Financial Calculations Research Articles

Microprudential Regulations and Bank Lending in Nigeria

Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the relationship between microprudential regulations and bank lending in Nigeria. Theoretical framework: The theoretical underpinning of the study is drawn on the theory of risk-return tradeoff which maintains that potential return rises with an increase in risk. Method: Financial data of 13 banks over a period of 15 years were sourced from the repository of Central Bank of Nigeria, and were analyzed using the Panel (Least Squares) Multiple regression technique. Results and Discussions: The result of analyses revealed a high R-squared value of 0.75, an indication that microprudential regulation accounted for 75% variation in profitability in the Nigeria banking institution. Also, the F-statistic of 101.31 and a p-value of 0.000, indicated that the Ordinary Least Square regression model is statistically significant at the 1% level. Overall, microprudential regulation impact on lending and profitability in Nigeria. Research Implications: More so, the study’s relevance is evident in its applications to the principles and practice of lending, fund mobilization and other finance related policies and decisions in the banking sector. Originality/ Value: The outcome of the current study is valid and can be used for statistical inference. The conceptual framework of the study is a novel model that demonstrates how the variables in the study are interconnected. Furthermore, the model specification presents a viable template for financial speculations and calculations.

Pengaruh Leverage dan Sales Growth Terhadap Financial Distress dengan Profitabilitas Sebagai Moderasi

The transportation sector in Indonesia is one of the important sectors supporting the national economy. This sector consists of a variety of companies and has great potential for development. This research is based on the problem of decreasing demand due to restrictions on mobility and economic activity due to the pandemic. Causing a decrease in revenue and profits for transportation companies which can increase the risk of financial distress. This research uses financial leverage ratio calculations with DER (Debt Equity Ratio) and Sales growth to determine the effect on financial distress calculated using ICR and the role of profitability with ROA (Return On Assets) as moderation. The method used in this research is descriptive methods with a quantitative approach. Research on the transportation sector listed on the BEI in 2022. The research population was 49 companies with a sample of 41 companies. The financial distress method used is to calculate the ICR ratio (Interest Coverage Ratio) which is symbolized by a dummy. Data analysis uses multiple linear analysis and Moderating Regression Analysis (MRA) with the SPSS 26 application. Based on the research and discussion that has been carried out, the research results can be concluded that leverage has an effect but is not significant on financial distress. Sales growth has an effect but is not significant on financial distress. Profitability is able to moderate the relationship between leverage and financial distress and sales growth with financial distress.

Rounding Errors and their Impact on the Accuracy and Reliability of Statistical, Financial and Economic Calculations

Rounding Errors and their Impact on the Accuracy and Reliability of Statistical, Financial and Economic Calculations

Evaluation of the Financial Reporting System of LKM Gapoktan Tani Manunggal Temanggung using Black Box Testing

This study employs Boundary Value Analysis (BVA), a kind of Black-Box Testing, to assess the financial information system of LKM Gapoktan Tani Manunggal Temanggung. Through testing the system's performance in a variety of edge situations pertaining to user registration, login, financial data entry, balance calculation, report creation, data storage, backup, alerts, and system accessibility, the research seeks to evaluate the functionality of the system. The outcomes demonstrate how well the system manages boundary circumstances, producing precise outputs and guaranteeing dependability across various functionality and devices. The study emphasizes the system's resilience and points out areas that may benefit more development, such as enhanced security, better user experience, integration testing, and sophisticated testing methods.

ANALISIS RASIO KEUANGAN UNTUK MENGUKUR KINERJA KEUANGAN PADA YAYASAN BALI SARASWATI DI GIANYAR

Financial ratio analysis is an effort to find a picture of relationships and compare the number of accounts when describing financial reports. By using financial ratio, internal and external parties to an entity can easily obtain information about the entity's strengths and weaknesses from a financial perspective. The financial performance of the Yayasan Bali Saraswati cannot be said to be good because the profits it generates are still decreasing and increasing every year, so a financial ratio analysis calculation is needed which is one way to assess the financial performance of the Yayasan Bali Saraswati. By calculating existing financial ratio, it will be possible to know the financial performance conditions currently being experienced by the Yayasan Bali Saraswati. The formulation of the problem in this research is how the financial performance of the Yayasan Bali Saraswati in Gianyar for the 2018 - 2022 period is measured by financial ratio. The aim of the research is to determine the financial performance of the Yayasan Bali Saraswati in Gianyar for the 2018 - 2022 period as measured by financial ratio. Data were analyzed using 4 financial ratio, namely liquidity ratio, solvency ratio, activity ratio and profitability ratio. The results of the research show that the financial performance of the Yayasan Bali Saraswati seen from the liquidity ratio, solvency ratio and profitability ratio is good, while seen from the activity ratio in the indicator Working Capital Turn Over and Total Assets Turn Over are in poor condition.

