properties in the finned-heat sink are analyzed numerically. After investigating straight-slot fins and selecting the optimum model, the heat sink's material is changed from alumina to Aluminum nitride (AlN) and Beryllium oxide (BeO). The impact of utilizing these two advanced ceramics on the thermo-hydraulic performance of the MCHS is examined. According to the obtained results, the MCHS with longer straight-slot fins (b/a = 5) indicated higher thermal performance values at all investigated Reynolds numbers. Changing the optimum model's material from alumina to AlN and BeO ceramics, the MCHS's thermal performance was enhanced by about 3.72 and 4.22 times (at the Reynolds number of 300), respectively.

Numerical investigation of thermal and electrical management during hydrogen reversible solid-state storage using a novel heat exchanger based on thermoelectric modules

In order to reduce the costs generated by the hydrogen solid storage tank's accessories such as the heat exchanger, this work was carried out. It shows thermal and electrical investigations of transient hydrogen (H2) solid storage in a tank filled with porous medium (LaNi5) to activate a potential PEM automotive fuel cell. For this purpose, we use a novel heat exchanger with a heat sink combined with thermoelectric modules (TEMs). We realize a simulation that helps us verify if thermoelectric exchanger will be an alternative to the conventional ones. The main results are that a thermoelectric cooler and heater with 127 couples of semiconductors coupled with 19 fins heat sink could be used during the reversible hydrogen solid storage. Also, results show that we can avoid the water freezing at negative temperatures when using a conventional heat exchanger by using TEM during hydrogen absorption. Finally, during the endothermic desorption of the hydrogen, TEG use can avoid boiling water used in the heating system. Also, the hydrogen tank will be lighter and compact without fins and water tubes.

Structural optimization design of sinusoidal wavy plate fin heat sink with crosscut by Bayesian optimization

• Develop an intelligent optimization scheme based on Bayesian Optimization algorithm. • Optimum design is performed by integrating the structure modeling, meshing, and evaluation. • Bayesian Optimization algorithm demonstrates a great advantage over evolutionary algorithms in efficiency. • The comprehensive thermal performance factor of the heat sink with the optimal structure increases by 17.6%. • The enhancement is explained by the reduction of the synergy angle between the velocity and the pressure gradient. The optimal structure of a sinusoidal wavy plate fin heat sink with crosscut (SWHS-WC) is determined by an efficient intelligent optimization method based on Bayesian Optimization (BO) algorithm. The comprehensive thermal performance factor (TPF) is the objective function, which is associated with the heat transfer and the pressure drop. The parametric modeling, meshing, and numerical calculation are integrated to optimize three structural parameters, including the fin amplitude, period, and phase shift angle of the heat sink, in an iterative and automated way. The result shows that the TPF of the SWHS-WC with the optimized structure is increased by 17.6%, due to the significant reduction in the pressure drop penalty, and the corresponding synergy angle between the pressure gradient and the velocity decreases by about 6.2°. Compared to the evolutionary algorithms, the BO algorithm demonstrates a great advantage in calculation efficiency, which can be used to find the global optimum design at a much smaller computational cost.

Influence of oblique angle variations on the thermo-hydraulic characteristics of the oblique fin heat sink with Al2O3 water nanofluid

The flow mixing through secondary flow is critical for improving the heat transfer of microchannel heat sinks. This study investigates oblique fin heat sinks (OFHSs) under forced convection conditions with Al2O3-water nanofluid under the Re 100–500. The study is referenced with a straight channel heat sink for benchmarking purposes. Five oblique angle configurations (15°, 25°, 35°, 45°, and 55°) were investigated at the constant fin pitch and constant width ratio (primary width-to-secondary width ratio) of 2:1. The RNG k-ε model has been employed with enhanced thermofluidic effect and wall treatment. The findings revealed that secondary flow generation leads the thermal boundary layer to redevelop at each fin, resulting in continuous fluid flow development. Pressure drop increment has been noticed with oblique angles 15° to 25°, and the variation is almost insignificant among the 35°, 45°, and 55° OFHS. The secondary flow rates were found to have a profound effect in all the cases. The 25° degree shows a higher average convection coefficient among all the OFHSs. Also, the convection coefficient varied in the following order for both water and nanofluid: 15° < 25° > 35° > 45° > 55°. The 25° OFHS enables a more uniform water/nanofluids temperature to build up in the streamwise direction than the 35°, 45°, and 55° OFHS. The thermofluidic analysis suggests that the proposed designs have superior heat convection performance than their flow resistance penalty. Therefore, the 25° OFHS offers a promising option for further parametric research in the future.

Investigation of the hydrothermal enhancement of grooved pin fins heat sinks

In this paper, a numerical investigation was conducted to analyse heat transfer and fluid flow on a new design of heat exchangers with grooved pin-fin heat sinks (G-PFHS), which included the optimisation of shape, size, and groove number (Ng ). The simulation results indicate that all-novel geometries have the highest heat dissipation rates compared to conventional geometry (Cylindrical pin fins heat sink, CPFHS). However, the configuration with semi-circular grooves exhibits the most design compared to other configurations (pin-fins heat sinks with a rectangle, triangular, trapezoidal grooves and CPFHS). Also, after optimisation of the size and number of grooves, the Nusselt number and thermal resistance are improved by 21.01% and 16.70%, respectively, with an increase in the pressure drop by 15.42% compared with the CPFHS at the highest Reynolds number. Therefore, this case provides the best hydrothermal performance factor (HTPF) of 1.18 at Re = 8740.