Financial Dimensions Research Articles

Measurement and optimization paths of the multidimensional development levels of counties in the Yellow River Basin: based on the sustainable livelihoods framework

The Yellow River Basin (YRB) faces intense man-land conflicts. However, existing studies rarely focus on the comprehensive and multidimensional development levels in the YRB, and there is a lack of refined county-level studies, making it difficult to fully support the implementation of ecological protection and high-quality development strategy in the YRB. Under the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, the spatial distribution, differences, and correlation characteristics of the multidimensional development levels of counties in the YRB are disclosed. This is achieved by comprehensively utilizing geospatial, socio-economic, and other multi-source data in combination with methods such as the entropy weight method, the Theil index, and spatial analysis. Optimal development paths are proposed with a focus on the development types of counties. The findings are as follows: (1) Counties in the YRB have a low overall multidimensional development level, presenting a spatial distribution pattern of “high in the east and low in the west” overall. In terms of each dimension, the average value ranking of lower reach > middle reach > upper reach is observed in each dimension; the exception is the financial dimension (with the ranking of middle reach > lower reach > upper reach). (2) Differences between counties in the development indices vary across different dimensions. The differences in the multidimensional development indices and in the development indices of each dimension (except for the natural dimension) are mainly attributable to differences between counties within each reach. Differences between reaches are non-significant. (3) The multidimensional development levels of counties in the YRB and their development levels in each dimension show strong spatial correlation. And significant counties are mainly identified as LL-type (clusters of low value areas) and HH-type (clusters of high value areas). (4) Depending on the measurement results and advantageous factors of the county multidimensional development index, counties are classified into four development types: weak development type, single-dimension-led development type, potential coordinated development type, and multidimensional coordinated development type. Based on this classification, targeted optimal development paths are proposed with a focus on the specific characteristics of different development types. The research findings can provide effective scientific support for ecological protection and high-quality development in the YRB.

Charting the dual career journey: insights from adolescent athletes in lower secondary sport schools

ABSTRACT A dual career (DC) involves the integration of a sport career with education or employment, including various stages and transitions. Recently, there has been a notable trend of implementing DC programs within specialized sport schools for early adolescence athletes (ages 13–15). As this a crucial but understudied phase of the DC, the aim of this study was to identify current and projected resources and barriers associated with adolescent athletes’ DC in lower secondary school. As part of a larger three-year initiative, the Finnish Lower Secondary Sports Schools Pilot Project, sixteen (9 females and 7 males) adolescent DC athletes were interviewed twice in the eighth grade (M age = 14.4 years) and one year later in the ninth grade. Using the holistic athletic career model and push, pull, anti-push, anti-pull framework and a directed content analysis, the results revealed a range of immediate personal and environmental resources and barriers across athletic, academic, psychological, psychosocial and financial dimensions. They also suggested that interpersonal and institutional support were regarded as crucial assets for managing current challenges, while personal DC competencies, in particular, were emphasized as essential projected resources contributing to the sustainability of a DC in the future. Based on the findings, sports schools should increase the amount of hours dedicated to teaching DC competencies (e.g. emotional awareness, adaptability and social intelligence) to help athletes effectively cope with barriers and transitions. Additionally, flexible scheduling of teaching and training sessions could facilitate a better balance during demanding training periods.

Perceived biopsyhosocial determinants of psychotic illness among caregivers impacts on the family of Kathmandu district in Nepal

The aim of the study is to determine whether the biological, psychological, and social components contributing to psychotic illness and examine their effects on families across social, financial, emotional, and health dimensions. A Population Proportion Formula was used to determine the sample size, applying a theoretical approach to a sample of approximately 200 caregivers of psychotic patients in Kathmandu, Nepal. Quantitative data were gathered via questionnaires. Nonclinical data were used for analysis. Findings from the analysis of Objective 1 revealed that social determinants were most reported; however, biological and psychosocial factors were also prevalent. These determinants were both directly and indirectly linked to psychological or emotional factors, aligning with the biopsyhosocial (BPS) model developed by George Libman Engel of the University of Rochester Medical Center, New York. The biopsyhosocial (BPS) model was formulated in the mid-1970s, with significant discussion of the model occurring in a seminal article published in 1977 in the journal Science. For Objective 2, results showed that the emotional impact on families was the most prominent, followed by social, financial, and health impacts. The findings show that emotional effects have the greatest influence, followed by financial, social, and health effects. These results reinforce the need for further research into the factors associated with psychotic disorders and their effects on families.

