Fine Crystallites Research Articles

Mechanochemical dehydration and crystallization of supersaturated zirconia–alumina composite nano powders

AbstractZirconia/alumina composites are a family of structural ceramics with excellent mechanical properties. In order to improve the engineering reliability of this kind of composites, the uniform spatial distribution of the two phases is necessary. One of the effective methods to achieve this goal is to synthesize uniform zirconia–alumina composite nano powders. Here, we report mechanochemical synthesis of zirconia–alumina composite nano powders, in which dehydration and crystallization of Zr–Y–Al hydroxide can be achieved under milling conditions, leading to the formation of the tetragonal zirconia phase with supersaturated Al3+. The mechanochemically synthesized powders have the uniform element distribution and a fine primary crystallite size of around 11 nm. After sintering at 1400°C, t‐ZrO2/α‐Al2O3 composite with the uniform phase distribution and grain size distribution could be obtained. To uncover the full benefits of these supersaturated composite powders in ceramic processing, future work could be done to break up the deagglomerations and improve the sinterability of the mechanochemically synthesized zirconia/alumina powders.

Two Dimensional Structured Electrode of Nickel Oxide for Enhanced Capacitive Behaviour

Two-dimensional (2D) nickel oxide (NiO) was synthesized using carbon as templates in a single step hydrothermal route. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of a single phase NiO. Crystallite size and strain in the as synthesized material were calculated using the Williamson-Hall method and Size-Strain plot. UV-Vis spectroscopy investigations provided insight into the absorption region and optical band gap of NiO, including refractive index analysis. The optical absorption indicated that the material absorbs in both UV and part of visible region, with a reduced band gap of 1.9 eV. Microstructural analysis of NiO was carried out by using high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) which confirmed the presence of nanosheets. The selected area electron diffraction pattern (SAEDP) of the corresponding area revealed the polycrystalline nature of the as synthesized NiO, with fine crystallites oriented along (111) and (220) planes. Morphological analysis was performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), revealing the presence of 2D nano-sheets. Elemental compositional analysis was carried by using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) as an attachment of FESEM and TEM, which showed the presence of nickel and oxygen only. Nyquist plot and cyclic voltammetry depicts the capacitive behaviour, suggesting the material’s suitability for capacitor/supercapacitor applications.

Influence of annealing temperature on nano crystalline description for CuZnS thin films

Copper Zinc Sulphide (Cu0.5Zn0.5S) alloy and thin films were fabricated in a vacuum. Nano crystallized (CZS) film with thick 450±20 nm was deposit at substrates glasses using thermal evaporation technique below ~ 2 × 10− 5 mbar vacuum to investigated the films structural, morphological and optical properties depended on annealing temperatures ( as-deposited, 423, 523 and 623) K for one hour. The influences annealed temperature on structurally besides morphologically characteristics on these films were investigated using XRD and AFM respectively. XRD confirms the formation a mixed hexagonal phase of CuS-ZnS in (102) direction with polycrystalline in nature having very fine crystallites size varying from (5.5-13.09) nm. AFM analysis shows the uniform distribution of closely packed grains, grain size for that film diverge on ranges as of (52.37 to 89.25) nm after annealed. The optical properties of all films prepared had been examined for the wavelength range 400 - 1000 nm using UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer. The band gaps of (Cu0.5Zn0.5S) films are obtained in the range of 2.4 to 1.9 eV, which makes it a suitable absorber as well as buffer/window layer for solar cell applications.

Nanopowder synthesis enabling 1350 ºC full densification of (Gd,La)2O2S:Pr3+ luminescent ceramics via pressureless sintering and the effect of La3+ doping

