Fine Mechanisms Research Articles

On-line and real-time controller tuning architecture based on Youla–Kucera controller parameterization

This paper presents an on-line and real-time controller tuning architecture based on Youla–Kucera controller parameterization. First, a coarse controller is designed to satisfy nominal performance of closed-loop system. Second, Youla parameter is used to construct an on-line and real-time fine tuning mechanism including a group of controller candidates under arbitrary switching strategy. The mechanism can adjust the control performance on-line to achieve the balance between dynamic and steady-state performance without resulting in any closed-loop stability problems.

Adjusting Paper Device Properties for Bioelectrochemical Analysis and 3D Cell Culture

Context- Paper is an innovative material for cell culture due to its biocompatibility, its inert chemical properties and its low-cost. Paper is already used in many biomedical applications such as immunoassays and, more recently, as affordable electrochemical sensors. In this context, tuning the properties of paper devices can achieve better, more efficient and user-friendly assays for biomedical applications. Here, and by modifying the electrochemical properties of paper electrochemical devices, it is possible to create electrodes that can detect neurotransmitters, a critical type of biomolecules involved in neuronal communication. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in reward and addiction and a molecule of considerable scientific interest. Dopamine is secreted in the brain by dopaminergic neurons. However, the fine chemical mechanisms of neuron networks are still obscure. Being able to spatially measure dopamine secretion, in response to activation of precise neuronal regions in a unique system, can lead to a better understanding of neuronal dynamics, as well as their response to drug alterations. Proposing a research model describing neuronal chemical function in a network will therefore help shining light on their mechanisms and testing new neuropharmacological solutions. Developing new tools for the analytical electrochemistry of the brain will make quantitative neuro-analysis more accessible, thus paving the way for a better understanding of the chemical mechanisms of the brain. Tuning paper electrode for neurochemical analysis- Conductive inks, i.e. conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) suspensions, were used to improve the detection of dopamine at paper-based electrodes. The physical and chemical properties of different preparations and mixtures of inks were considered. Solvent secondary doping, a common technique for PEDOT-PSS based electrode, was used to improve the electrical properties of the electrodes. Ferrocyanide electroanalysis was used to benchmark 10 different electrode preparations, revealing that combining CNT and PEDOT-PSS improves the electroactivity of the surface of the sensor. Interestingly, it was found that CNT has a doping effect on PEDOT-PSS, leading to improved electrochemical properties. Finally, these electrodes were tested for dopamine detection. It was found that combining PEDOT-PSS and CNT in the surface layer of ink deposited on the paper electrode allows for lower capacitance, higher anodic current as well as better fouling resistance. Figure 1 presents a CV voltammogram for Dopamine obtained with a paper electrode. Overall, this strategy improves the sensitivity of the assay. Growing neurons on paper- Paper-based devices can also be used for cell culture. Cell on paper constructs are 3D cell culture models that are more suitable to study cell in a biomimetic 3D environment, thus better recapitulating their functions and biology. By carefully modifying the surface of the paper devices, it is possible to adjust their biocompatible properties to ameliorate the survival rate of cell culture on paper. This opens the possibility to achieve neuronal cell culture on paper. We will present different paper preparations compatible with murine dopaminergic maintenance. The neurons were maintained alive for several days of culture. We were able to effectively observe and study neurons in a 3D paper environment and quantify the growth of their processes. Figure 1 : Electrochemical detection of Dopamine for 20 cycles. Working electrode is a paper electrode with PEDOT:PSS and CNT conductive inks, shown on the right, scale is 1 cm. The reference electrode is an Ag/AgCl electrode, and the counter electrode is a platinum electrode. Scan rate is 0.02 Vs-1. Figure 1

Study on gas transport characteristics of manufactured sand concrete and modeling of random hierarchical bundle based on pore structure