Sustainable supply chain management challenges analysis in local plastic recycling business

Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) has become the key concept for every industry in managing their supply chain system by focusing on three aspects: economics, social, and environmental. Even though the implementation of SSCM will help the industry increase the efficiency of supply chain management, some challenges make the firms cannot implement the SSCM concept well and unsuccessful. The challenges of SSCM implementation need to be identified and managed to overcome these challenges and increase the efficiency of SSCM management. Therefore, this study aims to identify and analyze the challenges to SSCM implementation in the case of the local plastic recycling business in Thailand. The questionnaire was used to collect data from plastic recycling business experts. The best-worst method was used to analyze the significant challenges and prioritize ranking the SSCM implementation challenges. The results of this research found that management challenges are the first rank which lack of the policy and strategy for SSCM is a critical sub-challenge in the management dimension. The financial challenges are the second rank for SSCM due to the local plastic recycling business still being faced with financial constraints, which is the critical sub-challenges in the financial dimension, and the technology challenges are ranked last, which presented that it is less critical for SSCM in the local scale. Furthermore, the research conclusion and the guideline for the research direction of this research are presented

Evaluating Community Empowerment Using CIBEST Analysis: Financial and Spiritual Dimensions

Aims: The research aims to measure the effectiveness of community empowerment with CIBEST Analysis in the community empowerment of "Balai Ternak BAZNAS" Program. Study Design: The research used case study and descriptive analysis method, with mustahik respondents who received initiation of zakat funds. Place and Duration of Study: Community empowerment of "Balai Ternak BAZNAS". Methodology: To assess the effectiveness of the program CIBEST analysis was used. Results: The results of research using CIBEST analysis can measure the performance of community empowerment through "Balai Ternak” program effectively. can be seen from the improvement in performance from the material dimension by increasing muzaki income and the results of "Balai Ternak” program with livestock products that can be enjoyed by muzaki and the community, especially meeting the needs for goat and poultry meat in the surrounding community. Also the spiritual dimension can be seen from the quantitative and qualitative increase in the implementation of prayer, fasting and paying zakat. also support from the family environment and government policies to improve the spiritual life of muzaki and the community. Conclusion: The CIBEST model can effectively measure the performance of community empowerment through "Balai Ternak” program. This can be observed from the improved performance in the material dimension, which is reflected by the increased income of muzaki (donors) and the outcomes of "Balai Ternak” program, where the livestock products can be enjoyed by the muzaki and the community, especially in meeting the local demand for goat and poultry meat.

Financial fortitude: Indian pharmaceutical sector’s performance before and during COVID-19 using fuzzy AHP & TOPSIS

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the financial performance of various sectors across the globe, including the Indian pharmaceutical industry. This study aims to evaluate the financial performance of ten Indian pharmaceutical companies listed in the S&P BSE Healthcare Index over two distinct periods: before COVID-19 (2018–2020) and during the pandemic (2020–2022). A hybrid multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, integrating the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), is employed to assess companies based on five key financial dimensions and several performance indicators. Results indicate that profitability, valuation, and growth ratios were the most critical dimensions, with weights of 0.21 each, followed by liquidity (0.19) and efficiency (0.18). Furthermore, among the companies evaluated, Divis Labs and Abbott India emerged as top performers, both during and before the pandemic, with Divis Labs registering closeness coefficients of 0.871 and 0.814 during 2020–2021 and 2021–2022. The findings highlight the financial resilience of these companies, offering valuable insights for stakeholders in formulating strategies to sustain financial stability during future crises.