Feasibility analysis of the veil convection business using value engineering for cost efficiency

The veil business is a business that operates in the veil manufacturing industry. The products produced vary according to consumer demand and the stock produced. This headscarf product has spread to several areas of Aceh, such as Banda Aceh, Lhokseumawe, and Langsa, especially the Bireuen City area, and has collaborated with several Islamic boarding schools. The headcarf models released by this company greatly influence consumer demand. The better the material, model, and quality, the more consumer demand for convection will increase. This research aims to analyze the feasibility of developing a veil convection business using a value engineering method and financial feasibility. The research results were obtained using the analytical hierarchy process method and vacuum engineering. The chosen alternative is model 1, with a weight of 0.53, a square hijab type, standard material, soft colors, and zipper accessories according to consumer demand. And the results of the financial aspect calculations show that the Ita Hijab convection business has a positive NPV of IDR 29,373,042, with a BEP of 480 units. The payback period for investment capital is 5 months. If you look at the payback period calculation with a BCR value > 1, then the veil convection business is said to be worthy of investment

662 A Sustainable Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Tray

Abstract Aim The aim was to develop and trial a systematic methodology in order to streamline laparoscopic cholecystectomy trays across all sub-specialties in Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust (LTHT), and to inform rationalisation principles nationally in partnership with NHS England’s sustainability team. Method 70 laparoscopic cholecystectomies across all sub-specialties were independently observed and audited for instrument usage at LTHT from January to March 2023. The findings were summarised and a usage heatmap was developed. A subsequent ‘hackathon’ event was held in the form of a consensus session with key stakeholders from each sub-specialty to agree a proposed single instrument tray. Carbon and financial savings calculations were then undertaken to measure the impact of the changes. Results Audit results demonstrated an average of 112 instruments across four separate trays opened. The heat map demonstrated 42% of items were used from 0-5% of procedures. The hackathon event agreed a consolidated single tray of 65 items. With over 800 laparoscopic cholecystectomies taking place in LTHT per year predicted financial savings in sterilisation costs were over £22,000 and over 3 tonnes of CO2e annually. Conclusions Tray rationalisation and standardisation has significant financial and carbon savings and can be extrapolated to many types of procedures. Sustainable change is vital to meet NHS net zero targets and requires urgent attention. Stakeholder engagement was crucial to ensure changes were agreeable and would be sustained. Following the successfully trialled methodology and implementation NHS England have produced a guide for other trusts to implement similar changes.

Judicial leadership matters (yet again): the association between judge and public trust for artificial intelligence in courts

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly expanding in myriad industries and systems. This study sought to investigate public trust in using AI in the criminal court process. While previous research has identified factors that influence trust in AI, such as perceived accuracy and transparency of algorithms, less is known about the role of influential leaders—such as judges—in shaping public trust in new technology. This study examined the relationship between locus of control, anthropomorphism, cultural values, and perceived trust in AI. Participants completed a survey assessing their perceptions of trust in AI in determining bail eligibility, bail fines and fees, sentencing length, sentencing fines and fees, and writing legal documents (e.g., findings and disposition). Participants were more likely to trust AI performing financial calculations rather than determining bail eligibility, sentence length, or drafting legal documents. Participants’ comfort with AI in decision-making also depended on their perceptions of judges’ trust in AI, and they expressed concerns about AI perpetuating bias and the need for extensive testing to ensure accuracy. Interestingly, no significant association was found with other participant characteristics (e.g., locus of control, anthropomorphism, or cultural values). This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the role of judges as influential leaders in shaping public trust in AI and examining the influence of individual differences on trust in AI. The findings also help inform the development of recommended practices and ethical guidelines for the responsible use of AI in the courts.