Overexploitation of natural sand has caused severe damage to the environment, and manufactured sand to replace natural sand has become an inevitable trend in construction projects. Anti-gas permeability performance is an important index characterizing the durability of concrete, and its performance directly affects the service life and quality of concrete structures. This study evaluates the feasibility of applying manufactured sand to concrete based on its mechanical properties. In addition, we systematically investigated the influence of the properties of manufactured sand on the pore structure and gas permeability resistance of concrete with different strength grades. Furthermore, we established a random hierarchical bundle model based on the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and predicted the gas permeability coefficient by simulating the pore structure distribution of concrete. The following test results were derived: First, at the same strength grade, the late compressive strength of limestone (LMS) and granite manufactured sand (GMS) concrete is higher than that of natural river sand (NRS) concrete. Therefore, choosing manufactured sand as a fine aggregate to formulate concrete in practical engineering applications is feasible. Secondly, by comparing the gas permeability resistance of concrete with different fine aggregate mechanism sands, it was found that small aggregate particles can significantly improve the gas permeability resistance of concrete. Finally, the pore structure significantly affects the anti-gas permeability property of manufactured sand concrete, in which the pore content in the range of 10–100 nm is the main factor affecting the gas permeability coefficient. Moreover, the NMR-based stochastic layered beam model predicts the gas permeability resistance of concrete with a maximum deviation of up to 30.89 %.

Peri active site catalysis of proline isomerisation is the molecular basis of allomorphy in β-phosphoglucomutase

Metabolic regulation occurs through precise control of enzyme activity. Allomorphy is a post-translational fine control mechanism where the catalytic rate is governed by a conformational switch that shifts the enzyme population between forms with different activities. β-Phosphoglucomutase (βPGM) uses allomorphy in the catalysis of isomerisation of β-glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate via β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate. Herein, we describe structural and biophysical approaches to reveal its allomorphic regulatory mechanism. Binding of the full allomorphic activator β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate stimulates enzyme closure, progressing through NAC I and NAC III conformers. Prior to phosphoryl transfer, loops positioned on the cap and core domains are brought into close proximity, modulating the environment of a key proline residue. Hence accelerated isomerisation, likely via a twisted anti/C4-endo transition state, leads to the rapid predominance of active cis-P βPGM. In contrast, binding of the partial allomorphic activator fructose 1,6-bisphosphate arrests βPGM at a NAC I conformation and phosphoryl transfer to both cis-P βPGM and trans-P βPGM occurs slowly. Thus, allomorphy allows a rapid response to changes in food supply while not otherwise impacting substantially on levels of important metabolites.

Structure and Composition of Spermatozoa Fibrous Sheath in Diverse Groups of Metazoa.

The proper functioning and assembly of the sperm flagella structures contribute significantly to spermatozoa motility and overall male fertility. However, the fine mechanisms of assembly steps are poorly studied due to the high diversity of cell types, low solubility of the corresponding protein structures, and high tissue and cell specificity. One of the open questions for investigation is the attachment of longitudinal columns to the doublets 3 and 8 of axonemal microtubules through the outer dense fibers. A number of mutations affecting the assembly of flagella in model organisms are known. Additionally, evolutionary genomics data and comparative analysis of flagella morphology are available for a set of non-model species. This review is devoted to the analysis of diverse ultrastructures of sperm flagellum of Metazoa combined with an overview of the evolutionary distribution and function of the mammalian fibrous sheath proteins.

Effect of distribution of fines on evolution of cooperation in spatial public goods game

Abstract In the realm of public goods game, punishment, as a potent tool, stands out for fostering cooperation. While it effectively addresses the first-order free-rider problem, the associated costs can be substantial. Punishers incur expenses in imposing sanctions, while defectors face fines. Unfortunately, these monetary elements seemingly vanish into thin air, representing a loss to the system itself. However, by virtue of the redistribution of fines to cooperators and punishers, not only can we mitigate this loss, but the rewards for these cooperative individuals can be enhanced. Based upon this premise, this paper introduces a fine distribution mechanism to the traditional pool punishment model. Under identical parameter settings, by conducting a comparative experiment with the conventional punishment model, the paper aims to investigate the impact of fine distribution on the evolution of cooperation in spatial public goods game. And the experimental results clearly demonstrate that, in instances where the punishment cost is prohibitively high, the cooperative strategies of the traditional pool punishment model may completely collapse. However, the model enriched with fine distribution manages to sustain a considerable number of cooperative strategies, thus highlighting its effectiveness in promoting and preserving cooperation, even in the face of substantial punishment cost.

Cleansing the molten steel due to the dispersed in situ phase induced by the composite sphere explosion reaction II. Inclusion removal

Industrial trials have been carried out on the base of the former experimental research and the CaCO3 proportion in composite sphere, feeding amount, and composite sphere feeding mode have been investigated. The fine inclusion removal mechanism has been analyzed. The results indicate that feeding composite sphere in RH degasser is a novel process and small inclusion in the molten steel can be removed effectively. CaCO3/CaO ratio in composite sphere has a great effect on the inclusion removal efficiency. More feeding times and a little feeding amount can increase the composite sphere utilization efficiency. Compared with the conventional inclusion removal technology, the number density of the oxide inclusion can be decreased to a lower level and the inclusion size becomes much finer. Using this novel process, T.O. in the as-cast slab can approach to 6 ppm.

