Financial Dependence Research Articles

The Impact of SME Financing Policies on Financial Reporting: A Case Study

Considering financing crucial for the daily survival of entities, it is fundamental to understand the impact of the measures taken by companies regarding the financing obtained. Therefore, the study aims to analyse the impact of financing policies on the financial reporting of entities through an analysis of the financial statements for the year 2021 of three entities. After analysing the results, it is demonstrated that bank loans are the main source of financing used by entities to fund their investments. However, it is noted that the entities under analysis seek external sources of financing, which has significantly increased their financial dependence. Therefore, when compared to their industry sector, these entities have a much lower level of financing via Equity. Regarding the financing costs incurred by their financing policies, it is observed that these are significantly high, mainly in relation to the weight of financing costs in total EBITDA, which impacts the net result of the period. Finally, the high impact of the rise in the Euribor rate on financing costs in 2023 was demonstrated. Thus, it is evident that in relation to other sources of financing, their respective expenses will increase dramatically, potentially greatly affecting the results of the companies.

Development and Validation of Determinants of Marriage Delay Scale for women

Abstract The study was designed to develop and validate the Determinants of Marriage Delay Scale for Women in Pakistan. In light of the Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, four determinants identified were Family Responsibilities and Financial Dependency, Socioeconomic and Physical Conditions, Cultural Expectations, and Personal and Psychological Concerns. The instrument revealed a highly reliable and content valid scale with high factor loadings, showing appropriate representation on each component. The scale thus integrates qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive and culturally sensitive tool for understanding complex influences on delays in the timing of marriage among women. This study explored not only how family-related factors, but also economic, cultural, and personal factors interactively shape the timing of marriage and offered a base for further research and policy interventions. The scale addresses such determinants and supports the formulation of specific strategies that can help women make appropriate decisions about marriage, which would meet both self and societal expectations. Keywords: Determinants, Marriage Delay, Women, Scale Development, EFA, CFA

Financial Performance Analysis of East Lombok District Government in Fiscal Year 2020-2022

East Lombok Regency is one of the regencies affected by the establishment of various policies from the central government, one of which is the restriction on the use of transfer funds which were previously the main source of funds for various local governments. This requires the East Lombok Regency Government to make optimal efforts to achieve independence to finance government and development activities. This study aims to analyze the financial performance of the East Lombok Regency Government as seen from the degree of independence, dependence, fiscal decentralization, and effectiveness of Regional Original Income. The data used is the realization of the East Lombok Regency Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget for the 2020-2022 fiscal year. The study was conducted using a quantitative approach through calculations of several financial ratios, namely independence, dependence, fiscal decentralization, and effectiveness. The results show that the independence of the East Lombok Regency Government is still in the extremely low category which is supported by extremely high dependence on the central government and provincial government, as well as fiscal decentralization which is still in the less-than-ideal criteria. This is also indicated by the Regional Original Income as the main factor in supporting its independence, which has not been optimally realized.

Exploring the barriers to healthcare access among persons with disabilities: a qualitative study in rural Luuka district, Uganda.

The aim of the research was to explore the barriers to healthcare access for persons with various disabilities in rural Luuka district of Uganda. The findings will assist in appreciating the challenges persons with disabilities face in accessing Healthcare in a rural setting. These insights will contribute to the development of an intervention to improve healthcare access that is affordable, timely and acceptable. This qualitative study formed the exploratory formative phase of the 'Missing Billion' project. A total of 27 participants with disabilities-visual impairment (n=5), physical impairment (n=5), multiple impairments (n=6) and intellectual/ cognitive impairment (n=5) were purposively selected to participate in in-depth interviews conducted by two experienced researchers. Participants were identified through contact lists provided by the district disability focal person and local disability associations, with additional participants identified through snowball sampling. Interviews with persons with hearing impairment (n=6) were conducted by a researcher with hearing impairment. The interviews were audio/video recorded and transcribed to facilitate thematic data analysis. We used the disability-inclusive health 'Missing Billion' framework to map and inform the barriers. The study was conducted between September and November 2022 in rural communities in Luuka district, Eastern Uganda. On the demand side, challenges revolved around autonomy and awareness, limited access to health information, lack of financial capacity and dependence on caregivers for healthcare choices left persons with disabilities feeling disempowered. On the supply side, discrimination and negative attitudes from healthcare workers were reported as prevalent. Absence of healthcare workers and service delivery delays impacted on healthcare access, resulting in poor care. Inaccessible healthcare facilities compounded issues, as they had limited accessibility features. Complex and interconnected barriers underscore the pressing need for systemic changes to ensure equitable healthcare access for persons with disabilities in rural Uganda.

