Financial Agencies Research Articles

Introduction

The challenges presented by the Covid-19 pandemic forced individuals to become more inward looking. To facilitate a process of reflection and stimulate and re-energize research within the research community, the guest editors of this special issue planned and implemented an online conference. This Conference served as a platform for researchers from various parts of the world can share initiatives that have enabled or challenged community transformation. It also provided an opportunity for researchers to connect with financial agencies, recognizing that funding is critical during both the research and implementation phases of any recommendations.

MOZAMBIQUE AND NEPAL: REVOLUTIONARY EXPERIENCES ON THE CUSP OF SOCIALISM WHICH REMAINS UNBORN

The revolutionary experiences of Mozambique and Nepal present a stark case of revolutions on the verge of socialism which remains unborn. Owing to several factors, the communists and socialists at the helm of these states for several years now have faltered to embark on decisive socialist paths despite their firm hold of state power. The same reportedly hindered its march to socialism. In 1985, Frelimo finally shredded its Marxist-Leninist ideology and embraced the neo-liberal policies in the guise of development and modernity in exchange for loans and aid from multilateral financial agencies of the West. Nepal, on the other hand, is being led by an alliance of communist and socialist parties. However, its march towards socialism is supposedly hampered by the country’s economic backwardness, dependence on aid and labor wages from India and the Middle Eastern countries, ballooning debt from multilateral institutions, the predominance of the peasant class over the proletariat, and the inability of the ruling coalition to forge on a single road to socialist construction. This paper looks into the feasibility of socialism being attained in Nepal and Mozambique whose economies and productive forces are undeveloped, with their people in subsistence living and a meager awareness of socialist ideals among the masses. ? The paper argues the possibility of building socialism as shown by the Soviet and Chinese experience, provided that there is a strong proletarian party whose vision and ardor are consistent with the Marxist theory of history and class struggle.

Fusion and one-neutron stripping process for 6Li + 94Zr system around the Coulomb Barrier* *This research is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (U2167204, 11975040, 1832130, 12375130), the Director's Foundation of Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy 12SZJJ-202305. The Brazilian authors are grateful to the partial support from financial agencies FAPERJ, CNPq, and INTC-FNA

The complete and incomplete fusion cross section as well as one-neutron stripping process of 6Li + 94Zr system were measured at the energies around the Coulomb barrier by online γ-ray method. In addition to a 30% suppression factor when compared with the measured total fusion process, the complete fusion cross section in 6Li + 94Zr system was observed to be significantly lower than those in the nearby 6Li + 90, 96Zr system. The new experimental result implies that the coupling with breakup channel in the 6Li-induced fusion processes can be affected by the inner structure of the target, which is still not clear in any available model calculation. For the one-neutron stripping process, the direct production cross sections for each level in 95Zr were extracted and compared with the coupled reaction channel calculation, offering a unique opportunity to examine the single-particle nature of the produced excited states. Given the fact that an overall overestimation of the production cross section for 954-keV and 1618-keV levels was observed in the comparison, further investigation is highly demanded in order to understand the full reaction mechanism for the one-neutron stripping process induced by 6Li.

Management of Regular State Budget Expenditures in Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam

This article analyzes the current state of state budget expenditure management in Dai Tu district, Thai Nguyen province, in the period 2020–2022. The results show that state budget management activities have contributed significantly to helping the district achieve major changes during this period. In the period 2020–2022, Dai Tu district will manage regular budget expenditures locally in accordance with the provisions of law, regulations, and guiding documents of the Ministry of Finance and superior financial agencies. The economy maintains stable growth; people’s lives are always guaranteed.