The Quintessence of public finances: Sustainability dynamics in tourism financial analysis

Tourism plays a crucial role in driving economic development, and there is a growing demand to integrate sustainability into the sector, particularly in the financial practices of governments. This study introduces the Quintessence Sustainable Tourism Public Finances (QSustainableTPF) model, which combines five established financial models commonly used in the tourism industry. The research aims to identify statistically significant relationships between these models and assess their impact on sustainability and financial performance in tourism. A quantitative methodology was employed, with data collected from financial reports and budget documents of both local and central governments, along with a survey of 2099 citizens and visitors conducted during the 2023–2024 period. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS, incorporating exploratory factor analysis (EFA), reliability testing using Cronbach’s alpha, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The findings underscore the essential role of public finance in supporting tourism sustainability, particularly through transparent budgetary practices, efficient allocation of resources, and targeted investment in local tourism initiatives. The analysis reveals key insights into the benefits of financial transparency, citizen-centred budgeting, and the promotion of innovation in tourism finance. The interconnectedness of the five models highlights the importance of responsible public financial management in fostering tourism growth, enhancing investment, and ensuring long-term financial sustainability in the sector. The study offers practical implications for policymakers, advocating for the adoption of transparent and innovative financial practices to boost tourism development. It also recommends further research to broaden the scope across different regions, integrating additional public finance dimensions to strengthen sustainable tourism growth.

Analysis of Sustainable Smart Cities in India: Demographical and Financial aspect

India is poised to become the world’s most populous country by 2030, presenting an unprecedented market for global manufacturers and service providers. This demographic shift is also spurring rapid urbanization, with a growing population migrating to top-tier cities and emerging megacities expected to drive 80% of the nation’s economic growth. These urban centers have significant potential to implement advanced technologies and infrastructure, optimizing scarce resources for sustainable development. The Government of India’s Smart City Mission is a pioneering initiative aimed at fostering economic growth and enhancing quality of life by advancing local development through smart technologies. The mission seeks to create cities that provide essential infrastructure, a high standard of living, and a clean, sustainable environment. The approach centers on market-driven strategies to meet both supply and demand, aiming to raise awareness and optimize resources across sectors—residential, industrial, transportation, commercial, and recreational. This study explores the demographic and financial dimensions of sustainable smart cities and their contributions to economic development and societal well-being.

A Study of Dimensions of Islamophobia in Nigeria: Causes and Solutions

Islamophobia is an unfounded fear of Islam and, more accurately, of his adherents i.e. Muslims. This phenomenon has found a fertile terrain in Nigeria given her status as a multi-religious society where Muslims and Christians live together as citizens. Over the years, Islamophobia has taken constitutional, diplomatic, educational, financial, and political dimensions in the country. Any Attempt by Muslims to live in line with their religious codes of conduct and without violating the constitutional provisions is often misconstrued by Christians - their religious counterparts- as a systematic way of Islamizing the country. However, the imaginary fear of Islam/Muslims by Christians is belied by the realities on ground. Against this backdrop, this paper will cast a look at Islamophobia as a concept with a view to highlight its various dimensions in Nigeria. After identifying possible causes of Islamophobia, practicable solutions shall be proffered accordingly. To achieve the objective, both historical and analytical methods shall be employed. Available resources as well as events in the recent past reveal that Islamophobia is not unconnected with misinformation about Islam at the instance of some orientalists. It is also a possible consequence of violent activities of insurgent groups like Boko Haram which proclaim the Islamization agenda to terrorize the entire nation. The paper shall show that this insurgent group is ignorance based and stands condemned by the Muslim authority in the country. As such, the paper suggests adequate knowledge and tolerance as critical tools to curtail the menace of Islamophobia. This will go a long way in achieving mutual tolerance and peaceful co-existence among the adherents of Christianity, Islam, and other religions in Nigeria.

Systematic Review Of Risk Management Strategies In Rebar Procurement And Supply Chain Within The Construction Industry

The construction industry, with its complex supply chains and critical reliance on rebar for reinforced concrete structures, faces significant challenges in managing the diverse risks associated with rebar procurement. This systematic review, drawing from 52 articles published between 2010 and 2024, identifies key risk areas impacting rebar procurement, encompassing financial, operational, and environmental dimensions. Financial risks, including price volatility and currency fluctuations, are exacerbated by global economic conditions and evolving trade policies. Although less addressed in the literature, environmental risks highlight the increasing need for sustainable procurement practices, considering the carbon footprint and resource intensity tied to rebar production and transport. Despite these advancements, a notable gap exists regarding the integration of environmental considerations within existing procurement risk frameworks, with limited research on green procurement practices for rebar. As environmental sustainability becomes increasingly prioritized, incorporating eco-friendly supplier selection and reducing emissions in logistics are expected to redefine risk management in the industry. This review not only underscores the multi-layered risks in rebar procurement but also identifies future avenues for innovation, particularly in sustainability-focused strategies, digital transformation, and predictive analytics, which can bolster resilience in the rebar supply chain and drive forward the construction industry’s risk management practices.