Autoprobiotics in the Treatment of Patients with Colorectal Cancer in the Early Postoperative Period.

Despite great advances in the treatment of oncological diseases, the development of medical technologies to prevent or reduce complications of therapy, in particular, those associated with surgery and the introduction of antibiotics, remains relevant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of autoprobiotics based on indigenous non-pathogenic strains of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae as a personalized functional food product (PFFP) in the complex therapy of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the early postoperative period. A total of 36 patients diagnosed with CRC were enrolled in the study. Study group A comprised 24 CRC patients who received autoprobiotic therapy in the early postoperative period, while the control group C included 12 CRC patients without autoprobiotic therapy. Prior to surgery and between days 14 and 16 post-surgery, comprehensive evaluations were conducted on all patients, encompassing the following: stool and gastroenterological complaints analysis, examination of the gut microbiota (bacteriological study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, metagenome analysis), and analysis of interleukins in the serum. Results: The use of autoprobiotics led to a decrease in dyspeptic complaints after surgery. It was also associated with the absence of postoperative complications, did not cause any side effects, and led to a decrease in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-18) in the blood serum. The use of autoprobiotics led to positive changes in the structure of escherichia and enterococci populations, the elimination of Parvomonas micra and Fusobacterium nucleatum, and a decrease in the quantitative content of Clostridium perfringens and Akkermansia muciniphila. Metagenomic analysis (16S rRNA) revealed an increase in alpha diversity. Conclusion: The introduction of autoprobiotics in the postoperative period is a highly effective and safe approach in the complex treatment of CRC. Future studies will allow the discovery of additional fine mechanisms of autoprobiotic therapy and its impact on the digestive, immune, endocrine, and neural systems.

Hydro-sedimentological drivers of fine sediment ingress in a gravel-bed river

Most studies investigating fine sediment ingress in gravel-bed rivers have been conducted at the laboratory scale, and even fewer have explored the ingress processes of flocculated particles. Here, an extensive in-situ sampling programme was undertaken to investigate hydro-sedimentological drivers of interstitial fine sediment accumulation and to evaluate fine sediment ingress directional mechanisms in a gravel-bed river located on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in southern Alberta. Three sediment trap designs were installed across seven deployment cycles at four sites along the river. Instantaneous discharge, suspended solids concentration, and particle size distributions (of suspended and ingressed particles) were measured, while relevant hydraulic parameters were modelled with a flow model (MOBED). Distinct patterns of ingress dynamics between non-cohesive and cohesive fractions of fine sediment were observed. While the assessed hydro-sedimentological parameters did not statistically explain the ingress rates of non-cohesive 0.5 – 2 mm particles, the opposite was observed for < 0.5 mm particles, which were mostly transported in flocculated form. For flocculated sediment, horizontal ingress accounted for ∼ 60 % of interstitial accumulation. Directional ingress mechanisms, however, were dependent on flow conditions for both particle size fractions, with vertical and horizontal accumulations becoming more important during higher and lower energy flows, respectively. Our observations demonstrate the importance of ingress for the interstitial accumulation of fine sediment, even during events with flow above the critical threshold conditions for fine sediment gravitational deposition. Despite the comparable ingress rates to other studies, no interstitial clogging was observed in this study, demonstrating the channel potential storage capacity, which has implications for legacy impacts from landscape disturbances in the Crowsnest River catchment.