The Influence of Local Financial Accountability, Transparency, and Supervision on Local Financial Management in the Local Financial Agencies and Assets of the Government of North Sumatra

The objective of this research is to examine and analyze the influence of regional financial accountability, transparency, and supervision on regional financial management in the Regional Finance and Asset Agency of North Sumatera Provincial Administration. The sample are 119 respondents, taken by using purposive sampling technique. The data are processed by using SEM (Structural Equation Model) analysis through Lisrel 8.80 software. The result of the research shows that regional financial accountability has a positive influence on regional financial management, transparency has a positive influence on regional financial management, supervision has a positive influence on regional financial management, and regional financial accountability, transparency, and supervision simultaneously have significant influence on regional financial management. Keywords: regional financial management, regional financial accountability, transparency, supervision

Why Do Investors Trade in Equity Derivatives? A Literature Review

The derivatives market is an important asset class and has been found to positively contribute to economic development. It has sparked interest from researchers, policymakers and financial agencies. This article aims to present a literature review that explains the motive of individual investors to trade in equity derivatives. Studies from 1997 to 2023 were extracted from SCOPUS, Emerald and Web of Science using the keywords, and articles were later refined with their motive, research methodology, source of data, journal, year of publication, country-wise articles published and publication source to explore the opportunities for further research. VOS viewer has been used to visualize the author keyword and link among various keywords. This study reviews 51 articles, which were found relevant and have been segregated theme-wise. The motives of investors are categorized as ‘Hedging vs. speculation’, ‘Return vs. risk’ and ‘Gambling’. The findings of the study show that most of the studies are conducted in the USA using discount house data and most of the articles were published in the Journal of Banking and Finance. The findings of the study will be useful to the researchers, practitioners, stock exchanges and regulators by providing the current landscape of the body in this domain.

Analisis Kendala dan Solusi dalam Penerbitan SP2D di BPKD Padang Pariaman

The Regional Financial Management Agency (BPKD) of Padang Pariaman Regency is tasked with managing the Padang Pariaman regional finances. One of the archives managed is the Fund Disbursement Order (SP2D). SP2D archives must be maintained properly because in some cases they can be used as authentic evidence. Problems often arise when managing and searching SP2D archives because there are no records of where the archives are stored. Therefore, a system is needed that can support this process. This system was built using the Laravel and Vue.JS frameworks. Laravel has various features that make the system development process easier, and Vue.Js is used because it allows the page display to be more responsive. This system uses QR codes to store SP2D archive location information. System development begins with data collection, system and database design using data flow diagrams (DFDs) and entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs), as well as implementing these diagrams into the system. The result of this development is a system that supports the process of managing and retrieving SP2D archives at BPKD Padang Pariaman Regency. Analysis of obstacles and solutions in issuing SP2D, to obtain information regarding the system and procedures for issuing Fund Disbursement Orders (SP2D) to Regional Financial Agencies, or Regional Financial Management Officials (PPKD), as Proxy of Regional General Treasurer (BUD). This SP2D is a letter used to disburse funds through the designated bank after the Payment Order is received by the BUD Attorney. The procedure starts from RKA-SKPD, DPA-SKPD, KAS-SKPD BUDGET, SPD, SPP, SPM and then SP2D is issued.

Fostering Entrepreneurial Finance and Entrepreneurship Development: The Moderating Role of Institutional Finance Agencies in Nigeria

Fostering Entrepreneurial Finance and Entrepreneurship Development: The Moderating Role of Institutional Finance Agencies in Nigeria

Challenges to effective utilization of entrepreneurial skills of unemployed graduates in Damaturu Yobe State, Nigeria