EXPRESS: Buy! Buy! Buy!—How Multi-Level Marketing Companies Pressure Their Participants to Buy Their Products

Despite the popularity of multi-level marketing (MLM) companies and their ability to attract many distributors worldwide with the promise of an income opportunity, the financial outcomes for these participants are often unfavorable. Many distributors invest more money in internal products and business expenses than they earn. Drawing upon the professional and business ethics literature, this paper develops a conceptual framework to understand how organizational characteristics (collectively) create a pressure on distributors to overspend on internal products. The framework integrates legal, financial, and social dimensions, emphasizing the dual roles of MLM distributors as both victims and potential offenders. Utilizing this framework, the paper discusses the limited effectiveness of current safeguard policies in preventing the problematic effects of the MLM industry, including the operation of some MLMs as pyramid schemes. It proposes new directions for research on MLMs and other distinct areas within marketing and public policy, particularly addressing the broader category of deceptive income opportunity providers (DIOPs).

The Financial Model for Water and Sanitation Services in Portugal: Lessons from Decades of Subsidies and Questionable Public Policies

Despite the billions of euros used as subsidies over recent decades, Portugal’s water sector continues to struggle, being characterized by significant inefficiencies and differences between high- and low-performing water and sanitation services (WSSs). Current subsidy policies lack transparency and are not linked to performance results, undermining efforts to promote efficiency and sustainability in both environmental and financial dimensions. To address these issues, this article highlights relevant aspects to be taken into account in the redefinition of funding allocation in the Portuguese WSS sector. By implementing performance-based criteria for subsidy allocation and prioritization, regardless of the identity of beneficiaries or providers, we aim to instigate accountability and efficiency in this process. The analysis draws on empirical data to highlight the shortcomings of existing practices and demonstrates the potential benefits of adopting the “user-pays” principle. This principle is able to improve the definition of tariffs aiming for full cost recovery, while still providing for disadvantaged and vulnerable customers through social tariffs or assistance programs. Key findings indicate that coordinated efforts among government agencies, regulators, public and private utilities, and municipalities are essential to develop and promote effective financing strategies. This stakeholder’s cooperation is essential for managing the urban water cycle sustainably and addressing the sector’s long-term challenges. This research implies that a strategic shift in subsidy allocation is required, to develop accountability, efficiency, and equity in the WSS sector. The allocation of financial resources must be better justified to enhance overall performance in the sector.

Examining the triple impact of eco-intellectual capital on the financial, social and environmental sustainability performance of SMEs in emerging economies

The way business has been conducted in modern times has traversed the need to achieve financial gains. Globally, it has become imperative for organisations to thrive competitively on the basis of ecologically conciousness and sustainability. Hence, the primary aim of this investigation is to determine how Eco-Intellectual Capital (EIC) influences the sustainability performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The study made use of primary data and employed a quantitative research approach using a survey for data collection. The main data collection instrument used was a structured questionnaire. Data for the study were solicited from a group of 500 employees and owners managing SMEs in Ghana. Data collected from the questionnaires were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 24 and IBM SPSS AMOS (26.0) Graphics. The results showed that EIC had a favourable effect on the social and environmental dimensions of sustainability performance. On the economic (financial) dimension, however, the effect was not significant. Aside from magnifying Eco-Intellectual Capital and Sustainability Performance literature, this research study is one of the few that looks at how green human, structural and relational capital work together to improve the economic, social and environmental sustainability of SMEs in emerging economies.

Taking knowledge exchange to practice: A scoping review of practical case studies to identify enablers of success in environmental management