Pr3+ activated Gd2O2S (Gd2O2S:Pr3+) ceramics are important scintillators for X-ray computed tomography, whose fabrication generally requires harsh sintering conditions, such as 1650–1750 °C for pressureless sintering and ∼1300–1500 °C and tens to hundreds MPa for pressure assisted sintering. We synthesized in this work a series of [(Gd1-xLax)0.99Pr0.01]2O2S (GLOS:Pr3+; x=0, 0,15, 0.3, 0.5, 0.65, 0.8, 1.0) nanopowders of fine crystallite size (∼19–54 nm), high specific surface area (∼13.4–15.8 m2/g) and unimodal size distribution through two-step calcination of coprecipitated amorphous precursors. Dilatometry analysis confirmed that the nanopowders possess excellent sinterability, and fully dense GLOS:Pr3+ ceramics were successfully fabricated via pressureless sintering in an Ar/H2 gas mixture at a temperature as low as 1350 °C. La3+ doping was found to substantially enhance densification/grain growth and the 3P0-3H4 main emission (∼510 nm) of Pr3+, and tends to elongate the fluorescence lifetime of the Pr3+ emission (∼1.89–2.66 μs).

Melt inclusions in spinel from a composite mantle xenolith

Composite mantle xenoliths from the Cima Volcanic Field (CA, USA) contain a variety of melt (now glassy) inclusions hosted within mantle phases. The compositions and textures of these melt inclusions have the potential to constrain their trapping processes, melt sources, and the rates of ascent of their parent xenoliths. Here we focus on unusual spinel-hosted melt inclusions from one composite xenolith, reporting glass and daughter mineral compositions and textures and attempting to reconstruct inclusion bulk compositions. The xenolith contains spinel-hosted melt inclusions in its harzburgite, olivine-websterite and lherzolite layers; there are none in its orthopyroxenite layer.The glass compositions and reconstructed bulk compositions of the partly-crystallized inclusions correspond to alkaline intermediate melts, mostly trachyandesites. Such melts are most likely to be generated and trapped by vapor-undersaturated phlogopite or amphibole dehydration melting to an assemblage of liquid + spinel + olivine ± pyroxenes. We modeled the near-liquidus phase relations of the inclusion bulk compositions and noted the closest approach of each inclusion to simultaneous saturation with spinel and either phlogopite or amphibole, resulting in estimated trapping pressures of ∼0.5–1.5 GPa and temperatures of ∼1000–1100 °C. The large size of the hosting spinel grains suggests a slow process associated with these breakdown reactions, probably thinning of the lithosphere and steepening of the geotherm during regional extension.A linear correlation between the vesicle area and inclusion area (as proxies for volume) suggests an in-situ exsolution process from melts of relatively uniform volatile initial contents, consistent with trapping of vapor-undersaturated melts that later exsolve vapor during cooling and daughter crystal growth. A negative correlation between the glass content in melt inclusions and the size of the inclusion itself suggests a control on the degree of crystallinity with the size. There appears to be a two-stage cooling history captured by the inclusions, forming first prismatic daughter crystals and large round vesicles at the wall of the inclusion, followed by quenching to form a mat of fine crystallites and small vesicles in most inclusions. We connect the final quench to rapid ascent of the xenolith in its host melt, which also triggered partial breakdown of remaining amphibole to fine glassy symplectites.

Ce Doped SnO2 Nanoparticcles: Investigation of Structural and Optical Properties

Tin oxide (SnO2 ) and (1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5wt %) Ce-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction investigations have been confirmed that the synthesized nanoparticles are polycrystalline in nature with tetragonal rutile phase. The particle size is determined using Scherrer’s formula and it is found to increase with the “Ce” dopant. High resolution scanning electron microscope (HRSEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed spherical morphology composed of fine crystallites with diameters around ∼200 nm. Optical band gap was decreased by the doping confirming the direct energy transfer between f-electrons of rare earth ion and the SnO2 conduction or valence band. This study demonstrates the Ce doped SnO2 nanoparticles for applications in optoelectronic devices.

Impedance Study of Zinc Sulphide Quantum Dots via One Step Green Synthesis

ZnS quantum dots were synthesized using green synthesis route which are cost effective and eco-friendly. X-ray diffraction study revealed the formation of single phase ZnS. Crystallite size and strain in the as synthesized material were calculated through Williamson-Hall and Size-Strain plot. UV-Vis spectroscopy investigations revealed the absorption region and optical band gap for the ZnS with refractive index analysis. Microstructural analysis of material was done using high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) which confirms the presence of quantum dots. Selected area electron diffraction pattern (SAEDP) of the corresponding area revealed the polycrystalline nature of as synthesized ZnS with fine crystallites oriented along (111) and (022) planes. Results of analysis of lattice fringe spacing’s of fine crystallites are found to be in good agreement with SAEDP data. Elemental compositional analysis was carried by using EDS as an attachment of TEM which showed the presence of Zinc and Sulphur only. Nyquist plot reported Warburg impedance which suggests the material for solar cell applications.