The purpose of acquiring entrepreneurial skills not even only for undergraduates is to secure a living or self-reliance using creative talent to establish a venture that will ensure and sustain growth of wealth in the entrepreneur personal economic and the country at large. This is not possible to the developing entrepreneurs’ consequent to a certain number of challenges that affect the effective utilization of such skills which attributed to unemployment and redundancy among undergraduates. This study aimed at identifying the skills required by unemployed graduate for self-reliance and the challenges to effective utilization of entrepreneurial skills of unemployed graduates in Damaturu Educational Zone. The research study was carried out in four local government areas in Damaturu Educational Zone. The target population consists of 230 unemployed graduates who undergo skills acquisition and empowerment Development (SAED) program in NYSC Camp. A structured questionnaire was used. Finding reveals that lack of capital, lack of mentoring and guidance, too much dependence on government employment among others are among the challenges facing the unemployed graduates to use entrepreneurship skills effectively in their various destinations. It was recommended that some of the business organizations and Yobe State Government should come up with a novel way to support the unemployed graduates with grant for start-ups, private sectors and authorities should also provide simplified access to fund at reliable financial agencies, the unemployed graduates entrepreneurs should as much as possible obtain a start-up capital for the venture from funding institutions and must not depend on government for employment among others.

ANALYSIS OF POVERTY STATUS AMONG FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN CENTRAL ZONE OF PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA

This study examined the poverty status of farming households in Central Zone of Plateau State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used in selecting the respondents. Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire and were analysed using both descriptive (percentage and mean) and inferential statistics (Foster, Greer and Thorbecke and Logistic regression). The results revealed that the mean age of the respondents was 40 years, most of the respondents were married with an average number of 5 persons per households, and relatively low-income level but well educated, it was also confirmed that the average annual income of the respondents was ₦148,855 generated as a result of relatively large farm sizes as indicated by the average farm size of 3.8ha. The finding further reveals that inadequate government support, non-accessibility to improved seeds alongside poor road network/reserves and inadequate healthcare facilities were the major causes of poverty among the respondents. The poverty status was found to be at a moderate poverty line with (2/3 MPCI) of ₦99,236.36 and a core poverty line (1/3 MPCI) of ₦49,618.18, while the poverty incidence and severity were found to be at 0.505 and 0.299 respectively. Some of the major constraints identified in the study area were; inadequate access to funds, security issues and inadequate seminars/workshops. Emanating from the findings it can be concluded that the factors influencing poverty statutes of the farming households were income, education level, age, household size and farming experience. Based on the constraints highlighted the study recommends, the need for government and other relevant stakeholders such as financial agencies and non-governmental organizations to provide support through provision of loans, grants, trainings and seminars on the use of novel technologies in agriculture to foster and boost production among the farming households most especially in the rural settlements.

The Impact of Recession on Theatre and Educational Administration

From ancient times till the present, the theatre has made contributions to the fields of education and numerous studies. Theatre’s evolution has been influenced by the ongoing transformation of the social, economic, political, and cultural landscape in the human domain. Many academics and sociocultural theorists have attempted to incorporate theatre as a core element into education. The current state of globalisation has significantly increased the scope of theatre and its capacity to impart knowledge to students with a vast pool of competence. Theatre and cultural events will undoubtedly be helpful resources at a time when educators around the nation are attempting novel methods to inspire kids and prepare a whole new generation for life in a fast-changing world. The paper aims to examine the value of theatre in the classroom while taking into account the experiences of many organisations participating in the process of integrating the approaches and increasing the student’s overall development and learning abilities. It also covers the function of the government, various financing agencies, and the effects of the recession on theatre and education. All facets of human life will be impacted by the ups and downs in the world economy. It is made an effort to comprehend how the academic and cultural landscape of India is affected or unaffected by world affairs economically.

Evaluating the Magnitudes of Finance Availed by Farmers from Different Financial Agencies in the North-East Indian State of Tripura

The current research was carried out in the West Tripura district of Tripura to examine the magnitude of agricultural financing availed by borrowers. A total of 120 farmers were chosen by implementing a multistage random sampling design to conduct a comprehensive analysis. Sector-wise advances of banks in West Tripura showed an increasing trend, and the percentage share to the agricultural sector was 34.27 %, whereas it was 65.72 % in the non-farm sector in 2020-21. The amount of loans availed by sample borrowers from Regional Rural Bank (42.88%) was the highest, followed by public sector banks (34.48%), cooperative banks (19.80%) and least from private sector banks (1.84%). Loans for both crop and allied activities were obtained by the beneficiaries from the selected bank branches of the district.

