Final Spray Volume Research Articles

Gaultheria shallon can be controlled by the herbicides picloram, triclopyr or glyphosate if they are applied at the correct time of year

Salal (Gaultheria shallon) is a vigorous evergreen perennial shrub that is native to the west coast of North America, where it can reduce overstorey growth rates and negatively impact regeneration. Since its introduction into the UK almost a century ago it has become an increasing problem in many woodlands, where it completely shades out other understorey vegetation including young trees, preventing forest regeneration. Climate change is likely to favour its future spread in the UK, and in other regions which currently have a similar climate such as Ireland and northwest Europe. Non chemical management is only practical on a small scale, and to date efforts to control this invasive weed with herbicides have been largely ineffective. In our work we found that a single application of 2.69 kg active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1 picloram [as 11.2 l ha−1 Tordon 22 K (240 g l−1 picloram)] diluted in water plus the adjuvant Mixture B NF at 2% of final spray volume, applied between spring and midsummer, killed all treated plants within two growing seasons. Treatment with 3.84 kg a.i. ha−1 triclopyr [as 8 l ha−1 Timbrel (480 g l−1 triclopyr)] diluted in water plus Mixture B NF at 2% of final spray volume, sprayed initially when flower buds are swelling or flushed but vegetative buds are largely dormant (late April in southern Britain), with a repeat application made 4–8 weeks later, was also very effective. If triclopyr or picloram cannot be used, we also found that glyphosate can provide some control, but follow up treatment will be required. In addition, silvicultural practices such as the high density planting of heavily shade bearing species should be adopted to discourage subsequent reinfestation of cleared areas.

Mixture B New Formulation adjuvant increases the rainfastness and hence effectiveness of glyphosate for rhododendron control

Rhododendronponticum(L.)isahighlyinvasiveandcompetitiveweedonmanyforestsitesinBritainandcanactas a host for the pathogens Phytophthora ramorum(Werres) and P. kernoviae(Brasier). Control of rhododendron can be difficult due in part to itsthick waxy leafsurfaces, which discourage the absorption of foliar-applied herbicides. The adjuvant Mixture B has been used for many years to improve efficacy, absorption and rainfastness of glyphosateusedforrhododendroncontrol,buttheformulationhaschanged,andthenewproduct,‘MixtureBNF’,hasnot beenindependentlytested.Anexperimentwasthereforesetuptotesttheeffectofaddingoneofthreeadjuvants (MixtureB,MixtureBNForBreak-ThruS240),totwoexampleglyphosateproducts(RoundupProBiactiveandClinic Ace) and one triclopyr product (Timbrel) on the control of rhododendron plants. Treatments were applied as foliar spraysandthensubjectedtofourdifferentartificialrainfallregimestoexaminerainfastness.Rainfallhadnoeffect on the efficacyof Timbrel, which performed well with or without adjuvants. Rainfall afterapplication reduced the efficacyofbothRoundupProBiactiveandClinicAce,butitmadenodifferenceiftherainfalloccurred1,3or6 hafter application. There were no differences between the effectiveness of the different glyphosate formulations, but the rainfastness of both products were substantially increased by both Mixture B and Mixture B NF. The adjuvant Break-ThruS240gavelittlebenefit.Itisrecommendedthatwhenfoliarspraysofrhododendronbushesarerequired, iftriclopyrisnotavailable,anequivalentof2.88 kg a.i. ha 21 glyphosateshouldbeused(e.g.as8 l ha 21 RoundupPro Biactive or Clinic Ace) and Mixture B NFadjuvant added at a rate of 2 per cent of final spray volume.