P/M 18Cr ODS steels produced by mechanical alloying and hot powder forging

Mechanical alloying in attritor mill and powder consolidation through hot forging were employed to produce 18Cr ODS steels. Elemental powders were mechanically alloyed with nano-size yttria powder for up to 12 h. The effect of milling time on powder morphology, crystallite size and lattice strain were studied. Optimum milling time of mechanical alloying was determined for dissolution of constituents in the ferrite matrix. Further milling led to peak broadening. TEM confirmed the presence of fine crystallites in milled powders. HRTEM fringes were taken on the oxide particles. Their FFT confirmed that Y2O3 and TiO2 particles were present in the milled powders. The milled powders were consolidated through hot powder forging. Addition of Ti and Y2O3 significantly reduce the grain size in forged alloys. It also leads to formation of fine complex Y-Ti-O oxides. The powder forged alloys exhibited fine grained recrystallized microstructure. Reasons for this are discussed.

Waste remediation: Low-temperature synthesis of hybrid Cu(OH)2/CuO and CuO nanostructures from spent printed circuit boards and their dye degradation studies.

The demand for environmentally friendly and sustainable resource utilization techniques for recycling waste printed circuit boards is significant due to their status as valuable secondary resources, containing high-purity copper and precious metals. In this context, Cu(OH)2/CuO and CuO nanostructures were fabricated using alkaline precipitation and low-temperature aging methods using the strip solution originated from laboratory-scale spent mobile phone printed circuit board recovery process. XRD, FTIR, FESEM-EDX, and TEM were utilized to characterize the as-recovered nanoproducts. A hybrid structure of Cu(OH)2/CuO was formed at 70°, and monoclinic CuO phase was formed at 80°C aging time. The results show that Cu(OH)2/CuO nanoflakes have an average crystallite size of 24.06nm and a particle width of 22 ± 3nm. Cu(OH)2/CuO nanoflakes formed at 70°C aging temperature and 24-h residence time have finer crystallite and particle sizes than CuO-ridged nanospheres formed at 80°C aging temperature. The optical band gap energy of Cu(OH)2/CuO and CuO nanostructures formed was found to be 2.28eV and 2.22eV, respectively. The hybrid Cu(OH)2/CuO nanostructure photocatalyzed the decomposed 97.28% rhodamine blue using a visible light source, whereas the CuO nanostructure degraded only 14.64% rhodamine blue dye under similar conditions. A surfactant-less hybrid structure is developed without the use of any chemical precursor. Thus, a high value-added product is produced using one waste material to remove another waste in wastewater treatment.

CeO2–TiO2 oxides with core-shell structure

A series of CeO2–TiO2 composites were synthesized using sol-gel method, and the structures were investigated by HR TEM, XRD, TG-DSC-MS, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. The titania coating layer consisting of fine crystallites contributes to properties of the CeO2@TiO2 nanocomposite. The development of the fast, simple, and facile route for the synthesis of novel CeO2@TiO2 core-shell nanocomposite particles was suggested. An approach to increase the shell thickness of titania is to increase the concentration of the precursor of titania, but it also observed the formation of a small amount of independent titania clusters. It is shown that an increase in the titania content leads to the formation of a larger proportion of the rutile phase and a decrease in the proportion of metastable anatase and brookite, while reducing the particle size of the initial ceria core and the specific surface area due to the contact of titania shells, caused by the closer connections between nanoparticles.

Transformation of Amorphous Terbium Metal-Organic Framework on Terbium Oxide TbOx(111) Thin Film on Pt(111) Substrate: Structure of TbxOy Film.