Loans and Scholarships in Africa’s Higher Education Finance: A Comparative Analysis of Capitation, Policy and Recoveries in Eleven Countries

This article is a comparative analysis on financing of higher education in eleven African countries; Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Existing trends and practices on loans and scholarships in relation to capitation, policy and recoveries were compared in the eleven countries that were also member state countries to the Association of the African Higher Education Financing Agencies (AAHEFA). Data was collected at the 2019 AAHEFA conference held in Lusaka, Zambia, where eleven chief executive officials or their representatives from country loans and scholarship related institutions shared comprehensive reports related to funding of higher education in the eleven countries. The data collected was analysed thematically. The article shows that the eleven African countries shared several similarities and differences ranging from management structures, education prioritization, capitation, recovery methods and policies. High demand for student funding against limited resources and loan recovery methods were among the emerging similarities. The differences included variations in funding patterns, policy differences among funding agencies and nebulous management structures. It argues that since most of these loans boards are in their infancy, they needed to learn very fast on how to manage granting and recovery of loans.

Acceptance of New Standards for Financial Inclusion by Financial Service Providers in Bangladesh

This study looked at the readiness of investors to raise the post-COVID 19 year, using access to financial services as a consideration of their customer’s financial expectations in the future. Standard of living in the financial expectations of their customer. A random sampling modeling method and a survey-based research method were also used in this study. A sample of the research methodology was also used in this study. A total of 110 respondents from the insurance, financial, and banking and non -banking sectors in Bangladesh participated in the survey and provided responses. Hypotheses were tested using descriptive and inferential data, with a threshold of significance of 5 percent considered significant. There has been a significant link between Bangladesh’s socio-economic progress and the adoption of financial intermediation as a new norm in financial transactions, according to the findings. Public finance agencies and individuals are encouraged to create a conducive environment in developing financial technology as a driver of investment in Bangladesh’s rapid growth, it is expected.

Structural adjustment programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1980s and 1990s

The paper discusses the World Bank’s and International Monetary Fund’s Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1980s and 1990s. Most countries in this region did not demonstrate autonomy in regard to national economic management and public policy processes, but acquiesced to the economic austerity prescriptions of the international financial institution, which were supposed to have resuscitated their economies. The paper seeks to provide some insights pertaining to how multilateral financial agencies engaged national governments, not as partners in a contractual relationship, but as servile actors. This situation was not mutually beneficial to both parties as interventions in local economies through financial injections had not resulted in easier repayment of loans by Sub-Saharan African governments. However, conditionalities tied to loans resulted in the erosion of social policies and social rights in Sub-Saharan Africa in the said period. Instead of shoring up economies of the countries in the region, SAPs had helped to weaken or even implode them. SAPs also eroded the social policy gains which were attained in the decade of independence in this region. The paper’s main contention is that Sub-Saharan African countries should bolster their institutions, policy-making mechanisms, and not make the same mistakes they did during that period, if they want to develop and be prosperous this century.

1920년대 말~1930년대 초 대공황기 식민지 조선 상인의 경제위기와 대응

Due to the Great Depression, Japan pushed ahead with fiscal austerity and industrial rationalization, and a lot of small merchants in colony Chosun failed to be protected politically and went broke. Especially, it was the problem that Japanese merchants enjoyed convenience benefited by enormous capital and political support and snatched away Chosun people’s commercial supremacy.BR Coping with the economic crisis, the merchants held commercial meetings, asked for the installation of financial agencies for retailers, or engaged in movements to lower the rent in commercial associations. And there was a movement to organize separate chambers of commerce for Chosun people in order to advance the commerce for Chosun people by placing endeavors for joint purchase and consistent market price to maintain the status quo of small merchants. However, most chambers of commerce were organized by both merchants of Chosun people and Japanese that such a plan did not pan out as purported.