Innovative Service Model of Science and Technology Finance in China

This investigation analyses the financial dependence of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, the effective connection between scientific and technological resources and financial resources, the development of emerging industries, the upgrade of technological levels and the optimization of industrial structures, and the financial support required for technological innovation and R&D of high-tech enterprises as well as small and medium-sized technological enterprises. It is pointed out that the improvement of financial products, the innovation of capital markets and the application of internet finance are the operational basis of the innovation service mode of science and technology finance. Correspondingly, the upper level design at the policy level provides the basis for the development of the appropriate service model of technological and financial innovation.

English Language and Career Development in African Higher Education: An Overview

The internationalization of higher education in most countries is linked to the “global interests” that supplement the supremacy of the English language above academic research functions including conventional research and publications. This paper aims to (1) describe the rationale behind the adoption of the English language in higher education, and (2) to understand the relationship between the English language and career development at African universities. This overview article analyzed relevant resources sourced from databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from January 2022 to July 2022 using the PQRS framework as an analytical tool. The analysis of the academic resources identified five main reasons for the adoption of the English language adoption in African universities: ideology, institutional integration, the knowledge society; globalization, and financial dependence. However, there are diverse views about the effect of the English language and career development in universities in Portuguese-speaking countries such as Mozambique. The paper concludes with challenges of English adoption and improvement of language policy schemes for research and publication in a Portuguese-speaking university.

Design, and dynamic evaluation of a novel photovoltaic pumping system emulation with DS1104 hardware setup: Towards innovative in green energy systems.

Diesel engines (DEs) commonly power pumps used in agricultural and grassland irrigation. However, relying on unpredictable and costly fuel sources for DEs pose's challenges related to availability, reliability, maintenance, and lifespan. Addressing these environmental concerns, this study introduces an emulation approach for photovoltaic (PV) water pumping (WP) systems. Emulation offers a promising alternative due to financial constraints, spatial limitations, and climate dependency in full-scale systems. The proposed setup includes three key elements: a PV system emulator employing back converter control to replicate PV panel characteristics, a boost converter with an MPPT algorithm for efficient power tracking across diverse conditions, and a motor pump (MP) emulator integrating an induction motor connected to a DC generator to simulate water pump behaviors. Precise induction motor control is achieved through a controlled inverter. This work innovatively combines PV and WP emulation while optimizing system dynamics, aiming to develop a comprehensive emulator and evaluate an enhanced control algorithm. An optimized scalar control strategy regulates the water MP, demonstrated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations that highlight superior performance and responsiveness to solar irradiation variations compared to conventional MPPT techniques. Experimental validation using the dSPACE control desk DS1104 confirms the emulator's ability to faithfully reproduce genuine solar panel characteristics.