The Influence of Liquidity Ratios, Leverage, Profitability and Activity on Financial Distress of Infrastructure Companies in the Building Construction Subsector for the Period 2018 – 2022

This research aims to determine the effect of liquidity, leverage, profitability and activity ratios on the financial distress of infrastructure companies in the building construction subsector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018 - 2022. The approach used is quantitative research. This research uses secondary data accessed through the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange with a population of 22 companies and a sample of 16 companies selected using the purposive sampling method and obtaining a sample of 80 observations. The data analysis technique uses panel data regression analysis with the Eviews9 test tool. The research results show that the Liquidity Ratio as proxied by the Current Ratio has a positive effect on financial distress, the Leverage Ratio as measured by the Debt to Asset Ratio (DAR) has a negative effect on financial distress, the Profitability Ratio as measured by Return on Assets (ROA) has a positive effect on financial distress, while the Activity Ratio which is proxied by Total Asset Turnover (TATO) does not affect financial distress. The calculation technique uses the Altman Z-Score method and financial ratio calculations. Therefore, researchers recommend utilizing this test model to predict financial distress because the accuracy that can be given is quite good so that companies can anticipate financial difficulties.

Analisis Dasar Pertimbangan Hakim Praperadilan pada Perkara Penetapan Tersangka Tindak Pidana Korupsi Dana Desa

Ensuring the preservation of human rights and the coherence of law enforcement's tasks are predicated on the pre-trial provisions of the criminal procedure legislation. As part of its mission to ensure that the criminal justice system is fair, the pretrial facility has put safeguards in place to monitor the effectiveness with which police officers carry out their tasks. All eyes are on the judge's evaluation of the law's applicability in light of pre-trial judgment 4/Pid.Pra/2022/PN.Kla. Normative and empirical theories of law are both used in this study's methodology. Primary data collected from the field and secondary data collected from various relevant legal sources are both used in this study. The study team included a law school professor, a prosecutor from the South Lampung District Prosecutor's office, and a judge from the Kalianda District Court. The court considered the following factors in rendering pretrial decision 4/Pid.Pra/2022/PN.Kla, in accordance with the study's conclusions: Instead of using the seizure reports and records that initially connected the suspect to the South Lampung District Prosecutor's Office ( Respondent) as evidence, the judgment was based on legal, social, and philosophical factors. Beyond that, the applicant was not suspected of being the subject of an official audit by the State Financial Loss Calculation Audit (PKKN). In order to establish a monetary loss to the state, the investigator must explicitly recognize a critical component that forms the foundation or risk of the inquiry. All of the applicant's pretrial requests were therefore granted by the court. The officials tasked with carrying out the pretrial decision's enforcement have finished their task. Kla is based on the multi-stage execution of criminal legislation.

Liquid homeownership: Navigating future horizons to turn homeownership into assets in Bucharest, Romania

AbstractThis article examines the financialization and assetization of housing in an Eastern European context by focusing on the specific temporally bounded financial strategies to maintain housing as an asset and vehicle for social reproduction. It proposes the concept of liquid homeownership to account for the varied associations of housing with liquidity and the expectations of future increased exchange value that play an essential role in shaping financial decisions in the present. Drawing on ethnographic research in Bucharest, the article argues that upper‐middle‐class mortgage borrowers strategize their leveraged housing investment by navigating between two future horizons. To ensure that housing is an asset in the long term, mortgage borrowers prefer to evacuate the long‐term of the mortgage contract through medium‐term financial strategies of early repayment. Given the importance attributed to future liquidity from homeownership for providing for old age or securing children's future, the article argues that liquid homeownership, at least for ordinary homebuyers, is a reflection less of short‐term financial interest and more of a long‐term social reproduction need, pointing to the complex intermix of financial calculations and domestic concerns in the context of financialization of housing.

Accelerated numerical solutions for discretized Black–Scholes equations

Abstract Accepted by: Aris Syntetos This study thoroughly investigates the efficiency of advanced numerical extrapolation methods aimed at enhancing the convergence of vector sequences in the realm of mathematical finance. Our focus lies in the application of polynomial extrapolation techniques to calculate finite difference solutions for the Black–Scholes (BS) equation—an indispensable model in options pricing. The performance of our algorithms undergoes rigorous evaluation through a comprehensive analysis involving both simulated and real-world data. Notably, our experiments uncover that a stochastic scheme, incorporating two extrapolation strategies and a random relaxation parameter, outperforms other proposed methods, excelling in both convergence and stability metrics. Our findings underscore the potential of this numerical extrapolation method to enhance the efficiency of financial calculations, particularly in the realm of option pricing. This innovation holds promise for refining financial models and addressing specific challenges within the field of mathematical programming, providing effective solutions to the primary computational bottlenecks commonly encountered in financial decision-making.