The present study is focused on the synthesis and structural properties of amorphous terbium metal–organic framework thin film (TbMOF-TF) and its transformation to terbium oxide by pyrolysis at 450 °C in the air. The crystalline (cTbMOF) and amorphous (aTbMOF) films were prepared by solvothermal synthesis using different amounts (0.4 and 0.7 mmol) of the modulator (sodium acetate), respectively. The powders were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The varied chemical composition of the surface of TbMOFs and TbxOy was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that aTbMOF had been fully transformed to a Tb4O7 phase with a cubic crystal structure at 450 °C. The amorphous aTbMOF-TF film was prepared by dropping a colloidal solution of amorphous precursor nanocrystals on the SiO2/Si substrates covered with Pt as an interlayer. XPS confirmed the presence of Tb in two states, Tb3+ and Tb4+. The amorphous film has a rough, porous microstructure and is composed of large clusters of worm-like particles, while terbium oxide film consists of fine crystallites of cubic fluorite cF-TbOx, c-Tb4O7, and c-Tb2O3 phases. The surface topography was investigated by a combination of confocal (CM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The amorphous film is porous and rough, which is contrast to the crystalline terbium oxide film.

TiO2/Au/TiO2 Plasmonic Photocatalysts: The Influence of Titania Matrix and Gold Properties

Plasmonic photocatalysts have gained more and more attention because of possible applications for solar energy conversion, environmental decontamination, and water treatment. However, the activity under visible light is usually very low, and the property-governed activity as well as the mechanisms are not fully understood yet. Accordingly, this study examines four different titania photocatalysts (anatase and rutile with fine and large crystallites) modified with gold by photodeposition. Three kinds of samples were prepared, as follows: (i) gold-modified titania (Au/TiO2), (ii) physically mixed Au/TiO2 samples (Au/TiO2(1) + Au/TiO2(2)), and (iii) Au/(TiO2(1) + Au/TiO2(2)) samples, prepared by subsequent deposition of gold on the mixture of bare and gold-modified titania. In total, twelve samples were prepared and well characterized, including diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The photocatalytic activity was examined in three reaction systems: (i) methanol dehydrogenation during gold photodeposition under UV/vis irradiation, (ii) oxidative decomposition of acetic acid (UV/vis), and (iii) oxidation of 2-propanol to acetone under visible light irradiation (λ > 450 nm). It was found that during subsequent deposition, gold is mainly formed on the surface of pre-deposited Au nanoparticles (NPs), localized on fine titania NPs, through the electrostatic attractions (negatively charged gold resulting from photogenerated electrons’ accumulation). This gold aggregation, though detrimental for UV activity (many “naked” large titania with low activity), is highly beneficial for vis activity because of efficient light harvesting and increased interface between gold and titania (gold deposits surrounded by fine titania NPs). Moreover, it was found that rutile is more active than anatase for plasmonic photocatalysis, probably due to easier electron transfer from gold via titania to adsorbed oxygen (more negative conduction band), which might hinder the back reaction (electron transfer: Au→TiO2→Au).

Synthesis and Characterization of Zero Valent Iron Prepared Using Green Synthesis Method

This research was conducted to develop a green synthesis method for zero valent iron (ZVI) preparation. The ZVI was synthesized by reacting FeCl2 with polyphenols extracted from kepok banana peels. This polyphenol extraction process was carried out using three different solvents, namely: water, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy test showed three main phenolic compounds contained in the banana peel extract, namely: 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 4-methoxy-2-vinylphenol, and 2-methoxy-5-vinylphenol. The optimum composition of FeCl2 and polyphenol was 3:2. Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy data confirmed that the synthesized ZVI contains organic compounds having –OH and C=O groups which are assumed to be capping agents that can maintain stability. This has also been supported by the results of the energy dispersive X-ray analysis where there are carbon atoms (C) and oxygen atoms (O) in ZVI. The ZVI particle size was uneven and form a compact solid. The largest particle size distribution of ZVI is in the range of 234.49 nm - 407.49 nm with the average size of ZVI beings 616.26 nm. The results of the XRD analysis have also confirmed the formation of a simple cubic ZVI with fine crystallite size of ca 26.64 nm.