EVALUATION OF SELECTED INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF A COMPLEX OF PESTS, 2009

Stink bugs are becoming increasingly important impediments to successful soybean production in Southeast Texas. Many farmers spray multiple times annually to control these pests. New chemistries must be evaluated continually to provide stakeholders with the best pest management tools possible. The experiment was conducted at the Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center located near Beaumont, TX. The experiment was designed as a RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Plot size was 8 rows (30 inches between rows) by 20 ft. On 21 May, plots were drill-planted into Morey silt loam soil. Seeding rate was about 8 seeds per linear ft. First Rate and Dual Magnum herbicides were applied before soybean emergence which occurred about 5 days after planting. Weed control was excellent throughout the experiment. The experiment was rain-fed and plots were not irrigated. Plots were periodically inspected for insect pests, particularly stink bugs and Lepidoptera, which were not observed in abundance until about mid-Sep. Thus, treatments were applied 25 Sep. Treatments were applied with a 2-person, CO2 pressurized spray boom (spray swath 21ft) equipped with 13 nozzles (no. 2 cone) and 50 mesh screens. Final spray volume was18 gpa. Soybeans were in R5/6 stage of development. At 3, 7, 11 and 17 DAT, plots were sampled with a 15 inch diameter sweep net. Eight sweeps were taken in each plot on each sample date. Arthropods were identified and counted. On 19 Nov, the 2 middle rows of each plot were harvested with a combine. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture. Seed was visually rated for quality using a 1-5 scale where 1 is excellent and 5 is poor. Counts were transformed [square root (x + 1⁄2)] and all data analyzed by ANOVA and means separated at the 5% level using LSD.

The use of dye markers as a potential method of reducing pesticide use

Summary Colorants used as dye markers may allow better targeting of pesticide sprays and could offer the potential to reduce environmental pollution and overall levels of synthetic pesticide use. A series of experiments was set up to investigate the visibility of commercially available marker dyes, and also those derived from colorants developed for other industrial and scientific uses. Poor visibility and safety concerns with the other products led to effort being concentrated on the food dyes Acid Blue 9 and Acid Red 73. Both dyes gave good visibility on a variety of site types, being clearly visible when wet and dry, but fading within 21 days. However, experiments suggested that if relatively resistant weeds were treated, or low rates of some herbicides were used, dyes mixed with pesticides could reduce efficacy. The addition of 2 l ha‐1 Acid Blue 9 (i.e. Dysol Turquoise at 2 per cent of final spray volume) as a marker dye may offer one immediate way of achieving better targeting, and hence some reduction in overall levels of pesticide use in UK forestry.

EVALUATION OF TADS 12253 AND KARATE FOR CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS OF SOYBEANS, 1998

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont, TX, in 1998 and was designed as an RCB with three treatments and four replications. Plot size was six rows x 50 ft long (30 inches between rows). Treatments are described in the tables. Plots were planted with ‘Haskell’ (Maturity Group VII) on 9 Jun. Seeding rate was eight viable seeds per ft of row. Soybeans emerged 16 Jun. On 7 Oct, when stink bug populations were increasing, selected plots were sprayed with the treatment insecticides. Insecticides were applied with a two-person, 20-ft spray rig (11 nozzles) pressurized with CO2. Nozzle tip size was 800067 and nozzles were equipped with 50 mesh screens. Final spray volume was 29 gpa. Five days before treatment applications, plots were sampled for arthropods with a 15-inch-diameter sweep net. Ten consecutive sweeps were taken in each plot. Arthropods from each sample were transferred to a plastic bag, which was frozen. At a later date, the contents of the bags were thawed, identified, and counted. One, 3, 9, 16, and 23 d after treatment applications, plots were sampled as described above. On each sample date, stage of development of soybeans was recorded. Plots were not harvested because of summer drought conditions that drastically reduced soybean yields. Arthropod counts were transformed using, O x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by ANOVA and means separated by DMRT (P = 0.05).