Характеристика способов вовлечения в занятие проституцией и организации занятия проституцией, осуществляемых участниками организованных преступных формирований

The article examines the preparatory stage of criminal activity related to the organization of prostitution, including: finding certain categories of persons who form the necessary structural, administrative, personnel and financial foundation for the effective implementation of this type of criminal business; developing rules for interaction between these categories of persons and with the external environment; selecting and equipping places where both direct provision of sexual services and performance of security functions will be carried out, as well as finding means to ensure the commission of crimes. It also describes in detail such methods of involving persons in this illegal activity as fraud, coercion, placing in financial dependence and others. The article considers various categories of persons participating in the organization of prostitution as part of organized groups. The following forms of organizing prostitution are described: street; in a home at the place of residence of the client or the person providing sexual services; organizing the provision of sexual services under the guise of the activities of leisure facilities; hotel, escort services.

Factors Influencing The Selection And Acquisition Of Clothing Items Among Undegraduates In Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti

This study examined the factors influencing the selection and acquisition of clothing items among undergraduates in Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. Many undergraduates often find themselves in situations where they borrow clothes for social events like parties, buy clothes on credit, or allocate a significant portion of their pocket money to clothing purchases. These behaviors stem from a desire to maintain a certain social image, adhere to fashion trends, or fit in with peers, often leading to financial strain and dependence on borrowing. Three research questions and one hypothesis guided the study. The study examined the physical features of the clothing, psychological and socio-economic factors that influenced the selection and acquisition of clothing items among these undergraduates. A descriptive survey research approach was adopted for this study. Simple random sampling techniques were used to select Two Hundred and Five (205) respondents. The questionnaire used for data collection was designed and titled “Factors Influencing the Selection and Acquisition of Clothing Items (FISACI)”. Findings from the respondents showed that, Physical features like style, quality of material, and fit (x=3.24), significantly influence undergraduates’ clothing choices, psychological factors, including the desire to express personal identity and peer pressure (x=3.29), drive many clothing purchases among undergraduates, Socioeconomic factors, such as income level and financial literacy (x=3.11), strongly impact students’ ability to make informed clothing purchases. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and t-test. Based on the findings, undergraduates should learn to live within their means by budgeting for all clothing expenses before buying. Also, undergraduates desired of good taste in clothing selection can make up for the extra expenses by engaging in part time jobs; among other recommendations were made.

Depression and its Association with Insomnia among Geriatric Population of Selected Slums of Bankura Municipality, West Bengal

Background: While depression is a major health concern among older people, sleep disorders are also very common among them and often persist simultaneously. The study was conducted to assess the prevalence of depression and insomnia, and any correlation of association between them, in the geriatric people living in study area. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 186 older people living in three selected slums of Bankura Municipality, West Bengal, India. A pre-tested, structured interviewer-administered-questionnaire including Geriatric Depression Scale-Short form and Insomnia Severity Index were used for data collection. Results: The prevalence of geriatric depression and insomnia in the study setting were 54.3% and 37.6% respectively. While illiteracy, complete financial dependency and taking sedative were associated with geriatric depression, history of smoking was associated with insomnia among participants. Geriatric depression was significantly associated with insomnia. There was statistically significant positive correlation between GDS-S score and ISI score. Conclusions: A significant proportion of elderly population suffers from depressive disorders and sleep disorders. Early detection and management of these conditions will provide the society with healthy ‘senior citizens.

Evaluasi laporan keuangan untuk menilai kinerja keuangan pemerintah daerah Simalungun

Based on the following metrics: (1) Regional Financial Independence Ratio, (2) Regional Financial Dependency Ratio, (3) Fiscal Decentralization Degree Ratio, (4) Original Income Effectiveness Ratio Regional, (5) Regional Original Income Efficiency Ratio, (6) Regional Tax Effectiveness Ratio, (7) Regional Tax Efficiency Ratio, and (8) BUMD Contribution Degree Ratio, this study attempts to analyze the financial performance of the Simalungun Regency Government in the 2013–2022 budget year. Data was gathered using a sampling technique. The results of the analysis show that the Simalungun Regency has a low Regional Financial Independence Ratio, and the region still depends on the central government. The Regional Financial Dependency Ratio is relatively low, and Simalungun still depends on external parties. Moreover, The Ratio of the Degree of Fiscal Decentralization is classified as low; The Ratio of the Effectiveness of regional owned-sources Income is classified as less effective; The Regional owned-sources Income Efficiency Ratio is very efficient; Tax Effectiveness Ratio is classified as quite effective; The Regional Tax Efficiency Ratio is classified as very efficient, and The Ratio of the Degree of Contribution of Regional Owned enterprise is classified as low.