Sulfidization-free synthesis of well dispersed (Gd,La)2O2S:Pr3+ nanopowders and the effect of La3+ on structure and luminescence

Pr3+ activated Gd2O2S and La2O2S are finding a wide range of luminescence applications but their solid-solution form has rarely been reported in the literature. A series of [(Gd1.0-xLax)0.99Pr0.01]2O2S (x = 0.0–1.0, GLOS:Pr3+) solid-solution phosphor nanopowders were directly produced in this work by calcining their sulfated hydroxide type precursors in flowing hydrogen at 900 °C, without using any of the harmful sulfidization reagents indispensable to other technical routes. The synthesis method also has the significant advantages of fine crystallites (∼20–35 nm), high specific surface area (∼16–21 m2/g) and unimodal particle size distribution (average particle size ∼120–140 nm) of the product. Photoluminescence study indicated that La3+ doping may remarkably enhance Pr3+ luminescence under 263 nm excitation, though tends to lower the thermal stability and elongate the lifetime of the emission. Aside from phosphor application, the thus-synthesized GLOS:Pr3+ powders would be well suited for the sintering of high-quality ceramic scintillators because of their fine particle/crystallite size and unimodal/narrow size distribution.

Crystallization of Glasses Containing K2O, PbO, BaO, Al2O3, B2O3, and TiO2

The objective of this work was to obtain glass-ceramics from stable glasses, with a composition of barium, lead, and potassium titanate phases, for use as semiconductors. For this purpose, the glass-ceramic technique was used to control crystal growth and obtain a fine-grained microstructure. Various glasses containing K2O, PbO, BaO, Al2O3, B2O3, and TiO2 were prepared using a melt-quenching method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a single amorphous phase of all samples. Infrared spectra confirmed the presence of B-O bonds stretching vibrations of (B3O6)3− boroxol rings and BO3 triangles, as well as Ti-O stretching vibrations of (TiO6/2) and (AlO6/2) octahedral units. Thermal analyses confirmed the presence of one or more crystallization peaks in the range of 700 to 744 °C. On this base, they were heat-treated to promote crystal growth. XRD and SEM detected Ba4Ti12O27, Ti7O13, and BaTiO3 phases, homogeneously distributed throughout the material with fine crystallite size. In addition, crystallized glasses’ (glass-ceramics) properties were determined; the density values were 2.8–3.55 g/cm3; the chemical resistance to acidic and basic media was low; and the band-gap values were in the range of 2.88 to 3.05 eV. These results suggest that crystallized glasses may have application in photocatalysis.

The oxidation behavior of nickel‐based alloy Inconel 617 in supercritical water

AbstractThe corrosion behavior of Inconel 617 in supercritical water has been analyzed at 600°C–650°C and 25 MPa for up to 1000 h. The time dependence of the oxidation rate indicated that the oxidation kinetics follows parabolic law. Many fine oxide crystallites were observed at the surface of Inconel 617 while the thickness of the oxide increased with an increase of exposure temperature and time. The Inconel 617 exhibited excellent oxidation resistance due to the formation of Cr2O3. Furthermore, NiFe2O4, NiCr2O4, and CoO were also detected at 600°C while TiO2, NiFe2O4, and NiCr2O4 were detected at 650°C by using X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The formation mechanism of the oxide film is discussed.

Effect of Oxidation and Crystallization on Pitting Initiation Behavior of Fe-Based Amorphous Coatings

Fe-based amorphous coatings are typically fabricated by high-velocity oxygen-fuel spraying using industrial raw materials. The bonding mode between the coating particles and the corrosion mechanism of the coating in the chloride-rich environment were studied. The results indicate that some fine crystallites such as α-Fe and Fe3C tend to precipitate from the amorphous matrix as the kerosene flow rate increases or the travel speed of spraying gun decreases. Moreover, some precipitates of the (Cr, Fe)2O3 nanocrystal were detected in the metallurgical interfaces of the amorphous coating. The relationship among the amorphous volume fraction, porosity, and spraying parameters, such as the kerosene flow rate and the travel speed of the spray gun, were established. Due to an oxidation effect during spraying process, atomic diffusion, crystallite precipitation and regional depletion of Cr occur in the area along the pre-deposited side near the metallurgical bonding interface, leading to the initiation of pitting. A model of pitting initiation and expansion of Fe-based amorphous coatings is proposed in this paper.