AbstractA gap exists in the literature on how to implement theories of knowledge exchange (KE) into practice within an environmental management context. To support the improved practice of KE, we conducted a scoping literature review evaluating 56 empirical case studies globally to identify enabling conditions for implementing effective KE. Identified enabling conditions were organized into a core capacities framework, which highlighted essential elements of effective KE from organizational, individual, financial, material, practical, political, and social capacity dimensions. Results show that major enablers to effective KE relate to practitioners' individual and organizational capacity including the ability of practitioners (often boundary spanners) to establish trust with relevant actors through their interpersonal relationships and possessing sufficient background knowledge and skills to facilitate collaborations across disciplines and sectors. We also identified main challenges to engaging in KE (e.g., insufficient long‐ term funding for projects, lack of interpersonal skills for KE practitioners to build relationships and network, and inadequate background knowledge for practitioners to exchange knowledge in an accessible manner), and the outcomes and impacts that can emerge from effective KE work. We find that practitioners often perform quantitative evaluations that provide instantaneous and measurable impacts for the effectiveness of KE, but do not capture the impact of interpersonal relationships and trust that are best achieved through qualitative approaches. Lastly, the synthesis of enablers, challenges, outcomes, and impacts presented in this paper can be a resource for practitioners to identify what enablers may be missing from their KE strategies and in what capacity the KE work can be strengthened.

Interlinking financial stability regulation and governance in German professional soccer: contribution and implications.

This study explores the integration of financial stability regulation in professional soccer within the framework of sport governance, focusing on the German context. The research examines how financial regulations influence key governance principles such as accountability, transparency, and sustainability, while also addressing the challenges posed by the dynamic nature of professional soccer. A qualitative methodology was employed, using focus group discussions with nine experts, including representatives from soccer clubs, auditing firms and other relevant stakeholders. The discussions aimed to capture diverse perspectives on the impact of financial stability regulation on governance practices within the German soccer league and clubs. The findings reveal that financial stability regulation is effective in promoting financial discipline and accountability at both league and club levels. However, the study also identifies challenges, such as the need for greater harmonization of regulatory frameworks across different levels of professional soccer and the potential benefits of implementing incentive mechanisms within the financial stability regulation to improve governance at the league and club levels. The study underscores the importance of a multi-dimensional approach to financial stability regulation, considering political, systemic, and organizational dimensions. It highlights the potential for improving governance through the adoption of independent governance models and more practical applications of governance principles. Future research could further explore these areas, offering insights that could enhance the effectiveness of financial regulation in professional soccer and potentially other sport contexts.

The drivers and barriers influencing the commercialization of innovations at research and innovation institutions in Uganda: a systemic, infrastructural, and financial approach

Research and innovation (R&I) institutions must commercialize their innovations to remain competitive in a knowledge-based economy. While R&I institutions in Uganda have the potential to drive socioeconomic development, a clear understanding of the commercialization pathway is lacking. This study aims to bridge this gap by analyzing the systemic, infrastructural, and financial factors that drive and hinder the commercialization of innovations at R&I institutions in Uganda. This study offers the first comprehensive examination of the systemic, infrastructural, and financial dimensions influencing innovation commercialization within Uganda's R&I ecosystem, presenting new empirical evidence on the prioritized barriers and drivers as perceived by key stakeholders. Employing a mixed-method approach, this study uniquely combines quantitative surveys with qualitative case studies and key informant interviews, enabling a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted drivers of and barriers to innovation commercialization in Uganda. The study employed the Delphi technique to identify consensus among key informants. The findings highlight the urgent barriers to address, including fragmented R&I ecosystems, inadequate support infrastructure, such as technology transfer offices, and significant gaps in innovation financing. These issues underscore the urgent need for targeted policy interventions. Based on our findings, we recommend the establishment of a national innovation fund, enhancement of public private partnerships for R&D infrastructure development, and formulation of a cohesive national policy framework to streamline commercialization processes at R&I institutions. This study provides policymakers with a data-driven foundation to craft targeted interventions aimed at removing the identified barriers, thereby catalyzing the commercialization of innovations in Uganda's R&I institutions.

The origins of social protection in healthcare: classifying healthcare systems at introduction in 165 countries

ABSTRACT While the emergence of welfare states, and the origins of social protection in healthcare, have been examined extensively for Global North countries, there is much less research with a global perspective. Addressing this gap, this study provides a descriptive and analytical account of the characteristics of healthcare systems as they were introduced worldwide. Using original and unpublished data, the study classifies healthcare systems according to the main actor type in regulation, financing, and service provision. We find two worlds of healthcare regulation – a state-regulated and a societally-regulated. Adding the financing dimension yields six clusters of healthcare regulation and financing. Based on regulation, financing, and service provision the classification reveals the existence of 12 healthcare system types. While systems that rely on societal actors mainly emerged prior to the mid-twentieth century, state-based systems have characterized system introductions since then. The classification of healthcare systems in 165 countries shows that only a limited number of actor combinations can be found empirically. However, it still presents greater variety than previous studies focusing on the Global North. The notable historical and regional patterns in the choice of healthcare system types can serve as a starting point for further research on healthcare system development.