Analysis of the Springate Method in Predicting Financial Distress in Banking Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2020-2022 Period

This research aims to analyze the Springate method in predicting financial distress in banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2020-2022 period. The research method used in this research is the Springate model using the Springate financial ratio calculation method, data is processed using Microsoft Excel computer tools. The type of data used in this research is quantitative analysis. The population used in this research was 45 companies. This sample was taken from the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) which was determined using a purposive sampling technique, totaling 26 companies. In this research , the data source used is secondary data in the form of banking company annual financial report data for the 2020-2022 period. The results of S-Score analysis research carried out on banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2020-2022 period show that 24 banking companies are in a position experiencing financial distress due to a value of less than 0,862 (S < 0,862), and 2 other companies is in the predicted healthy category because the value is more than 0.862 (S > 0,862). This means that the company is experiencing serious financial difficulties, which could lead to bankruptcy if this situation is not resolved immediately. In the context of financial distress analysis, an S-Score value of less than 0,862 indicates that a company is illiquid and unable to fulfill its financial obligations appropriately.

Methods and Applications of Investment Decisions in the Catering Industry

With economic globalization and consumption upgrading, investment activities in the catering industry have become more frequent and complex. This study aims to explore effective methods for investment decision-making in the catering industry and empirically analyze their application with a view to improving investment efficiency and accuracy. Through the method of financial analysis difference calculation, we comprehensively analyze the investment payback period, risk assessment and expected returns. Model analysis reveals the performance and applicability of different investment methods in actual operations. The results show that combining the unique industry characteristics of catering and adopting a customized comprehensive decision-making model can significantly improve the success rate of investment decisions. Therefore, good risk assessment and decision-making methods can bring clearer investment directions and higher economic benefits to investors in the catering industry.

Financial Calculation Problems and Countermeasure Analysis of Large-Scale Engineering Construction Projects

The financial aspects of large-scale engineering construction projects profoundly influence their success. Strengthening cost control and establishing a scientific financial evaluation system can enhance the project’s economic benefits, minimize unnecessary costs, and provide decision-makers with a robust financial foundation. Additionally, implementing an effective cash flow control mechanism and conducting a comprehensive assessment of potential project risks can ensure financial stability and mitigate the risk of fund shortages. Developing a practical and feasible fundraising plan, along with stringent fund management practices, can prevent fund wastage and optimize fund utilization efficiency. These measures not only facilitate smooth project progression and improve project management efficiency but also enhance the project’s economic and social outcomes.

Development of the Business Plan for the Mini Oil Refinery: Theoretical, Methodological and Practical Aspects

Objective: The article presents the project for a mini oil refinery in one of the territories of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as “identified territory”) where oil refining capacities are not yet in place. Methods: The research involved analysis of the topic related scientific and methodological literature, comparison, systematization, generalization and research of up to date materials. Results: General scientific and special methods supported the results of the study: the personnel list of a mini oil refinery was compiled and reflected in the staff roster; initial costs for construction of the mini oil refining business were calculated, as well as expenses for further maintenance and financial indicators for the enterprise best performance were developed. Conclusion: General characteristics of the refinery enterprise are reflected in the article including its capacity, location, name of the enterprise, sources of raw materials and location environment. Advantages and disadvantages of the mini oil refinery in the region are considered. The need for the mini oil refinery in the territory and favorable environment to its creation are both substantiated. Investments and financial calculations of the project are determined.