A STUDY ON THE PATTERN OF FUNDING OF URBAN UNORGANIZED ENTERPRISES IN BENGALURU

Unorganized enterprises are owned by individuals or households and it is involved in the production and sale of products and services. Unorganized enterprises are considered one of the major businesses that contribute to the economy indirectly through employment generation and manufacturing one-time consumable product and also contribute to gross domestic products. The problems faced by unorganized enterprises such a insufficient financial resources, arrangement of collateral securities, identifying the creditors, high interest rate and no proper document. Unorganized enterprises some time they generate capital through personal saving, friends and relatives, and also they borrow from money lenders pawn brokers and unregistered finance companies, because they provide required capital but the rate of interest is high. Because of this reason this paper is going to examine the pattern of funding followed by urban unorganized enterprises in funding their business. Descriptive method is used to collect the data. Primary data is collected in the form of a questionnaire, while secondary data is collected through articles etc., Statistical tools like Annova are used to interpret the data. The probable outcome of the study is unorganized enterprises majority of them are basically using they small saving and approaching the private finance agencies for the remaining capital. The paper is an attempt to identifying the pattern followed by this unorganized enterprise to establish their enterprises and showing an inside to the problems faced by their in arranging a funds. KEY WORDS: urban unorganized enterprises, pattern of funds, money lenders, indigenous entrepreneurs

Shaping a Healthier LIHTC Housing Stock: Examining the Role of States’ Qualified Allocation Plans

The physical environment has a powerful impact on our physical and mental health, especially in our homes. One vehicle for advancing a healthier affordable housing stock is the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC). The aim of this research was to examine the manner and extent to which various housing quality provisions pertaining to health are embedded in the Qualified Allocation Plan (QAP) of the LIHTC program. From content analysis of the QAP of each of the 50 states and a survey of state housing finance agencies (HFAs), results revealed that: the most frequently required healthy housing provisions address housing quality, whereas the most incentivized ones address proximity to neighborhood services and amenities; few states bundle high-priority provisions relevant to asthma, respiratory health and toxic exposures, which are major health concerns for vulnerable children; the top two motivators for considering healthy housing provisions in the LIHTC process were “championship and initiation by agency staff” and “learning of similar practices in other states”; among other findings. Recommendations are made for HFA practices, and directions for future research are proposed.

Modeling financial risk contributes to construction projects; case study of expansion food industries

ABSTRACT The allocation of financial risks among project stakeholdersis an important decision affecting the project success after the unexpectedpolitical and economic changes took place in Egypt and changes from 2011-2016.Some financial risks in a project are uncontrollable and impacted projectstakeholders. Therefore, the research focuses on the know -how of applying modellingfinancial risk management from different perspectives. This paper presents FRAMis a dynamic model to identify and assess financial factors of risks with referenceto project stakeholders; an owner/developer, contractor, financial agencies/ banks and project management companies beforeconstruction phase takes place using multi analysis tools.

Pretend Participation: Procedural Injustices in the Madeira Hydroelectric Complex

Energy infrastructure projects have long been associated with a lack of participation by impacted, local populations—this history is evident in the case of hydropower projects in the Global South. Ever since the World Commission on Dams’ Report (WCD 2000), there has been substantive evidence, and numerous recommendations, that have called on governments, financial agencies and construction companies to increase community engagement and participation in dam construction and in their governance thereafter. Further, community groups, activists, and scholars have long articulated the need for participatory governance in energy projects. In this analysis, we evaluate participation in institutionalized mechanisms provided by dam builders—such as public meetings and negotiations—in Brazil’s Madeira hydroelectric complex. We evaluate how perceptions of positive and negative impacts, among other factors, predict engagement, estimating a series of logit models based on a social survey of 673 households carried out in 2019/20. Perceptions of negative and positive impacts of the dams before construction are related to participation in the meetings promoted by dam builders. Yet our results also imply that participation was rare, fleeting, and insufficient and points to the need to ensure community engagement and governance to ensure energy justice in future dam projects in Brazil and elsewhere.