미취업 청년 캥거루족의 부모 경제적 의존 유형화 및 결정요인

The primary objective of this study is to categorize the different forms of economic reliance that unemployed young adults have on their parents and identify the factors contributing to this dependency. The study utilized data from the Youth Panel Survey (YP) conducted by the Korea Employment Information Service and performed a latent class analysis on unemployed young adults receiving financial support from their parents. Based on the reasons for and levels of parental financial support, four distinct types of economic dependency were identified: 'Moderate Living Expense Dependency,' 'High Housing Expense Dependency,' 'Minimal Living Expense Dependency,' and 'Unconditional Dependency.' Each type is differentiated by the specific reasons young adults rely on their parents and the level of financial support they receive. The study further analyzed how sociodemographic characteristics, career maturity, job search preparation, and work values influence these types of economic dependency. The results indicated that the 'High Housing Expense Dependency' type was more common among young adults living in metropolitan areas and those with a university degree or higher. This group tended to receive higher amounts of financial support from their parents for housing costs. On the other hand, the 'Unconditional Dependency' type was prevalent among students and those whose parents had greater wealth. This group exhibited lower levels of career maturity and placed more importance on economic rewards and job security in their work values. Additionally, the study demonstrated that economic dependency among unemployed young adults is closely linked not only to financial factors but also to their career maturity and job search preparation. For example, those categorized under 'Moderate Living Expense Dependency' and 'High Housing Expense Dependency' exhibited lower career maturity but higher levels of job search preparation. This research aims to provide important policy insights by offering an in-depth understanding of the complex reasons behind young adults' financial dependence on their parents and the types of support they receive. The findings will contribute to developing policies that promote the economic independence of young adults and support a smoother transition into the workforce. Furthermore, the study provides foundational data to help reduce the challenges these young adults face during their transition into employment.

Analisis Kondisi Keuangan Pemerintah Kota Sibolga Tahun 2018-2022

This research was aimed to know financial condition of government Sibolga for the years 2018-2022 from efficiency of PAD ratio, effectiveness of PAD ratio, expenditure compatibility ratio and Financial Dependency Ratio. The research used is analitical descriptive. The data collection techniques used in this research were field research and library research. Descriptive and ratio analysis was used to appraise efficiency of PAD ratio, effectiveness of PAD ratio, , expenditure compatibility ratio and Financial Dependency Ratio. The result of this research pointed that (1) efficiency of PAD ratio of Sibolga for each year was 1,59% in average which mean efficiency of PAD was already efficient. (2) The Government of Sibolga is still less effective in managing PAD with an average effectiveness ratio of 76.20%. (3) the highest ratio results from operating expenditures is 85,89% in 2021 and the lowest ratio in 2018 is 77,58%. The highest ratio of capital expenditures to the total expenditure is 22,39% in 2018 and the lowest ratio in 2019 is 14,04%. The Government of Sibolga still prioritizes operational expenditure compared to capital expenditure.(4) Financial Dependency Ratio of Sibolga government during 2018-2022 is 83.88% categorized very high, this condition shows the dependency level of Sibolga Goeverment is very high to the central government.