Enterprise Accounting Statement Production and Financial Calculation for Intelligent Platforms

The increasingly complex structure of enterprise economy highlights the drawbacks of traditional accounting, and this paper builds an intelligent platform to meet these challenges. Based on the overall objective, the design constructs the functional framework of full-scene reporting, budget control, intelligent filling and automatic accounting. In terms of technology application, OCR is applied to intelligent accounting, and bills are automatically filled through image processing and character recognition. Meanwhile, the enterprise financial process is reshaped based on process reengineering, and intelligent financial calculation methods are proposed. The study shows that the financial accounting intelligent platform significantly improves the total asset turnover rate of the enterprise, and the positive correlation between the two reaches 0.257. After the introduction of the intelligent platform technology in the accounting work, its technological advantages have brought a positive impact on the accounting work of the enterprise, and has brought substantial benefit improvement for the enterprise.

Analisis Perbandingan Rasio Keuangan PT. XL Axiata Tbk dan PT. INDOSAT Tbk pada Periode 2021-2022

ABSTRACT Analyzing financial ratios, namely to find out the extent to which the company has succeeded in managing its financial resources and achieving financial goals. The aim of this research is to analyze the calculation of financial ratios and analysis of each financial ratio. Financial reports in a company will reflect transparency and accountability within the company towards stakeholders. Companies or organizations usually prepare financial reports to provide information about financial performance to stakeholders such as owners, investors, employees, creditors and other related parties. The method used is the Financial Ratio calculation method which includes liquidity ratios, solvency ratios and profitability ratios. Examples include the current ratio, quick ratio, debt to equity ratio, net profit to sales ratio, and so on. The results of the Liquidity Ratio Analysis for 2021 to 2022 show that the condition of PT. XL Axiata Tbk. In a liquid state, it means that the company is able to meet its current debts. Asset management ratio (Activity Ratio) PT. XL Axiata Tbk. Shows a fairly good ratio value. PT's solvency ratio. XL Axiata Tbk. Overall, it appears that there has been an increase, and this shows that the level of the company's ability to guarantee its debts is considered quite good. Profitability ratio of PT. XL Axiata Tbk. From 2021 to 2022 there will be an increase.

Organic Wastewater-Grey Water Management In The Residential Area

Grey Water wastewater in residential areas near Gisik Cemandi river has a COD value range of 146 – 516 Mg / L and the BOD value is in the range of 76 – 280 Mg / L. While Gisik Cemandi River is included in Class III rivers with COD values of 22 – 31 Mg / L. For the water quality of the Gisik Cemandi river to be maintained and not go down, the residential area must have structured Grey Water wastewater management. The management needed is technical, institutional, and financial management. Technical management planning is carried out by providing recommendations so that residential area has management activities in the form of maintenance and repair by adjusting the available facilities and infrastructure. In addition, a Wastewater Treatment Plant is needed that is used for biological treatment because the BOD/COD ratio of Residential Grey Water is 0.528 or biodegradable. Biological processing of gray water can utilize plants as BOD and COD reducers. In carrying out technical management, it is necessary to have institutional management as a monitoring role between implementers and citizens. The recommendation of institutional management is to be able to follow the institutional practical guidance of the Ministry of Public Works. All technical and institutional management activities require financial management as capital in every implementation of Grey Water organic wastewater management in residential areas. Financial management calculations must be adjusted to regional regulations and calculated for the next few years by considering the value of inflation.

Drivers and Barriers for the Adoption of Circular Economy Principles towards Efficient Resource Utilisation

Contemporary societies, whether they have reached advanced levels of economic and social development or are still developing, need to prioritise the implementation of circular economy practices. This will facilitate the shift towards regenerative, sustainable, and closed-loop industrial systems. For now, there are some efforts to encourage patterns of production and consumption through changes in economic trends, development of institutional frameworks, harmonising regulations in the field of environmental protection, and raising the level of social awareness to achieve, above all, greater efficiency of resources. Extensive literature that deals with monitoring the implementation of the circular economy already indicates the existence of numerous barriers in this process but also notices some incentives for raising the degree of circularity of the observed systems. In this paper, the question of whether a single value can represent the level of circularity of the chosen material/product chain is researched. An overview of barriers and drivers for implementing circular economy strategies is given to structure a proper metric framework in correlation to the research question. The objective was to simplify the monitoring of circularity by developing a unique index for comparing material/product chains in similar systems. This was accomplished by using the circular material use (CMU) rate introduced in the European Union and modifying it for financial data calculation. As a result, the circular economy index, which covers all 9R strategies (CEIR), is obtained. The practical verification of model applicability was shown by determining the degree of circularity achieved for passenger cars in the four observed EU countries.