Correlation between Laser-Ultrasound and Microstructural Properties of Laser Melting Deposited Ti6Al4V/B4C Composites

The presence of large microtextured clusters (MTC) composed of small α-phase crystallites with preferred crystallographic orientations in 3D printed near-α titanium alloys leads to poor mechanical and fatigue properties. It is therefore crucial to characterize the size of MTCs nondestructively. Ti6Al4V/B4C composite materials are manufactured using Laser Melting Deposition (LMD) technology by adding an amount of nano-sized B4C particles to the original Ti6Al4V powder. TiB and TiC reinforcements precipitating at grain boundaries stimulate the elongated α crystallites and coarse columnar MTCs to equiaxed transition, and microstructures composed of approximately equiaxed MTCs with different mean sizes of 11–50 μm are obtained. Theoretical models for scattering-induced attenuation and centroid frequency downshift of ultrasonic waves propagating in such a polycrystalline medium are presented. It is indicated that, the studied composite material has an extremely narrow crystallographic orientation distribution width, i.e., a strong degree of anisotropy in MTCs. Therefore, MTCs make a dominant contribution to the total scattering-induced attenuation and spectral centroid frequency downshift, while the contribution of fine α-phase crystallites is insignificant. Laser ultrasonic inspection is performed, and the correlation between laser-generated ultrasonic wave properties and microstructural properties of the Ti6Al4V/B4C composites is analyzed. Results have shown that the deviation between the experimentally measured ultrasonic velocity and the theoretical result determined by the Voigt-averaged velocity in each crystallite is no more than 2.23%, which is in good agreement with the degree of macroscopically anisotropy in the composite specimens. The ultrasonic velocity seems to be insensitive to the size of MTCs, while the spectral centroid frequency downshift is approximately linear to the mean size of MTCs with a goodness-of-fit (R2) up to 0.99. Actually, for a macroscopically untextured near-α titanium alloy with a relatively narrow crystallographic orientation distribution, the ultrasonic velocity is not correlated with the properties of MTCs, by contrast, the central frequency downshift is dominated by the size and morphology of MTCs, showing great potentials in grain size evaluation.

Synthesis and characterization of ceria doped zinc ferrite nanopowdered crystallites

In this paper, we have reported the synthesis of fine crystallites of ceria doped zinc ferrite by co-precipitation and an open air heat treatment method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) gave the data for structural analysis. The XRD data were refined by Rietveld refinement using FullProf suite software. The evolution of the crystalline phases has been analyzed. The effect of precursor concentration is reflected in the resulting diffractogram. Structural characterization revealed the cubic structure of zinc ferrite with a space group of FD-3m(227) and the cubic structure of CeO with a space group of fm-3m(225). Structural parameters such as the lattice constant of the direct lattice, the lattice constant of the reciprocating lattice, lattice strain, covalent bond angle, dislocation density, crystallite size and Wyckoff positions were calculated.

Microstructure, Grain Growth and Hardness of Nanostructured Ferritic ODS Steel Powder during Annealing

Nanocrystalline oxide-dispersion strengthened ferritic alloy formation and its annealing behavior were examined through modern X-ray diffraction pattern analysis and supplemented by microhardness and microscopic measurements. The basic microstructure features, with particular emphasis on evolution of domain size distribution and defect content during mechanical and thermal treatment, were quantified via the whole powder pattern modeling approach. The microstructure of the powdered alloy, formed during mechanical alloying, evolved toward nanocrystalline state consisting of narrow dispersion of very fine crystallites with substantial dislocation density, which exhibited relatively high stability against elevated temperature. It was shown that crystallite size is seriously sustained by the grain-boundary strain, therefore coarsening of grains begins only after the density of dislocations drops below certain level. Obtaining correct results for the annealing-related data at specific temperature range required the incorporation of the “double-phase” model, indicating possible bimodal domain size distribution. The dislocation density and grain size were found not to be remarkably affected after consolidation by hot isostatic pressing.