The Fetters of Financial Neocolonialism in African Countries

African countries are actively involved in the formation of a multipolar world, gradually gaining political and economic independence from European states. Within the framework of the concept of neocolonialism, the main stages of the transformation of relations between former colonies and former colonizers are analyzed. In recent decades, financial dependence, which came to be called financial neocolonialism, has become an increasingly obvious and powerful instrument of economic pressure from metropolitan states. Thus, through transnational corporations and currency unions, European countries, on the one hand, pumped out rent from African countries in the sectors of extraction and primary processing of minerals, monopolized consumer markets, and on the other hand, actually took control of the financial development of many African countries, preventing the formation of financial sovereignty. Such unions primarily include two associations: the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) and the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). The development of financial technologies is considered by some researchers as a possible way to escape colonial dependence. However, aware of these risks, European countries are advocating a counter-attack strategy that extends to controlling or limiting the use of financial technologies and cryptocurrency markets in particular. Possible solutions have been proposed to overcome this dependence by strengthening economic ties between African countries and Russia and China. The BRICS+ association, which already includes several African countries, could serve as a basis for all future initiatives.

Psycho-social problems among older people residing in community of Chitwan, Nepal—A cross-sectional study

Background Older people are vulnerable to various psycho-social problems such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, dementia, and loneliness that have profound impact on overall health and their quality of life and higher use of health services. Prevention and treatment of psychological problems in this risk group is critical for improving their quality of life. Objective This study aimed to find out the psycho-social problems among older people residing in community. Methods The study was a cross-sectional study design and 388 older people aged 65 years and above residing in different wards of Bharatpur Metropolitan city were selected using probability simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using interview schedule containing geriatric depression scale-15; Geriatric anxiety scale-10, University of California Loss Angels Loneliness Scale (UCLA-20), Anthens Insomnia Scale and Mini-Cog Test. Obtained data were analyzed in SPSS version 20 for windows. Chi-square test was applied to measure the association between psychosocial problems and selected variables. Result Findings of the study revealed that the mean age (± SD) of respondents was 72.92 (±7.12) years. Almost all (93.6%) older people had full functioning of activity of daily living and two third (66.5%) had other co-morbid conditions. More than two third (67.0%) of older adults had depression, 60.3% had anxiety, 53.6% had moderate to high level loneliness, 47.2% had insomnia, and 33.3% had dementia. Age, functional dependency, sex, co-morbidity, financial dependence, education and occupation were significantly associated with the psychosocial problems among older people. Conclusion and recommendation Psychosocial problems are common among older people residing in community of Chitwan. Hence, there is need to develop and implement health care strategy by local health care planner to prevent, treat and manage the psychosocial problems among this risk groups. Further, health care providers working in geriatric problems or psychosocial health need to conduct regular screening programs for the early diagnosis and treatment of these problems.

The effect of soaring housing prices on the quality of export products: Evidence from China

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of rising housing prices on the quality of export products. When housing prices increase, the collateral value of firms can rise, easing financial constraints and potentially boosting investment in innovation and product quality. However, higher housing prices can also lead firms to divert investments from their core business operations to the housing sector, where returns are relatively higher. This diversion can negatively affect product quality. We empirically investigate this relationship using Chinese firm‐level data, matched with customs and city‐level data from 2000 to 2013. Our results show that during China's housing boom, rising housing prices significantly reduced the quality of export products. The negative impact of speculative investment in the housing sector outweighed the positive effects of eased credit constraints. Firms with real estate investments and industries with low external financial dependence were more affected by rising housing prices. Additionally, government restrictions on home purchases helped mitigate the negative impact of rising housing prices on export product quality.