Control of a Sharpshooter with Exp 80698A and Karate, 1997

Abstract The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The greenhouse was maintained at 31° C, 70% relative humidity, and 12 h light:12 h dark. Each experimental unit was a pot (6 inch diam X 6 inch deep) filled with sifted League soil. On 30 Sep, selected pots were planted with 8 untreated or EXP 80698A 75 FS-treated seeds. Seeds were treated at the rates shown in the table using the “Le Sak” method developed by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company. On the same day, selected pots were sprayed with EXP 80698A 75 FS at the rates shown in the table using a 4 nozzle (800067 tip size, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 9.0 gpa. On the same day, pots were fertilized with urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre. Immediately following planting, and spraying, soil in each pot was “raked” with forceps to simulate incorporation. On 5 Oct, rice emerged through soil. On 21 Oct, selected pots were treated with Karate at the rate shown in the table using the same spray rig and final spray volume as before. Immediately after spraying Karate, a plastic cylinder was placed over 2 plants in each pot. Cylinders were 3 inch in diam so that the plant density within a cylinder was equal to a seeding rate of 90 lb/acre, given 100% emergence and survival of seeds. The cylinders were ventilated with screen windows and tops. After securing the cylinders, which served as cages, each was infested on 21 (Oct 17 d after emergence of rice through soil) with 5 adult sharpshooters. Insects were collected from untreated rice using a sweep net. Two d later, cages were inspected for live and dead sharpshooters. Data were expressed as % mortality which was transformed using arcsine. Transformed data were then analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and means separated by DMRT.

Control of Rice Stink Bug with Selected Insecticides, 1997

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Plot size was 25 ft X 6.5 ft of heading (milk stage) rice. On 4 Aug, selected plots were treated with EXP 61096A 100 EC, Sevin XLR Plus, Fury, and Karate at the rates shown in the table. Insecticides were applied with a 4 nozzle (800067 tip size, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 12 gpa. Immediately after application and 24 h, 72 h, and 7 d after application, 4 panicles were randomly removed from each plot. Immediately after removal, severed panicles were transported to a greenhouse maintained at 31° C, 70% relative humidity, and 12 h light: 12 h dark. Each set of 4 panicles was caged in a transparent plastic cylinder ventilated with screen windows and a screen top. The severed ends of the panicles were inserted in moist sand contained in a styrofoam cup. The bottom of the cage was secured in the moist sand. Once panicles and cages were in place, each cage was infested with 10 adult RSB collected by sweep net from untreated rice. Forty-eight h after infestation, cages were inspected for live and dead insects. Data was expressed as % mortality which was transformed using arcsine. Transformed data were then analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and means separated by DMRT.

Control of Rice Water Weevil with Exp 80698A 75 Fs in a Water-Seeded, Pinpoint Flood Culture, 1997

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide. On 19 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and treated with Ordram 15 G at 17 lb/acre. Selected plots were sprayed with selected insecticide treatments on 19 Apr using a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens); hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16 gpa. The insecticides were incorporated into dry League soil using a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flooded. On 22 Apr, plots were planted with sprouted seed at 120 lb dry seed/acre. Sprouted seeds were prepared by soaking untreated, dry seed for 24 h followed by draining and drying for 24 h. Selected plots were hand planted with selected seed treatments which were applied using the “Le Sak” method in which sprouted seed was placed in a plastic bag and insecticide poured over the seed. The seed and insecticide were mixed inside the bag until seed adsorbed all insecticide. The bag was opened and insecticide allowed to dry on seed. On 25 Apr, plots were drained and reflooded 29 Apr. Rice in most treatments emerged through water on 1 May; however, untreated rice and rice seed treated with EXP 80698A at 0.05 lb (AI)/acre did not emerge through water for 1 to 3 d later. On 10 May (9 d after emergence of rice through water), selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a hand-held shaker jar. On each of 22 May, 11 Jun, and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 30 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied to plots during the growing season was 203 lb/acre. On each of 28 May and 10 Jun (27 and 43 d, respectively, after emergence of rice through water), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (15 Aug = 106 to 109 d after emergence of rice through water) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.