Financial Strategies for Sustainability: Examining the Circular Economy Perspective

Circular economy (CE) research has advanced significantly in recent years in areas like environmental science, engineering, and technology. Governance presents CE strategies as imperative and compelling, often linked to efforts to achieve sustainable business development. However, the financial quantification of a CE is still underexplored and heterogeneous, with multiple research streams exploring the financial dimension. The aims of this study are twofold: (i) to analyze the productivity of the scientific literature and the conceptual evolution of circularity as it relates to financial strategies; and (ii) to formulate future research directions addressing a CE in close connection with financial sustainability knowledge. Bilbiometrix R-package 2023.12.1 and VOSviewer version 1.6.20 were used to analyze a sample of 279 articles retrieved from WoS and Scopus using the PRISMA protocol. The analysis covered the period 2010–2023, with the diachronic thematic analysis revealing four key themes: (1) CE and green financial performance; (2) environmental impact of CE; (3) performance approach of CE and metrics; (4) CE and sustainable development. Building on previous knowledge, we developed an integrated and multidisciplinary framework of CE embedded in financial performance. Future research agenda shaped by the emerging themes and research gaps can support managers, shareholders, or governance in incorporating CE policies into operational activities and strengthening sustainable circularity knowledge.

How much does it cost to retain antiretroviral therapy (ART) clients in their first year? Routine financial costs of retention interventions at Lighthouse Trustin Lilongwe, Malawi.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves the health of people living with HIV (PLHIV). However, a high loss to follow-up, particularly in the first year after ART initiation, is problematic. The financial expenses related to client retention in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in sub-Saharan Africa are not well understood. This study aimed to comprehensively assess and quantify the financial costs associated with routine ART retention services for clients in their first 12 months in care at Lighthouse Trust's (LT) Martin Preuss Centre (MPC), a large, public ART clinic in Lilongwe, Malawi. We performed activity-based microcosting using routine data to assess the expenses related to routine ART retention services at the MPC for 12 months, from January to December 2021. MPC provides an "ART Buddy" from ART initiation to 12 months. The MPC's Back-to-Care (B2C) program traces clients who miss ART visits by at least 14 days. Clients may be traced and return to care multiple times per year. We assessed client retention costs for the first 12 months of treatment with ART and conducted a sensitivity analysis. The total annual cost of ART retention interventions at MPC was $237,564. The proactive Buddy phase incurred $108,504; personnel costs contributed $97,764. In the reactive B2C phase, the total cost was $129,060, with personnel expenses remaining substantial at $73,778. The Buddy unit cost was $34 per client. The reactive B2C intervention was $17 per tracing event. On average, the unit cost for ART retention in the first year of ART averaged $22 per client. This study sheds light on the financial dimensions of ART retention during the first year on ART among clients in a routine public setting. ART retention is both costly and critical for helping clients adhere to visits and remain in care. Continued investment in the human resources needed for both proactive and reactive retention efforts is critical to engaging and retaining patients on lifetime ART.

Leveraging Green Finance to Improve SME Sustainability in Nigeria

This research investigates the impact of various dimensions of green finance on the environmental performance of SMEs, focusing on selected manufacturing SMEs in Lagos, Nigeria. Two hundred and fifty surveys were distributed to the designated participants, resulting in the successful collection of 235 completed questionnaires. The data analysis utilized both the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMCC) and Path Analysis-Structural Equation Modeling (PA-SEM). The findings indicate a positive association between green investment and green training with SME environmental performance, although the correlation is not statistically significant. This suggests that while green investment and training show potential for enhancing SMEs' environmental performance, further exploration is needed. Conversely, the study confirms a positive and significant relationship between green loans, green technology, and SME environmental performance, highlighting the effectiveness of green loans and technology in promoting environmental responsibility among SMEs. In light of these results, it is recommended that governmental bodies, financial institutions, and other stakeholders provide financial incentives and support to SMEs for the adoption of green technology and green loans. Additionally, a collaborative effort is encouraged to actively promote green training initiatives for SME employees. This collective approach aims to cultivate a sustainable and environmentally conscious business environment, aligning with the overarching objectives of environmental sustainability.