EXPRESSION PATTERN OF THE MRPS18 FAMILY PROTEINS IN CHORDOMA

Chordomas are rare tumors of the axial skeleton that arise from the notochord; they are observed usually at the base of the skull and rarer along the spine. Chordomas are resistant to conventional chemotherapy, that is why it is important, to find the new diagnostic and/or prognostic markers. We have shown recently, that genes of the mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18 (MRPS18) family are differentially expressed in gliomas. The MRPS18-2 oncoprotein is expressed at higher levels in cancerous cells compared to their normal counterpart. Aim. We wanted to investigate the peculiarities of the expression pattern of the MRPS18 family genes in chordoma to better understand their role in cancerogenesis, using an immunohistochemical analysis on chordoma clinical samples. Methods. 15 specimens of chordoma of the base of the skull and 5 samples of the spine localization were studied retrospectively. The specific antibodies against MRPS18-1, MRPS18-2, MRPS18-3, and RB was used for an immunohistochemical analysis. All cases were stained in parallel with appropriate negative control. Results. We found that MRPS18 family proteins are differentially expressed in chordoma tissues. MRPS18-1 showed the strongest signal in all tumor samples. The lowest level of the signal intensity was recorded for the MRPS18-3 protein. In several samples the RB signal was detected in cytoplasm of tumor cells. Importantly, in these samples the strong staining for MRPS18-2 was observed as well. The fine mechanism of sequestering of RB in cytoplasm of cancer cells should be further elucidated. Conclusion, These preliminary results should lead to a larger work on a role of RB-MRPS18 family proteins interaction for chordoma development.

Performance Evaluation and Error Tracing of Rotary Rayleigh Doppler Wind LiDAR

In the study of atmospheric wind fields from the upper troposphere to the stratosphere (10 km to 50 km), direct detection wind LiDAR is considered a promising method that offers high-precision atmospheric wind field data. In 2020, Xie et al. of the Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, developed an innovative rotating Rayleigh Doppler wind LiDAR (RRDWL). The system aims to achieve single-LiDAR detection of atmospheric wind fields by rotating the entire device cabin. In 2022, the feasibility of the system was successfully validated in laboratory conditions, and field deployment was completed. Due to the structural differences between this system and traditional direct-detection wind LiDAR, performance tests were conducted to evaluate its continuous detection capability in outdoor environments. Subsequently, based on the test results and error analysis, further analysis was carried out to identify the main factors affecting the system’s detection performance. Finally, the error analysis and traceability of the detection results were conducted, and corresponding measures were discussed to provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing the performance of RRDWL.

Biological Activity of Artificial Plant Peptides Corresponding to the Translational Products of Small ORFs in Primary miRNAs and Other Long "Non-Coding" RNAs.

Generally, lncPEPs (peptides encoded by long non-coding RNAs) have been identified in many plant species of several families and in some animal species. Importantly, molecular mechanisms of the miPEPs (peptides encoded by primary microRNAs, pri-miRNAs) are often poorly understood in different flowering plants. Requirement for the additional studies in these directions is highlighted by alternative findings concerning positive regulation of pri-miRNA/miRNA expression by synthetic miPEPs in plants. Further extensive studies are also needed to understand the full set of their roles in eukaryotic organisms. This review mainly aims to consider the available data on the regulatory functions of the synthetic miPEPs. Studies of chemically synthesized miPEPs and analyzing the fine molecular mechanisms of their functional activities are reviewed. Brief description of the studies to identify lncORFs (open reading frames of long non-coding RNAs) and the encoded protein products is also provided.

Quantitative trait loci identification reveals zinc finger protein CONSTANS-LIKE 4 as the key candidate gene of stigma color in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)

Stigma color is a critical agronomic trait in watermelon that plays an important role in pollination. However, there are few reports on the regulation of stigma color in watermelon. In this study, a genetic analysis of the F2 population derived from ZXG1553 (P1, with orange stigma) and W1-17 (P2, with yellow stigma) indicated that stigma color is a quantitative trait and the orange stigma is recessive compared with the yellow stigma. Bulk segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) revealed a 3.75 Mb segment on chromosome 6 that is related to stigma color. Also, a major stable effective QTL Clqsc6.1 (QTL stigma color) was detected in two years between cleaved amplified polymorphic sequencing (CAPS) markers Chr06_8338913 and Chr06_9344593 spanning a ~1.01 Mb interval that harbors 51 annotated genes. Cla97C06G117020 (annotated as zinc finger protein CONSTANS-LIKE 4) was identified as the best candidate gene for the stigma color trait through RNA-seq, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and gene structure alignment analysis among the natural watermelon panel. The expression level of Cla97C06G117020 in the orange stigma accession was lower than in the yellow stigma accessions with a significant difference. A nonsynonymous SNP site of the Cla97C06G117020 coding region that causes amino acid variation was related to the stigma color variation among nine watermelon accessions according to their re-sequencing data. Stigma color formation is often related to carotenoids, and we also found that the expression trend of ClCHYB (annotated as β-carotene hydroxylase) in the carotenoid metabolic pathway was consistent with Cla97C06G117020, and it was expressed in low amounts in the orange stigma accession. These data indicated that Cla97C06G117020 and ClCHYB may interact to form the stigma color. This study provides a theoretical basis for gene fine mapping and mechanisms for the regulation of stigma color in watermelon.