Control of Rice Water Weevil with Dimilin 2 L in a Drill-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture at Eagle Lake, 1997

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAES Western Area Operations at Eagle Lake. The experiment was designed as a RCB with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide and fertilizer. Plots were drill planted (7.5 inches between rows) on 15 Apr at 80 lb seed/acre. Soil type was Nada. Plots were fertilized at planting with 45 lb nitrogen/acre, 38 lb phosphorus/acre, and 40 lb potassium/acre. Rice emerged through soil on 25 Apr. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 22 May (27 d after application of the permanent flood), plots were flushed irrigated (24 h temporary flood then drain) as needed. On 24 Apr, plots were sprayed with Wham EZ at 1 qt/acre, Bolero 8 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Facet 75 DF at 0.25 lb/acre. On 16 May, plots were sprayed with Wham EZ at 3 qt/acre. Facet 75 DF at 0.25 lb/acre, and Londax at 0.05 lb/acre. On 21 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 60 lb nitrogen/acre. On 24 May (2 d application of the permanent flood), selected plots were sprayed with Dimilin 2 L at the rates shown in the table. On 2 Jun (lid after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were sprayed with Dimilin 2 L at the rates shown in the table. Sprays were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. On 5 Jun (14 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a hand-held shaker jar. On 13 Jun, plots were sprayed with Londax at 0.05 lb/acre. On 25 Jun, plots were fertilized with urea at 50 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the entire growing season was 155 lb/acre. On each of 12 Jun and 25 Jun (21 and 34 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. On 12 Jul, plots were sprayed with Sevin XLR Plus at 1 qt/acre to control rice stink bug. The middle 8 rows of each plot were harvested on 26 Aug (123 d from emergence of rice through soil). Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.

Control of Rice Water Weevil with Karate in a Water-Seeded, Pinpoint Flood Culture, 1997

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide and fertilizer. On 19 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and treated with Ordram 15 G at 27 lb/acre. Fertilizer and herbicide were applied by hand and incorporated into dry League soil with a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flooded. On 21 Apr, plots were hand-planted with sprouted seed at 120 lb dry seed/acre. Sprouted seed was prepared by soaking untreated seed for 24 h in water and then draining and drying for 24 h. On 25 Apr, plots were drained and 4 d later plots were reflooded. On 1 May, rice emerged through water. (On 5 May (4 d after emergence of rice through water), selected plots were sprayed with Karate at the rates shown in the table. At this time, adult RWW feeding scars were observed on rice foliage; indicating the presence of active adults in the plots. On 10 May (9 d after emergence of rice through water), selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a hand-held shaker jar. On 19 May (18 d after emergence of rice through water), selected plots were treated a second time with Karate at the rates shown in the table. Karate was applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2 to deliver 16 gpa. Final spray volume was 16.0 gp. On 22 May, 6 Jun, and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized by hand with urea at 30 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 203 lb/acre. On each of 27 May and 9 Jun (26 and 39 d after emergence of rice through water), five 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot, washed, and inspected for immature RWW. At maturity, plots were harvested (16 Aug = 107 d after rice emergence through water) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.

Control of Rice Water Weevil with Karate in a Drill-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture at Eagle Lake, 1997

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAES Western Area Operations at Eagle Lake. The experiment was designed as a RCB with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and was surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide and fertilizer. Plots were drill planted (7.5 inches between rows) on 15 Apr at 80 lb seed/acre. Soil type was Nada. Plots were fertilized at planting with 45 lb nitrogen/acre, 38 lb phospho-rus/acre, and 40 lb potassium/acre. Rice emerged through soil on 25 Apr. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 22 May (27 d after application of the permanent flood), plots were flush irrigated (24 h temporary flood then drain) as needed. On 24 Apr, plots were sprayed with Wham EZ at 1 qt/acre, Bolero 8 EC at 2 pt/acre and Facet 75 DF at 0.25 lb/acre. On 16 May, plots were sprayed with Wham EZ at 3 qt/acre, Facet 75 DF at 0.25 lb/acre, and Londax at 0.05 lb/acre. On 21 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 60 lb nitrogen/acre. On 24 May (2 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were sprayed with Karate at the rates shown in the table using a 4-nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 1.60 gpa. At the time of Karate application, adult RWW were present in the plots. On 5 Jun (14 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a handheld shaker jar. On 13 Jun, plots were sprayed with Londax at 0.05 lb/acre. On 25 Jun, plots were fertilized with urea at 50 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the entire growing season was 155 lb/acre. On each of 12 Jun and 25 Jun (21 and 34 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), 5, 4-inch-diam X 4-inch-deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. On 12 Jul, plots were sprayed with Sevin XLR Plus at 1 qt/acre to control rice stink bug. The middle 8 rows of each plot were harvested on 26 Aug (123 d from emergence of rice through soil). Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.