Sustainability of farmer organizations in Uganda: the role of organizational and institutional factors

In Uganda, despite government support, many farmer organizations are short-lived or exist solely to receive subsidies. Existing literature evaluates the sustainability of farming systems, technology impacts, and non-certified markets, yet a gap remains regarding the sustainability of farmer organizations. This study addresses this gap by determining a sustainability index and the effect of organizational and institutional factors on the sustainability of farmer organizations in central and northern Uganda. It highlights how regional disparities impact organizational sustainability. Using cross-sectional data from 272 farmer organizations across 12 randomly selected districts, a multilevel mixed-effects linear regression in Stata13 was employed. Results indicate that Ugandan farmer organizations have a low sustainability index of 36%, with central organizations slightly outperforming northern counterparts by 2%. Significant differences exist between northern and central organizations in terms of finances, resources, value addition, training, and leadership. Additionally, internal financial dependence, leadership committee size, farm management, and value addition training greatly enhance sustainability. Specifically, regional level variables contribute 21% to changes in the sustainability of farmer organizations in Uganda. To enhance sustainability, farmer organizations should engage in income-generating activities aligned with their economic, environmental, and social welfare objectives. The government should also intensify leadership, farm management, and value addition training.

The frailty among suburban elderly population after one-year COVID-19 pandemic in Cirebon Regency, Indonesia

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had significant impacts worldwide, especially among older adults. Frailty is a determinant of susceptibility to morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 in the elderly. This study aimed to determine frailty status and identify factors associated with the suburban elderly population in Cirebon Regency, Indonesia, after the one-year COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional study of community-dwelling individuals aged ≥ 60 years was conducted in Klangenan, Cirebon Regency, Indonesia, from March to June 2021. A questionnaire was used to determine the baseline characteristics of participants, healthcare access, comorbidity, and frailty status. The Ina-FRAIL scale was used to determine the frailty status (frail/non-frail). The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to determine the association between independent variables and frailty. Results A total of 383 participants were recruited, with a median age of 67 (IQR 64-73) years. The prevalence of frailty in the present study was 10.2%. Multivariate analysis showed that age (OR 2.73; 95%CI 1.21-6.12), multimorbidity (OR 7.86; 95% CI 3.01-20.57) and financial dependence (OR 13.40, 95% CI 5.66-31.73) were significantly associated with frailty. Conclusion One-year COVID-19 pandemic has had a considerable burden on frailty among the suburban elderly population in Indonesia. The factors associated with frailty were age, multimorbidity, and financial dependence.

Analysis of the Financial Performance of the Jambi City Government Using Variance Analysis for the 2020-2022 Fiscal Year

This research aims to evaluate the Financial Performance of the Jambi City Government through Variance Analysis for the 2020-2022 budget year. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach by utilizing secondary data originating from the Jambi City Revenue and Expenditure Budget Realization Report for the same period. The findings show that the Financial Performance of the Jambi City Government as assessed through Income Variance Analysis is classified as Poor, Income Growth is identified as positive, the Degree of Decentralization is classified as Sufficient, the Regional Financial Dependency Ratio is classified as Very High, the Regional Financial Independence Ratio is classified as Low, the PAD Effectiveness Ratio is considered to be Fairly Effective. In terms of Performance Expenditure Variance Analysis, it is rated as Good, Operational Expenditure Analysis is rated as Fairly Good, Capital Expenditure Analysis is also rated as Fairly Good, and the Regional Expenditure Efficiency Ratio is classified as Efficient

DECENTRALIZATION DYNAMICS: ASSESSING LOCAL GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE IN LINGGA

This study examines the implementation of decentralization in Lingga, Indonesia, focusing on the performance of the local government (Pemda) and its impacts on community engagement and public service delivery. Utilizing a qualitative case study approach, the research reveals both significant successes and ongoing challenges associated with decentralization. While increased local autonomy has fostered greater community participation and responsiveness to local needs, persistent issues such as financial dependency, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and geographic isolation hinder effective governance. The findings highlight disparities in public service access, particularly for marginalized communities in remote areas. The study contributes to the broader discourse on decentralization by emphasizing the need for context-specific policies that address local realities. Based on these insights, several policy recommendations are proposed, including enhanced financial support for local governments, capacity-building initiatives for local officials, and the development of inclusive governance mechanisms. These measures aim to strengthen the implementation of decentralization in Lingga, ensuring that it delivers equitable and effective governance outcomes for all residents.