Human Cerebellum Gangliosides: A Comprehensive Analysis by Ion Mobility Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

The human cerebellum is an ultraspecialized region of the brain responsible for cognitive functions and movement coordination. The fine mechanisms through which the process of aging impacts such functions are not well understood; therefore, a rigorous exploration of this brain region at the molecular level is deemed necessary. Gangliosides, sialylated glycosphingolipids, highly and specifically expressed in the human central nervous system, represent possible molecular markers of cerebellum development and aging. In this context, for a comprehensive determination of development- and age-specific components, we have conducted here a comparative profiling and structural determination of the gangliosides expressed in fetal cerebellum in two intrauterine developmental stages and aged cerebellum by ion mobility separation (IMS) mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS). Due to the high sensitivity and efficiency of separation provided by IMS MS, no less than 551 chemically distinct species were identified, which represents 4.5 times more gangliosides than ever discovered in this brain region. The detailed assessment of fetal vs aged cerebellum gangliosidome showed marked discrepancies not only in the general number of the species expressed, but also in their sialylation patterns, the modifications of the glycan core, and the composition of the ceramides. All of these characteristics are potential markers of cerebellum development and aging. The structural analysis by collision-induced dissociation (CID) documented the occurrence of GD1b (d18:1/18:0) isomer in the fetal cerebellum in the second gestational trimester, with all probability of GQ1b (t18:1/18:0) in the near-term fetus and of GQ1b (d18:1/18:0) in aged cerebellum.

Abstract 6918: Ba/F3-BCR-ABL engineering cell line panel, a useful platform for novel drug discovery

Abstract In the past few years, with the great success of Imatinib, the first kinase inhibitor, Imatinib rapidly became the first-line treatment for CML (Chronic myelogenous leukemia) carrying the BCR-ABL mutation. It opened a new chapter in targeted cancer treatment. Despite the increase in overall survival allowed by imatinib, the onset of drug resistance led scientists to investigate imatinib's fine structural mechanism of action to develop new and more effective compounds against mutated forms of Bcr-Abl. 7 BCR-ABL inhibitors have been approved, they are Imatinib, Dasatinib, Nilotinib, Bosutinib, Ponatinib, Olverembatinib, and Asciminib. However, acquired resistance has been a major challenge in the treatment of CML, and some patients still experience disease progression or even death due to drug resistance. BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations are one of the important mechanisms of acquired resistance, with the T315I mutation being the most common type of drug resistance mutation, accounting for approximately 25% of drug-resistant CML cases. Patients with T315I mutations in CML are resistant to all current first- and second-generation BCR-ABL inhibitors. Asciminib is designed as an allosteric inhibitor combined with an ATP-competitive TKI agent, which may hinder the development of mutation-driven acquired resistance or restore efficacy against highly resistant BCR-ABL mutants. Our group has generated 38 Ba/F3-BCR-ABL engineering cell lines as useful models for novel drug discovery in vitro and in vivo, including wild-type BCR-ABL and inhibitors leading drug resistance mutations, such as T315I, E255, Y253, F317, F359. V299, G250, A337T, V468F, and double mutations. Each cell was validated by cell sequencing and cell efficacy verification using approved BCR-ABL inhibitors. The Ba/F3-BCR-ABL engineering cell line panel can be useful for developing and evaluating next-generation BCR-ABL inhibitors and exploring newly acquired resistance mutations in BCR-ABL. Citation Format: Guoqian Wang, Yao Peng, Yu Wang, Yao Tang, Jingxiao Xu, Jinying Ning, Feng Hao. Ba/F3-BCR-ABL engineering cell line panel, a useful platform for novel drug discovery [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6918.