Control of Rice Water Weevil with Exp 80698A 75 Fs Applied After the Permanent Flood in a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1997

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticides and fertilizer. On 1 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and planted with 100 lb of untreated or EXP 80698A 75 FS-treated seed/acre at the rate shown in the table. Fertilizer and seed were incorporated into dry league soil with a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flushed (24-48 h temporary flooding, then draining). Rice emerged through soil on 9 May. On 28 May, plots were sprayed with Facet 75 DF at 0.5 lb/acre, crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre, Prowl 3.3 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Basagran at 1.5 pt/acre. Herbicides were applied by hand with a 20 ft spray boom pressurized with CO2. Immediately before the permanent flood on 30 May (21 d after emergence of rice through soil), selected plots were treated with EXP 80698A 75 FS at 0.05 lb (AI)/acre. On 2 Jun, (3 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were treated with EXP 80698A 75 FS at 0.05 lb (AI)/acre and Karate at 0.03 lb (AI)/acre. All liquid insecticides were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens) hand-held, spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. On 16 Jun and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 50 and 30 lb nitrogen/acre, respectively; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 193 lb/acre. On each of 25 Jun and 10 Jul (26 and 41 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (5 Sep = 119 d from emergence of rice through soil) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.

Control of Rice Water Weevil with Exp 61096A 100 Ec and Exp 60949A 1.5 G in a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1997

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of fertilizer and insecticides. Or 2 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and hand planted with 100 lb seed/acre. Fertilizer and seed were incorporated into dry League soil with a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flush irrigated (temporary flood for 24-48 h then drain). On 10 May, rice emerged through the soil. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 30 May (20 d after rice emergence through soil), rice was flush irrigated as needed. On 28 May, plots were sprayed with Facet 75 DF at 0.5 lb/acre, crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre, Prowl 3.3 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Basagrar at 1.5 pt/acre. Herbicides were applied with a 2-person, 20 ft spray boom pressurized with CO2. Immediately before application of the permanent flood EXP 61096A 100 EC and EXP 60949A 1.5 G were applied at the rates in the table to selected plots. Granular insecticide was applied with a hand-held shaker jar. On 2 Jun (3 d after application of the permanent flood), EXP 61096A 100 EC and Karate 1 EC were applied at the rates in the table to selected plots. Liquid formulations of insecticides were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. On 16 Jun and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 50 and 30 lb nitrogen/acre, respectively; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 193 lb/acre. On each of 28 Jun and 9 Jul (29 and 40 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (22 Aug = 104 d from emergence) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted tc 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.

Control of Rice Water Weevil with Exp 80698A 75 Fs Applied Before the Permanent Flood in a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1997

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide. On 4 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and hand planted with untreated or treated seed at 100 lb seed/acre. EXP 80698A 75 FS was applied to seed at the rates in the table. Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company provided the treated seed. Also on 4 May, selected plots were tested with EXP 80698A 75 FS at the rates in the table using a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. Immediately after planting and applying fertilizer and insecticide, dry League soil in plots was raked to incorporate urea, seed and insecticide. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flushed (24-48 h temporary flooding, then draining). Rice emerged through soil on 14 May. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 4 Jun (21 d after rice emergence through soil), rice was flush irrigated as needed. On 28 May, plots were sprayed with Facet 75 DF at 0.5 lb/acre, crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre, Prowl 3.3 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Basagran at 1.5 pt/acre. Herbicides were applied by hand with a 20 ft spray boom pressurized with CO2. On 18 Jun (14 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a hand-held shaker jar. On 19 Jun and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 30 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 173 lb/acre. On each of 29 Jun and 11 Jul (25 and 37 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (6 Sep = 115 d from emergence of rice through soil) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.

Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fury 1.5 EC In a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1997

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticides and fertilizer. On 22 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 57 lb nitrogen/acre and hand planted with untreated or fipronil-treated seed at 100 lb seed/acre. Fipronil-treated seed was provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company and applied at the rate shown in the table. Immediately after planting and fertilizing, plots were raked to incorporate urea and seed into dry League soil. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flushed (temporary flood for 24-48 h then drain). On 2 May, rice emerged through soil. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 23 May (21 d after emergence of rice through soil) plots were flush irrigated as needed. On 19 May, plots were sprayed with Facet 75 DF at 0.5 lb/acre, crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre, Prowl 3.3 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Basagran at 1.5 pt/acre. Herbicides were applied with a 2-person 20 ft spray rig pressurized with COz. On 22 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 57 lb nitrogen/acre. On 26 May, selected plots were sprayed with Fury 1.5 EC and Karate at the rates shown in the table using a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. On 6 Jun, selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a hand-held shaker jar. On 13 Jun and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 30 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 174 lb/acre. On each of 18 Jun and 6 Jul (26 and 44 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood) five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (19 Aug = 109 d from emergence of rice through soil) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.

Control of Rice Water Weevil with Karate and ICIA0321 in a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1997

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 10 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of fertilizer and insecticides. On 23 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 57 lb nitrogen/acre and hand planted with 100 lb seed/acre. Fertilizer and seed were incorporated into dry League soil with a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flush irrigated (24-48 h temporary flood then drain). Rice emerged through soil on 4 May. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 25 May (21 d after emergence of rich through soil), plots were flush irrigated as needed. On 19 May. plots were sprayed with Facet 75 DF at 0.5 lb/acre, crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre, Prowl 3.3 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Basagran at 1.5 pt/acre. Herbicides were applied by hand with a 20 ft spray rig pressurized with CO2. On the same day (6 d before application of the permanent flood), selected plots were sprayed with Karate at 0.03 lb (AI)/acre. On 22 May (3 d before application of the permanent flood), selected plots were sprayed with Karate at 0.03 lb (Al)/acre. On 23 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 57 lb nitrogen/acre. On 28 May (3 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were sprayed with Karate, ICIA0321 1 CS, and ICIA0321 2.09 CS at the rates shown in the table. Before postflood applications, RWW adults were active in the plots. All insecticide sprays were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. On 9 Jun, Furadan 3 G was applied with a hand-held shaker jar at 20 lb/acre. On 16 Jun and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 50 and 30 lb nitrogen/acre, respectively; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 194 lb/acre. On each of 21 Jun and 9 Jul (27 and 45 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (18 Aug = 106 d after emergence of rice through soil) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all Jata analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.

Control of Rice Water Weevil on Drill-Seeded Rice with Diflubenzuron at Eagle Lake, 1996

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAES Western Area Operations at Eagle Lake. The experiment was designed as a RCB with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide. Plots were drill planted (7.5 inches between rows) on 3 Api at 100 lb seed/acre. Soil type was Nada. Plots were fertilized at planting with 30 lb nitrogen, 38 lb phosphorus, and 40 lb potassium/acre. On 8 Apr, Facet 50WP and Bolero 8EC were applied at 0.35 lb and 2 pt/acre, respectively. Rice emerged 14 Apr after which rice was flush irrigated as needed until application of the permanent flood on 3 May (19 d after rice emergence). On 1 May, Bolero 8EC, Stam 4E, Ordram 8E, and Facet 75DF were applied at 2 pt. 2 qt, 2 pt, and 0.33 lb/acre, respectively. Plots were fertilized immediately before the permanent flood with urea at 70 lb nitrogen/acre. Diflubenzuron treatments were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held, CO2-pressurized spray rig. Final spray volume was 37 gpa. Furadan 3G was applied with a hand-held shaker jar. On 22 May, Londax was applied at 0.1 lb/acre. On each of 29 May and 18 Jun (26 d and 46 d, respectively, aftei application of the permanent flood) five 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. Plots were fertilized at panicle differentiation (7 Jun) with urea at 50 lb nitro-gen/acre. Thus, total applied nitrogen/acre was 150 lb. The middle 8 rows of each plot were harvested with a small plot combine on 7 Aug. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x+ 0.5. All data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT

Control of Rice Water Weevil on Dry-Seeded Rice with Diflubenzuron at Beaumont,1996

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. The experiment was designed as a RCB with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticides. On 19 Apr plots were broadcast planted by hand into a dry seed bed (League clay soil) at 90 lb seed/acre and fertilized with urea at 68 lb nitrogen/acre. Seed and fertilizer were incorporated with a rake followed by a flush irrigation (temporary flood for 24 h then drain). Rice emerged 27 Apr. From emergence to application of the permanent flood on 18 May (21 d after emergence), rice was flush irrigated as needed. On 9 May Facet 75DF, Bolero 8EC, and Basagran were applied at 0.67 lb, 3 pt, and 1.5 pt/acre, respectively. Rice was fertilized with urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre immediately before the permanent flood. Diflubenzuron treatments were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held, CO2 pressurized spray rig. Final spray volume was 37 gpa. Furadan 3G was applied with a hand-held shaker jar. On each of 14 Jun and 31 Jul (27 d and 74 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood) five 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. Plots were fertilized at panicle differentiation (19 Jun) with urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre. Thus, total applied nitrogen/acre was 170 lb. Plots were harvested with a small plot combine on 4 Sep. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5. All data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.

Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil in a Water-Seeded, Continuous Flood Culture, 1996

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 10 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide. On 4 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and treated with Odram 15G at 27 lb product/acre. Fertilizer and herbicide were incorporated into dry soil (League clay) with a rake. Pre-plant incorporated (ppi) treatments were applied to dry soil of designated plots with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held, spray boom pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 29.7 gpa. These treatments were also incorporated into dry soil with a rake. Plots were permanently flooded (flood depth about 4 inches) on 5 Apr and hand-planted with sprouted seed at 130 lb dry seed/acre. To prepare sprouted seed, untreated seed (with no fungicides, insecticides, etc.) was soaked in water for 24 h, drained, and air-dried for another 24 h. Seed treatments were applied to sprouted seed according to the attached protocol provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company. On 17 Apr, rice emerged through the water (12 d after planting). On 25 Apr (8 d after rice emergence through water), Furadan 3G was applied to designated plots with a hand-held shaker jar. On each of 16 May and 11 Jun (19 and 45 d after rice emergence through water), five 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot, washed, and inspected for immature RWW. On 6 Jun (at panicle differentiation), rice was fertilized with urea at 57 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied for the growing season was 170 lb/acre. At maturity (29 Jul), plots were harvested with a small plot combine and yields adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.

Control of Rice Water Weevil with Karate in a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1996

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 10 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticides. On 17 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 68 lb nitrogen/acre and hand-planted with 90 lb seed/acre. Fipronil-treated seed was provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company and was applied at the rate shown in the table. Fertilizer and seed were incorporated into dry soil (League clay) with a rake. On 18 Apr, plots were flush irrigated (temporary flood for 24 h, then drain). Rice emerged 24 Apr. From emergence of rice through the soil until application of the permanent flood on 16May(22d after rice emergence), rice was flush irrigated as needed. On 9 May, plots were sprayed with Facet 75DF, Bolero 8EC, and Basagran at 0.67 lb/acre, 3 pt/acre, and 1.5 pt/acre, respectively. Immediately prior to the permanent flood, designated plots were treated at the rates shown in the table with Karate 1EC or Fipronil 80WG using a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held, spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 29.7 gpa. Plots were fertilized -i with urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre immediately before the permanent flood. Designated plots were treated post-flood at the rates and times shown in the table j with Karate 1EC and Dimilin 2L using the same methods and materials described for the pre-flood treatments. Furadan 3G was also applied post-flood at j the rate and time shown in the table to designated plots using a hand-held shaker jar. On each of 10 Jun and 8 Jul (25 and 53 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice j plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. On 14 Jun, plots were fertilized with urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 170 lb/acre. At maturity, plots were harvested (26 Aug) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to i 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.