An image processing mechanism for aerial inspection robots to detect submillimeter-width concrete cracks in social infrastructures

Inspection robots for early detection of potential risks in severe environments require a high accuracy like human experts. A fine mechanism is crucial for extracting target components from noisy signals. We have proposed a detection system for submillimeter-width cracks in concrete surfaces of social infrastructures, such as bridges, by using morphological component analysis (MCA), for aerial image-inspection robots. Traditional schemes like PCA have relied on linear decomposition for the separation of target signal and noise components. Recent advancement in signal decomposition focuses on the enhancement of linearity in the separation by introducing a set of nonlinear basis functions to represent the raw signal even when multiple factors are mixed in a nonlinear manner. In this sense, MCA is a core technique to be able to isolate target components to represent submillimeter-width cracks from others. We proposed a proper pre- and post-processing operations to attach MCA, which demonstrated a high accuracy yet coarse and fine image components have to be integrated redundantly. In the present study, we successfully found a simpler mechanism to set the single basis function to extract the target by introducing a new thresholding mechanism. It suggests a high potential of MCA for inspection robots for various purposes.

Automatic calibration of airborne LiDAR installation angle based on point cloud conjugate matching

Airborne LiDAR plays an important role in island detection, shallow ocean topography mapping and intertidal zone detection. The installation angle error usually leads to deviation between overlapping strips, which affects the accuracy of LiDAR point cloud data. However, previous methods had complex requirements for routes and calibration field, leading to inefficient calibration. This paper proposes an automatic installation angle error calibration algorithm based on point cloud conjugate matching, which does not require strict route design and field selection. In the algorithm, the conjugated point cloud is extracted by selecting routes and processing point cloud, and the installation angle error is calculated by matching the conjugate point cloud. Airborne LiDAR data from Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics is utilized to verify the method which show that the overlap degree of conjugate point clouds can reach 90% in different routes. This method is expected to dramatically improve the efficiency of system calibration and the convenience of measurement.

Hemostasis and endothelial functionality: the double face of coagulation factors.

Hemostasis is a sophisticated sequence of events aimed at repairing vessel injury. This process occurs in combination with angiogenesis, which leads to new blood vessel formation, helping in wound repair and facilitating tissue healing. The fine mechanisms that regulate hemostasis and angiogenesis are well described, but for a long time, coagulation factors (CF) have been considered merely players in the coagulation cascade. However, evidence from several experiments highlights the crucial functions of these CF in regulating endothelial functionality, especially in the angiogenic process. Some of these CF (e.g., thrombin and tissue factor) have been widely investigated and have been described as triggering intracellular signaling related to endothelial cell (EC) functionality. For others (e.g., factor VIII and thrombomodulin), potential receptors and molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated but some data show their potential to induce EC response. This review focuses on the emerging roles of selected CF in regulating EC functions, highlighting in particular their ability to activate signaling pathways involved in angiogenesis, migration, proliferation and endothelial barrier stability.

E-Challan Based Intelligent Assistance System for Smart City

Traffic management and enforcement of road safety regulations have become increasingly crucial in modern urban environments, as the number of vehicles on the roads continues to surge. With the rise in traffic violations, particularly signal disobedience, there is a pressing need for innovative solutions that can efficiently detect and penalize offenders while reducing the burden on law enforcement personnel. The E-Challan System harnesses the power of cutting-edge computer vision techniques, most notably Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR), to accurately capture and decipher vehicle number plates in real- time. High-resolution cameras strategically positioned at traffic junctions and signal intersections actively monitor passing vehicles, automatically detecting those that violate traffic signals. Upon successful identification of a signal violation, the E-Challan System promptly generates an electronic challan, or e-challan, containing detailed information about the violation, such as the date, time, and location of the incident. This comprehensive documentation serves as indisputable evidence of the offense and provides an essential legal foundation for imposing fines on violators. with an Auto Debit Fine mechanism.

Immunological perspectives on atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression.

Atherosclerosis serves as the primary catalyst for numerous cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence suggests that the immune response is involved in every stage of atherosclerotic plaque evolution. Rapid, but not specific, innate immune arms, including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and other innate immune cells, as well as pattern-recognition receptors and various inflammatory mediators, contribute to atherogenesis. The specific adaptive immune response, governed by T cells and B cells, antibodies, and immunomodulatory cytokines potently regulates disease activity and progression. In the inflammatory microenvironment, the heterogeneity of leukocyte subpopulations plays a very important regulatory role in plaque evolution. With advances in experimental techniques, the fine mechanisms of immune system involvement in atherosclerotic plaque evolution are becoming known. In this review, we examine the critical immune responses involved in atherosclerotic plaque evolution, in particular, looking at atherosclerosis from the perspective of evolutionary immunobiology. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between plaque evolution and plaque immunity provides clues for strategically combating atherosclerosis.